API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

Roman Novel (Classics)

jonstond2
Feb 27th, 2017
453
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 76.91 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. “Roman novel?” “Did the Romans have novels?” The Romans did not have a term for what we now consider the “novel” as a literary genre. Schmeling 2003 (cited in Introductory Works) identifies the “novel” (both Greek and Roman) as pertaining to a “group of works of extended prose narrative fiction which bears many similarities to our modern novel” (p. 1). In Stephen Harrison’s introduction to his collection of essays Oxford Readings in the Roman Novel, he notes that this is a complicated and controversial issue in regard to Petronius and Apuleius: “The label ‘Roman novel’, it is again a convenience: these are the only two extant texts of prose fiction in pre-Christian Latin which are in some sense Roman originals rather than direct translations of Greek texts, though some might wish to include with them the Historia Apollonii regis Tyri” (Harrison 1999, cited under Introductory Works). It is basically agreed that Petronius’s Satyrica (the most famous section of which is the Cena Trimalchionis), Apuleius’s Metamorphosis (also known as The Golden Ass), The History of Apollonius King of Tyre, the Trojan tales of Darius Phrygius and Dictys Cretensis, the Latin narratives on Alexander the Great, and hagiographic tales compose what may be considered to comprise the genre called the “Roman novel.” This bibliographical entry focuses only on Petronius, Apuleius, and The History of Apollonius King of Tyre, which form the canon of narratives most commonly thought to represent the “Roman novel.”
  4.  
  5. Introductory Works
  6.  
  7. The works listed immediately below should be consulted for general yet authoritative introductions and surveys on the Roman novel. Harrison 1999 has probably collected the best essays written on the Roman novel. Kuch 1989 (cited under General Overviews) is fascinating, and Merkelbach 1962 (cited under Apuleius: Folklore and the Supernatural) is often referred to (but likely seldom read). Perry 1967 can be considered one of the foundational books for the reawakened or, perhaps, discovery of the study of the ancient novel in modern times. Much is owed to Ben E. Perry and this wonderful book. Schmeling 2003, a reprint of the 1996 text and its bibliography, is one of the most complete and extensive collections on the ancient novel currently available. The index is quite superb. Whitmarsh 2008 (cited under General Overviews) gives a view of the current and future state of research on the novel. Scobie 1969 and Tatum 1994 are essential reading. There are very many introductory works on the ancient novel. It is true that the bibliography in Perry 1967 is somewhat dated, but it is still useful.
  8.  
  9. Albrecht, Michael von. 1989. Masters of Roman prose from Cato to Apuleius: Interpretative studies. Leeds, UK: Francis Cairns.
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11. Chapter 7 is on Petronius and chapter 10 on Apuleius. These are brief but good introductions.
  12. Find this resource:
  13. Baldwin, Barry. 1985. Studies on Greek and Roman history and literature. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.
  14. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  15. The Petronius section contains essays that are both informative and entertaining; they should not be missed. One should also consult his “Apuleius, Tacitus and Christians” (Emerita 52 [1984]: 1–3).
  16. Find this resource:
  17. Harrison, Stephen J., ed. 1999. Oxford readings in the Roman novel. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19. This book contains some of the best research written on the Roman novel. All the essays in this collection had been published elsewhere.
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Hofmann, Heinz. 1999. Latin fiction: The Latin novel in context. London and New York: Routledge.
  22. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  23. The first nine chapters of this most excellent book, along with its thorough introduction, deal with the parameters commonly used to define the ancient Roman novel.
  24. Find this resource:
  25. Perry, Ben E. 1967. The ancient romances: A literary-historical account of their origins. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
  26. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  27. Professor Perry’s book can be considered one of the foundational books for the reawakened or, perhaps, discovery of the study of the ancient novel in modern times. Much is owed to this great man and this wonderful book. “Part Two: Comic or Burlesque Romances” includes the chapters “Petronius and his Satyricon,” “Lucian’s Metamorphoses,” “Apuleius and his Metamorphoses,” and “The Latin Romance Apollonius of Tyre.”
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Schmeling, Gareth. 2003. The novel in the ancient world. 2d ed. Boston: Brill Academic.
  30. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  31. The relevant chapters are “The Satyrica of Petronius,” “Apuleius’ Metamorphoses,” and “Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri.”
  32. Find this resource:
  33. Scobie, Alexander. 1969. Aspects of the ancient romance and its heritage: Essays on Apuleius, Petronius, and the Greek romances. Beiträgen zur klassischen Philologie 30. Meisenheim-am-Glan, West Germany: Hain.
  34. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  35. The book supplies a good introduction to Apuleius and Petronius. Scobie’s bibliography on the ancient romance and novella, aretalogy, folklore, style, and narrative technique is very useful.
  36. Find this resource:
  37. Tatum, James, ed. 1994. The search for the ancient novel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
  38. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  39. The relevant chapters are “The Invention of Romance,” “Genre of Genre,” “Homage to Apuleius: Cervantes’ Avenging Psyche,” “Apollonius, King of Tyre and the Greek Novel,” “Trimalchio’s Underworld,” “Novel and Aretalogy,” “From Apuleius’ Psyche to Chrétien’s Erec and Enide,” “Who Read Ancient Novels?,” and “The Roman Audience of The Golden Ass.” This book is well worth consulting for any research on this topic.
  40. Find this resource:
  41. General Overviews
  42.  
  43. In addition to the works cited earlier, much scholarship on the “Roman novel” can be found in collections or special volumes. The entries that follow cover various themes found in the three novels and can serve as outlines to some major arguments concerning this genre, such as the relationship between fact and fiction, theories on romance and the novel, humor, religion, origins of the genre, and sex. The study of the novel has become very popular over the last half-century. The Groningen Colloquia on the Novel, the four International Conferences on the Ancient Novel, and the journal Ancient Narrative have all produced selections of essays. Throughout this period collections have been published that are not, for the most part, associated with conferences.
  44.  
  45. Anderson, Graham. 1982. Eros sophistes: Ancient novelists at play. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.
  46. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  47. Particular attention should be given to these chapters: “Playful Fiction: The Tradition and Problems,” “Priapus Praeceptor? Petronius,” “Phaedrus Fabulator? The Onos and Apuleius,” “Some Comparative Approaches to Petronius,” and “A Note on the Literary Parodies in Petronius.”
  48. Find this resource:
  49. Bowie, E. L., and Stephen J. Harrison. 1993. The romance of the novel. Journal of Roman Studies 83:159–178.
  50. DOI: 10.2307/300984Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  51. The latter sections focus on Petronius and Apuleius.
  52. Find this resource:
  53. Hägg, Tomas. 1983. The novel in Antiquity. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  54. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55. Chapter 7, “The Roman Comic Novel,” serves as a brief yet reliable introduction.
  56. Find this resource:
  57. Holzberg, Niklas. 1995. The ancient novel: An introduction. London and New York: Routledge.
  58. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59. For this bibliography, Chapter 4, “The Comic-Realistic Novel,” is most suitable. The relevant contents of this chapter include “The Topsy-turvy World: Petronius, Satyrica,” “Appearances and Reality: The Greek Ass Romance,” and “Satire, Platonism and Mysteries: Apuleius, Metamorphoses.” German original, Der antike Roman(Munich: Artemis, 1986).
  60. Find this resource:
  61. Konstan, David. 1994. Sexual symmetry: Love in the ancient novel and related genres. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  62. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  63. In chapter 3, “Roman Novels: Unequal Love,” Konstan reviews the asymmetrical erotic relationships in Petronius, Apuleius, and Apollonius King of Tyre.
  64. Find this resource:
  65. Kuch, Heinrich, ed. 1989. Der antike Roman: Untersuchungen zur literarischen Kommunikation und Gattungsgeschichte. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  66. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  67. I. P. Strel’nikova on Petronius is particularly informative. This is a good book to have.
  68. Find this resource:
  69. Panayotakis, Costas, Maaike Zimmermann, and Wytse Keulen, eds. 2003. The ancient novel and beyond. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  70. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  71. Among many, note especially “Spectator and Spectacle in Apuleius,” “Three Death Scenes in Apollonius of Tyre,” “Swordplay-Wordplay: Phraseology of Fiction in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses,” “The Winged Ass: Intertextuality and Narration in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses,” “Resistant (and enabling) Reading: Petronius’ Satyricon and Latin Love Elegy,” “La mise en scène déclamatoire chez les romanciers latins,” and “From Petronius to Petrolio: Satyricon as a Model-Experimental Novel.”
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Picone, Michelangelo, and Bernhard Zimmermann, eds. 1997. Der antike Roman und seine mittelalterliche Rezeption. Basel, Switzerland, and Boston: Birkhäuser.
  74. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8976-6Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  75. See especially “Vision, Perception, and Phantasia in the Roman Novel,” “Racconto e interpretazione: Forme e funzioni dell’ironia drammatica nelle ‘Metamorfosi’ di Apuleio,” “Der Ephebe von Pergamon (Pteron c. 85–87),” “Sprachhandlung und Kommunikationspotential: Diskursstrategien im ‘Golden Esel’,” “Descriptions et discripteurs: mais que décrit dans les ‘Metamorphoses’ d’Apulée?,” “Some Legal Themes in Apuleian Context,” and “Narrativa e oralità nella commedia mediolatina (e il fantasma di Apuleio).”
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Whitmarsh, Tim, ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  78. DOI: 10.1017/CCOL9780521865906Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  79. This wonderful book should be read by all interested in ancient novels because of the authoritative and thorough essays (in addition to the introduction by the editor).
  80. Find this resource:
  81. Reference Resources
  82.  
  83. There are three websites dedicated to the ancient novel. The site hosted by Montclair State University and managed by Jean Alvares is the online compilation of bibliographical references that were originally published in the Petronian Society Newsletter (PSN). The latter publication, which deals with all things pertaining to the ancient novel and ancient narrative, was founded in 1970 by Gareth Schmeling, who managed and edited the newsletter until 2005. Ancient Narrative (AN) was founded as the premier online journal for all things that concern the ancient novel and expanded the original focus of PSN. AN and PSN are still published.
  84.  
  85. Ancient Narrative.
  86. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  87. This journal has been published in print and online since 2000, and Volume 13 is its most recent volume. Since Volume 10 the journal has been open-access. The journal covers all aspects of ancient “narrative” and does not limit itself to the canonical ancient Greek and Roman novels.
  88. Find this resource:
  89. An Initial Bibliography of the Ancient Novel, Related Genres and Interesting Secondary Literature.
  90. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  91. This bibliography was produced by Jean Alvares (Montclair State University) and can be downloaded as an .rtf file. It was last updated in July of 2001.
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Petronian Society Newsletter.
  94. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  95. This newsletter has been published since 1970 under the editorship of Gareth Schmeling, and in 2005 Edmund P. Cueva assumed the editorship. Volumes 1 and 26–30 can be found online at a website maintained by Jean Alvares. The newsletter covers all aspects of ancient narrative and includes articles, books, conference proceedings, dissertations, book reviews, Nachleben, and other items related to ancient narrative.
  96. Find this resource:
  97. Bibliographies
  98.  
  99. Bibliographies for this genre were not common until Perry 1967 (cited under Introductory Works) gave legitimacy to what was once considered a fringe literary field. Schmeling 1969 set the standard for work on Petronius, and Schlam and Finkelpearl 2000 for Apuleius. Cueva 2005 continues the bibliographical compilation in the age of the Internet.
  100.  
  101. Cueva, Edmund P., ed. 2005. Petronian Society Newsletter 37.
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. The first of a series of yearly compilations of publications on the ancient novel. The scope of the bibliography encompasses all ancient narratives and not just work on the canonical Greek and Roman novels. Other volumes are also available online.
  104. Find this resource:
  105. Holzberg, Niklas. 1995. Petron 1965–1995: Ein forschungs-geschichtliches Nachwort zur 4. Auflage. In Petronius: Satyrica, Schelmenszenen. Edited by Auflage K. Müller and W. Ehlers, 544–560. Zurich, Switzerland: Artemis.
  106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  107. A standard bibliography on Petronius.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. Morgan, John R. 1996. The ancient novel at the end of the century: Scholarship since the Dartmouth conference. Classical Philology 91:63–73.
  110. DOI: 10.1086/367495Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  111. A good snapshot of research on the ancient novel after this genre had received further academic validity at this landmark conference. See also “On the Fringes of the Canon: Work on the Fragments of Ancient Greek Fiction 1936–1994” (Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II.34.4: 3293–3390), which is a thorough bibliography that includes entries not included in the other bibliographies. Quite detailed and comprehensive.
  112. Find this resource:
  113. Perrochat, Paul. 1962. Pétrone: Le Festin de Trimalcion; Commentaire exégétique et critique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115. This book is an excellent review of Petronian scholarship.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. Sandy, Gerald. 1974. Recent scholarship on the prose fiction of Classical Antiquity. Classical World 67:355–357.
  118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. A useful survey.
  120. Find this resource:
  121. Schlam, Carl C., and Ellen Finkelpearl. 2000. A review of scholarship on Apuleius’ Metamorphoses 1970–1998. Lustrum 42. Munich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  122. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  123. This is a 230-page annotated bibliography.
  124. Find this resource:
  125. Schmeling, Gareth. 1969. Petronian scholarship since 1957. Classical World 62:157–164.
  126. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  127. A good survey on Petronian scholarship. See also the Petronian Society Newsletter (cited under Reference Resources), which Schmeling edited from 1970 to 2005, and A Bibliography of Petronius, which he co-authored with Johanna Stuckey (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1977). This work is notable for its thoroughness. Anyone interested in Petronius should consult this book.
  128. Find this resource:
  129. Smith, Martin S. 1985. A bibliography of Petronius (1945–1982). In Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt 2.32.3. Edited by Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, 1624–1665. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  130. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  131. A necessary review of Petronian scholarship.
  132. Find this resource:
  133. Vannini, Giulio. 2007. Petronius 1975–2005: Bilancio critico e nuove proposte. Lustrum 49. Munich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  135. This 511-page review of Petronian scholarship is quite impressive and indispensable.
  136. Find this resource:
  137. Apuleius
  138.  
  139. Apuleius was born in Madauros sometime in the mid-120s CE, into a wealthy family. He was well educated at Carthage and Athens, where he received the title philosophus Platonicus. He then proceeded to travel throughout the empire. In Alexandria he married a woman by the name of Pudentilla, a wealthy widow. He was consequentially accused of witchcraft in the arrangement of the marriage and had to stand trial and was most likely acquitted. This part of his life can be found in his Apologia. He also published the Florida, which is a “collection of extracts from his speeches and declamations” (Harrison in Schmeling 2003, p. 492; cited under Introductory Works). Additional works commonly ascribed to Apuleius include De deo Socratis (there is no question that Apuleius wrote this work), De mundo, De Platone, and Asclepius. Other works ascribed to him have been lost. The most famous of his works is his Metamorphoses, which Harrison dates to 170–171 CE. Apuleius has always attracted the reader’s attention because of his Latin; his mesmerizing stories and their zoomorphic elements; his “Cupid and Psyche” tale; and the perplexing Book XI, which has been understood by some to represent a conversion to the worship of Isis. Finkelpearl 1998 (cited under Intertextuality) gives a good overview; Frangoulidis’s relevant works have been collected in Frangoulidis 2001 (cited under Apuleius: Folklore and the Supernatural); Harrison 2000 presents a masterful analysis; Sandy 1997 puts the novel in context; and anything by Maaike Zimmerman is worth its weight in gold (Zimmerman and Van der Paardt 2004). A wide variety of selections of essays and collections has been published on Apuleius. This article is limited to those works that specifically deal with the Metamorphoses. Some offer new approaches to understanding the man and his work, social implications, and possible influences (Harrison 1997, cited under Intertextuality).
  140.  
  141. Gill, Christopher, and T. P. Wiseman, eds. 1993. Lies and fiction in the ancient world. Exeter, UK: Univ. of Exeter Press.
  142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. Chapter 5, “Fiction, Bewitchment and Story Worlds: The Implications of Claims to Truth in Apuleius,” which was written by A. Laird, is necessary reading for anyone interested in how belief can be “generated by factual and fictional texts alike” (p. 147). Moreover, it helps identify Apuleius’s work as truly belonging to the genre that is now termed the “novel.”
  144. Find this resource:
  145. Graverini, Luca. 2007. Le Metamorfosi di Apuleio. Pisa, Italy: Pacini.
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147. This book gives a good introduction to Apuleius’s novel and is a collection of previously published works arranged so as to give a solid interpretation of the text.
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Harrison, Stephen J. 2000. Apuleius: A Latin Sophist. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  151. On Apuleius’s life, background, and writings see pp. 1–38. The bibliography on Apuleius (pp. 261–277) is quite remarkable.
  152. Find this resource:
  153. Harrison, Stephen J., John L. Hilton, and Vincent J. C. Hunink, trans. 2002. Apuleius: Rhetorical works. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155. The introduction by Harrison on the life and writings of Apuleius is excellent.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Hijmans, Benjamin L., Jr., , and R. Van der Paardt, eds. 1978. Aspects of Apuleius’ Golden Ass. Vol. 1. Groningen, The Netherlands: Bouma’s Boekhuis.
  158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  159. Some of the essays that this collection includes are “Fabula Graecanica: Apuleius and his Greek Sources,” “Petronius and Apuleius,” “The Structure of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses,” “Various Aspects of Narrative Technique in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses,” “Book 11: Ballast or Anchor?,” and “Isis in the Metamorphoses of Apuleius.”
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Kahane, Ahuvia, and Andrew Laird, eds. 2001. A companion to the Prologue of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163. See these important chapters: “The Prologue to Apuleius’ Metamorphoses: Text, Translation, and Textual Commentary” by S. J. Harrison and M. Winterbottom, “The Hiding Author: Context and Implication” by S. Swain, “The Prologues of the Greek Novels and Apuleius” by J. Morgan, and “Quis ille . . . lector?: Addressee(s) in the Prologue and Throughout the Metamorphoses” by M. Zimmermann. This book and its contents should not be overlooked.
  164. Find this resource:
  165. Sandy, Gerald. 1997. The Greek world of Apuleius: Apuleius and the Second Sophistic. Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: Brill.
  166. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. This book supplies a solid and comprehensive background to the author and his times.
  168. Find this resource:
  169. Tatum, James. 1979. Apuleius and The Golden Ass. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. The aim of this book is to “relate The Golden Ass . . . to Apuleius’ other literary activities” (p. 12).
  172. Find this resource:
  173. Zimmerman, Maaike, and R. Van der Paardt, eds. 2004. Metamorphic reflections: Essays presented to Ben Hijmans at his 75th birthday. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
  174. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  175. In this collection the following essays are of interest to this bibliography: K. Dowden’s “Getting the Measure of Apuleius’s Metamorphoses,” S. J. Harrison’s “Two Victorian Versions of the Roman Novel,” R. Beck’s “Lucius and the Sundial: A Hidden Chronotopic Template in Metamorphoses 11,” and E. Finkelpearl’s “The Ends of the Metamorphoses (Apuleius Metamorphoses 11.26.4–11.30).”
  176. Find this resource:
  177. Autobiographical Passages
  178.  
  179. There has been extensive speculation as to whether or not the author of the Metamorphoses is the same person (or a mediated character) who undergoes the adventures in the text. The consensus is that the different possibilities as to the identity of the narrator or author are quite a challenge. The eleventh book does not make the identification any easier.
  180.  
  181. Barrett, C. 1994. The marriages of Charite and Psyche in the context of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Classical Bulletin 70:73–88.
  182. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  183. The marriages are examined in terms of what they mean for Lucius and his personal and literary development.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Finkelpearl, Ellen D. 1991. The judgment of Lucius: Apuleius, Metamorphoses 10.29–34. Classical Antiquity 10:221–236.
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187. An examination of Apuleius as auctor and Lucius as auctor.
  188. Find this resource:
  189. Hicter, Marcel. 1944. L’Autobiographie dans l’ Âne d’Or d’ Apulée. L’Antiquité Classique13:95–111.
  190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. An autobiographical view into the legal proceedings of the charges (related to magic) brought against Apuleius. Article continues in L’Antiquité Classique 14: 61–68.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Krabbe, Judith. 1989. The Metamorphoses of Apuleius. New York and Bern, Switzerland: P. Lang.
  194. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Krabbe focuses on the “changes” that the novelist has made to the materials that supplied the form of the novel (Lucius or The Golden Ass; Ovid’s Metamorphoses). The “changes” also relate to the transformations in perception of Apuleius as novelist.
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Laird, Andrew. 1990. Person, “persona” and representation in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Materiali e discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici 25:129–164.
  198. DOI: 10.2307/40235969Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199. An interesting study of the unorthodoxy of “first person . . . continuous fictional narrative” (p. 130).
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Mason, Hugh. 1983. The distinction of Lucius in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Phoenix 37:135–143.
  202. DOI: 10.2307/1087454Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  203. Lucius is an “entirely imaginary figure” (p. 135).
  204. Find this resource:
  205. Summers, Richard G. 1973. A note on the date of The Golden Ass. American Journal of Philology 94:375–384.
  206. DOI: 10.2307/293616Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. The terminus post quem is 147 CE.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Commentaries and Translations
  210.  
  211. This is a fascinating text with which to work. However, help is needed not only to translate the text with its particular use of Latin, but also to appreciate the complexity of Apuleius’s novel. The commentaries that follow provide that help. Most were the products of the research done by the scholars at Groningen, who have been dedicated to producing high-quality commentaries. There are many good translations of the novel, but three—by E. J. Kenney (Apuleius 1990), by Joel C. Relihan (Apuleius 2007b), and by Patrick G. Walsh (Apuleius 1994)—are especially useful for their modern approach to the ancient text. Additionally, all three have good introductory essays and bring to life the beauty of the language and present well the fun and enjoyment of the novel. Apuleius 1990 focuses exclusively on the “Cupid and Psyche” narrative and is recommended for use in the college classroom.
  212.  
  213. Apuleius. 1977. Apuleius Madaurensis Metamorphoses, Book IV 1–27: Text, introduction and commentary. Edited by Benjamin L. Hijmans Jr. Groningen, The Netherlands: Bouma’s Boekhuis.
  214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215. An excellent edition for its detailed commentary. The text is a solid work of scholarship.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Apuleius. 1989. Metamorphoses. Edited and translated by John A. Hanson. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. A trusty and standard introduction with the expected text and translation.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Apuleius. 1990. Cupid and Psyche. Edited with commentary by E. J. Kenney. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223. A great commentary on the “Cupid and Psyche” narrative. Kenney includes a wide-ranging bibliography on this section of the novel. See also Kenney’s edition of The Golden Ass (London: Penguin, 1998).
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Apuleius. 1994. The golden ass. Translated by Patrick G. Walsh. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. A serviceable translation with a good introduction and notes.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Apuleius. 2000. Apuleius Madaurensis Metamorphoses, Book X: Text, introduction, and commentary. Edited by Maaike Zimmerman. Groningen, The Netherlands: Egbert Forsten.
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. Excellent and comprehensive commentary and bibliography.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Apuleius. 2007a. Apuleius Madaurensis Metamorphoses, Book I: Text, introduction and commentary. Edited by Wytse H. Keulen. Groningen, The Netherlands: Egbert Forstein.
  234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235. This is an excellent book. It will be a long time before anything of this magnitude and expertise is attempted again.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Apuleius. 2007b. The golden ass. Translated by Joel C. Relihan. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. This is a solid and entertaining translation of the novel; it also includes a fairly decent introduction to the text.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Griffiths, John Gwyn. 1975. Apuleius of Madauros: The Isis Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  242. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. The problematic eleventh book is expertly handled in this text (although it has been superseded).
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Scobie, Alexander. 1975. Apuleius, Metamorphoses (Asinus aureus) I: a commentary. Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 54. Meisenheim-am-Glan, West Germany: Hain.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Although it is a fine book with good bibliographical sections, it has been superseded by Keulen (Apuleius 2007a).
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Folklore and the Supernatural
  250.  
  251. The religious aspect of the final book, the novels’ numerous horror tales, and the theorized mysterientexte origins of the novels have all been frequent topics in Apuleian research. Merkelbach 1962 suggests that the “Cupid and Psyche” tale was evidence of the mysterientexte nature of the novel; that is, the novel was an initiation manual (cf. Merkelbach 1988 on Longus’s novel). Below are essays, chapters, or books that are good representatives of these areas of study. Some deal with conversion (Bradley 1998, Schumate 1996), initiation rituals, and rites of passage (Habinek 1990, cited under Apuleius: Humor), and Book XI (van Mal-Maeder 1997).
  252.  
  253. Bartalucci, A. 1988. Considerazioni sulla festa del “Deus Risus” nelle Metamorfosi di Apuleio (2, 31–3, 18). Civiltà Classica e Cristiana 9:51–65.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. More mystery initiation material.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Bradley, Keith. 1998. Contending with conversion: Reflections on the reformation of Lucius the ass. Phoenix 52:315–334.
  258. DOI: 10.2307/1088674Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. There was no religious “conversion” as understood in modern terms.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Frangoulidis, Stavros. 2001. Roles and performances in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Stuttgart: Metzler.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. This work includes versions of articles published in Classical Journal 95 (1999): 375–391, American Journal of Philology 120 (1999): 601–609, Scholia 9 (2000): 66–78, and Drama 8 (1999): 113–135. It is nice to have these revised essays in a comprehensive context that allows for the study of “Unwittingly Successful Performances: The Triumph of Magic,” “Fatally Successful Performances,” “Unsuccessful Performances,” those performances by “Man and Animal,” and “Successful Performances: Lucius’ Spiritual Journey.”
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Gollnick, James T. 1999. The religious dreamworld of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses: Recovering a forgotten hermeneutic. Editions SR 25. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. This interesting book contains the following chapters: “The Dreamworld as Hermeneutical Perspective,” “Literary Dreams and the Nature of the Metamorphoses,” “Dream Interpretation in the Second Century,” “Dreams in the Metamorphoses,” “The Eros and Psyche Myth: Psychological Interpretations,” “The Eros and Psyche Myth: An Archetypal Dream,” and “Lucius’ Religious Experience.”
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Griffiths, James G. 1978. Isis in the Metamorphoses of Apuleius. In Aspects of Apuleius’ Golden Ass. Vol. 1. Edited by B. L. Hijmans Jr. and R. Van der Paardt, 141–161. Groningen, The Netherlands: Bouma’s Boekhuis.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. A solid introduction to the subject. The essay covers all of the pertinent questions and problems associated with the goddess and in the novel.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Merkelbach, Reinhold. 1962. Roman und Mysterium in der Antike. Munich: Beck.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Merkelbach’s theory has been mostly rejected, but never fully contradicted.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Merkelbach, Reinhold. 1988. Die Hirten des Dionysos: Die Dionysos-Mysterien der römischen Kaiserzeit und der bukolische Roman des Longus. Stuttgart: Teubner.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. The author reviews the cult of Dionysus during the Roman Empire.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Scobie, Alexander. 1983. Apuleius and folklore. London: Folklore Society.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Folklore supplies two distinct traditions: the motif ML 3045 and that which first appears in the story of Circe presented by Homer. The bibliography is outstanding.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Shumate, Nancy. 1996. Crisis and conversion in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. See the introduction, “Apuleius’ Metamorphoses: Critical History, Cultural Context” (pp. 1–39), for a decent introduction on the author. Chapter 6, “Book 11: Conversion as Integration” (pp. 285–328), is reasonably fascinating.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. van Mal-Maeder, Danielle. 1997. Lector, intende laetaberis: The enigma of the last book of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. In Groningen Colloquia on the Novel. Vol. 8. Edited by Heinz Hofmann, 87–118. Groningen, The Netherlands: Egbert Forsten.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. The last line of Book XI may not be the ending of the novel.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Humor
  294.  
  295. There is no doubt that one of the many items that is striking about Apuleius’s novel is its use of humor. The text is funny, and numerous passages have humor, laughter, slapstick, or mockery serving as the unifying elements. The text is very serious in a good portion of its narrative. Schlam 1992 must be consulted on this topic.
  296.  
  297. Bechtle, Gerald. 1995. The adultery-tales in the ninth book of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Hermes 123:106–116.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. The miller’s speech and the degradation are the foci of this excellent article.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Habinek, Thomas N. 1990. Lucius’ rite of passage. Materiali e Discussioni per l’Analisi dei Testi Classici 7:117–142.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Lucius’s rite of passage parallels the one his own contemporary society was encountering; both should be met with humor.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Hijmans, Benjamin L., Jr., and R. van der Paardt, eds. 1978. Aspects of Apuleius’ Golden Ass. Vol. 1. Groningen, The Netherlands: Bouma’s Boekhuis.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. See especially “Picaresque Novel versus Allegory.”
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Schlam, Carl C. 1992. The Metamorphoses of Apuleius: On making an ass of oneself. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Schlam reviews the seriocomic and burlesque in the novel, but these elements are imbued with hints of religious initiation.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Intertextuality
  314.  
  315. The Metamorphoses has been analyzed for the intertexts that abound in the narrative. Among many other sources, one can find allusions to Homer, Virgil, and Plato.
  316.  
  317. Finkelpearl, Ellen D. 1998. Metamorphosis of language in Apuleius: A Study of allusion in the novel. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. This is a good and solid analysis that scrutinizes the Latin literary influences throughout the novel.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Forbes, Clarence. 1943. Charite and Dido. Classical World 37:39–40.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Numerous illusions to Dido appear in Apuleius. A good piece of research and well worth reading.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Harrison, Stephen J. 1990. Some Odyssean scenes in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Materiali e Discussioni per l’Analisi dei Testi Classici 25:193–201.
  326. DOI: 10.2307/40235972Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Apuleius’s use of Homer’s text is not mere “mechanical borrowing” (p. 201) but proof of the novelist’s superb talent.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Harrison, Stephen J. 1997. From epic to novel: Apuleius’ Metamorphoses and Vergil’s Aeneid. Materiali e Discussioni per l’Analisi dei Testi Classici 39:53–73.
  330. DOI: 10.2307/40236106Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Apuleius’s knowledge of Virgil is not just a display of erudition but also humorous in nature. Apuleius knows his Vergil.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Kahane, Ahuvia, and Andrew Laird, eds. 2001. A companion to the Prologue of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. See “Argutia Nilotici Calami: A Theocritean Reed?” by B. Gibson, “Apuleius and Persius” by E. Gowers, and “Apuleius and Luke: Prologue and Epilogue in Conversion Contexts” by W. Smith.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. May, Régine. 2006. Apuleius and drama: The ass on stage. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. In the author’s own words: “Apuleius makes use of drama, but also tries to establish in what ways he does it, which type of drama is his main intertext, and whether there is an underlying pattern in the employment of this particular intertext” (p. 1). The verdict is still out on May’s argument.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Panayotakis, Costas, Maaike Zimmermann, and Wytse Keulen, eds. 2003. The ancient novel and beyond. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. See especially L. Graverini’s “The Winged Ass: Intertextuality and Narration in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses” (pp. 207–218).
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Schlam, Carl C. 1970. Platonica in the Metamorphoses of Apuleius. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 101:463–476.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. The question of philosophical excellence and its interplay with sex, curiosity, and fortune is discussed.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Shumate, Nancy. 1996. Darkness visible: Apuleius reads Virgil. In Groningen Colloquia on the Novel. Vol. 7. Edited by Heinz Hofmann, 103–116. Groningen, The Netherlands: Egbert Forsten.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Apuleius’s borrowing from Virgil is “more highly developed and purposeful” (p. 103) than previously thought.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Nachleben
  354.  
  355. The afterlife and influence of Apuleius’s novel reaches far. His effect on literature starts in the 3rd century and stretches all the way to modern times. The work resonates in such lofty literature as Sidney and Shakespeare, and even has echoes in King Kong.
  356.  
  357. Accardo, Pasquale. 2002. The Metamorphosis of Apuleius: Cupid and Psyche, Beauty and the Beast, King Kong. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. A review of the “story” from Apuleius down to King Kong. The text also includes a translation of Calderón’s play Ni amor se libra de amor, based on Cupid and Psyche.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Carver, Robert H. F. 2007. The protean ass: The Metamorphoses of Apuleius from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. A very comprehensive work, with North Africa, Italy, France, Germany, and England examined. Carver reviews Apuleian influence on St. Augustine, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Shakespeare, and Milton (among others).
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Haight, Elizabeth Hazelton. 1927. Apuleius and his influence. New York: Longmans, Green.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. This is a pleasant, though dated, introduction with some good material on the novel’s Nachleben. A wide-ranging study of Apuleius’s works throughout the centuries.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Hijmans, Benjamin L., Jr., and R. Van der Paardt, eds. 1978. Aspects of Apuleius’ Golden Ass. Vol. 1. Groningen, The Netherlands: Bouma’s Boekhuis.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. See “The Influence of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses in Renaissance Italy and Spain,” “Apuleius, Pater, and the Bildungsroman,” and “Louis Couperus and Apuleius.”
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Wright, Constance S., and Julia B. Holloway. 2000. Tales within tales: Apuleius through time. New York: AMS.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. This text contains some relevant essays: G. Drake’s “Apuleius’ Tales within Tales in The Golden Ass,” D. Martinez’s “Magic in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses,” E. P. Nolan’s “Narrative Enta[i]led: Metamorphic Reflexivity in Ovid and Apuleius,” J. D. Hoag’s “The Virgin Prefigured,” C. S. Wright’s “The Metamorphoses of Cupid and Psyche in Plato, Apuleius, Origen, and Chaucer,” S. P. Revard’s “Isis in Spenser and Apuleius,” and J. B. Holloway’s “Apuleius and Midsummer Night’s Dream: Bottom’s Metamorphoses.”
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Narrator, Narrative Structure, and Voice
  378.  
  379. The question of who is the “I” or narrator in the Metamorphoses has caused problems for readers and scholars alike. Shumate in Hofmann 1999 succinctly summarizes some of the multiple strategies that abound in the novel: “a multiplication of perspectives that fragments the narrative’s unity and vexes the reader’s search for an authorized meaning; a playful self-consciousness about the text’s own status as fiction; and various forms of intertextuality, including parody and elaborate networks of literary allusion” (p. 113). It can be difficult to get a handle on what is going on in the narrative. Winkler 1985 is very influential (and helpful) in this area.
  380.  
  381. Dowden, K. 1982. Apuleius and the art of narration. Classical Quarterly 32:419–435.
  382. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800026598Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. The Sophistic nature of Apuleius’s novel has to be taken into consideration in reading his work.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Hofmann, Heinz, ed. 1999. Latin fiction: The Latin novel in context. London and New York: Routledge.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. See especially N. Shumate’s “Apuleius’ Metamorphoses: The Inserted Tales.”
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Murgatroyd, Paul. 2001. Embedded narrative in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses 1.9–10. Museum Helveticum 58:40–46.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. A narratological reading of Met. 1.9–10. Although it is expected that the fates of Charite and Psyche will end the same, an ironic Apuleius changes the expected outcomes.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Penwill, John L. 1975. Slavish pleasures and profitless curiosity: Fall and redemption in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Ramus 4:49–82.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. There exists no exact parallel between the adventures of Lucius and Psyche.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Sanchez, M. R. 2000. Lucio en el campo: Observaciones sobre los libros VII y VIII del Asno de oro de Apuleyo. Emerita 68:115–139.
  398. DOI: 10.3989/emerita.2000.v68.i1.163Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. An examination of the second part of the narrative involving Charite.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Sandy, Gerald. 1973. Foreshadowing and suspense in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Classical Journal 68.3: 232–235.
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. The techniques of foreshadowing and suspense are similar to those found in the modern novel.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Svendsen, James. 1978. Apuleius’ The Golden Ass: The demands on the reader. Pacific Coast Philology 13:101–107.
  406. DOI: 10.2307/1316370Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Apuleius’s text shares many characteristics with the modern novel; a “reflexive reference” (p. 106) is needed by the reader.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Svendsen, James. 1983. Narrative techniques in Apuleius’ Golden Ass. Pacific Coast Philology 18:23–29.
  410. DOI: 10.2307/1316637Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. The author writes that “Homer and Apuleius mark the alpha and omega of the classical narrative” (p. 23); this is followed by some observations on comparable narrative strategies.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Winkler, John J. 1985. Auctor and actor: A narratological reading of Apuleius’ The Golden Ass. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. This is an impressive book with a threefold purpose and audience in mind. First, Winkler wanted to focus on narratology (the audience those readers interested in “modern fiction and its theory” [p. vii]); second, classicists who may want to use narratology in their analyses of Apuleius’s work; and third, historians of religion, who may want to reconsider Book XI in view of Winkler’s work.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. The History of Apollonius, King of Tyre
  418.  
  419. We do not know the name of the author of The History of Apollonius, King of Tyre. The earliest manuscript dates to before the 6th century CE, and the date of composition dates probably to the 3rd century. Gareth Schmeling writes that “in the period between the third and sixth centuries the text in parts was Christianized and phrases from the Bible were inserted” (in Hofmann 1999, p. 143; cited under Introductory Works). This text and its very unusual history and content have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry. Among the questions are the possible dates of composition, whether the text was originally written in Greek, the topic of incest, which manuscript (RA or RB) is more reliable, and to whom this text appealed. Schmeling 1998 attempts to offer remedies to these quandaries.
  420.  
  421. Chiarini, G. 1983. Esogamia e incesto nella “Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri.” Materiali e Discussioni per l’Annalisi dei Testi Classici 10–11:267–292.
  422. DOI: 10.2307/40235805Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. An interesting approach to this problematic and unusual component of this novel.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Enk, Petrus J. 1948. The romance of Apollonius of Tyre. Mnemosyne 1:222–237.
  426. DOI: 10.1163/156852548X00196Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. The text was originally in Greek.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Garbugino, Giovanni. 2004. Enigmi della Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. Bologna, Italy: Patròn Editore.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. This book includes a review of History of Apollonius, RA, RB, ancient documentation, linguistic and stylistic aspects, the legend, and the structure and narrative of the genre.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Hunt, John. 1981. Ei and the editors of Apollonius of Tyre. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85:217–219.
  434. DOI: 10.2307/311174Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Hunt argues that A. Riese was right in certain textual emendations.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Lana, Italo. 1975. Il posto della cultura nella Storia di Apollonio re di Tiro. Atti della Academia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Morali, Storiche e Filologiche 109:393–415.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. The text may serve to reaffirm the dominant class’s social and financial mores.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Pavlovskis, Zoja, ed. and trans. 1978. The Story of Apollonius, King of Tyre. Lawrence, KS: Coronado.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. A brief introduction with notes followed by a translation of A. Riese’s 1893 text.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Ruiz-Montero, Consuelo. 1983–1984. La estructura de la Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. Cuadernos de Filologia Clásica 18:291–334.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. An analysis of this novel and the Greek novels; the theory of V. Propp is used.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Schmeling, Gareth. 1998. Apollonius of Tyre: Last of the troublesome Latin novels. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II.34.4. Edited by Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, 3270–3291. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. A review of the story’s construction, including a description of the narrative and its opening and riddles.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Ziegler, R. 1984. Die Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri und der Kaiserkult in Tarsos. Chiron 14:219–234.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. There is a greater correspondence between imperial cult worship and the narrative than imagined.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Commentaries and Texts
  458.  
  459. Gareth Schmeling notes that the extant text has been considered “(1) a translation from the Greek, (2) epitome(s) of a Greek original, (3) altered over time by re-writers so severely that little, if anything of the original survive s, (4) a collection of corrupt texts but worth the effort to speculate about and to try to improve” (in Schmeling 2003, p. 517 under f; cited under Introductory Works). Schmeling suggests that it would be profitable to delete the insertions in order to arrive at the original version of the text, which he claims was originally written in Latin. The text one chooses depends on whether one prefers a text that can be used in the college classroom (Konstan and Roberts 1985) or is satisfied with the way Kortekaas 1984, Kortekaas 2004, Kortekaas 2007, or Schmeling 1988 edits the texts.
  460.  
  461. Hunt, John. 1980. Apollonius resartus: A study in conjectural criticism. Classical Philology 75:23–37.
  462. DOI: 10.1086/366530Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. A brief evaluation of a text that Hunt writes has “been edited under false premises” (p. 23).
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Konstan, David, and Michael Roberts, eds. 1985. Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. Bryn Mawr, PA: Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. A college text and commentary that uses in the main A. Riese’s 1893 text.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Kortekaas, George A. A. 2004. The story of Apollonius King of Tyre: A study of its Greek origin and an edition of the two oldest recensions. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. For a review see G. Schmeling, Classical Review 55 (2005): 565–567.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Kortekaas, George A. A. 2007. Commentary on the Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. Leiden, The Netherlands, and London: Brill.
  474. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004155947.i-937Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. This is a very useful commentary with a bibliography expanded from Kortekaas’s 2004 edition.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Kortekaas, George A. A., ed. 1984. Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. Groningen, The Netherlands: Bouma’s Boekhuis.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. RA and RB are included in the text, which is full of important and relevant scholarship.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Merkelbach, Reinhard. 1995. Der Überlieferungstyp “Epitome aucta” und die Historia Apollonii. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 108:7–14.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. An excellent overview of the texts.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Puché Lopez, Maria del Carmen. 1999. Las ediciones de la Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. In El mundo mediterráneo (siglos III–VII). Edited by J. González, 197–213. Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Kortekaas has the “codex optimus,” which is the 1984 edition (p. 212).
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Schmeling, Gareth, ed. 1988. Historia Apollonii Regis. Leipzig: Teubner.
  490. DOI: 10.1515/9783110967746.bmSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. This is a very authoritative edition.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Tsitsikli, Dimitra, ed. 1981. Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. Königstein, West Germany: Hain.
  494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495. A comparison of texts RA and RB.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Nachleben
  498.  
  499. The History of Apollonius King of Tyre was one of the most popular novels from when first composed, possibly in the 3rd century CE, until the 17th century. R. H. F. Carver (in Hofmann 1999, p. 253) writes that by “Ben Jonson’s day” the novel had become “a very ‘mouldy tale’ . . . indeed it serves, through several intermediaries, as the ultimate source of Shakespeare’s Pericles.”
  500.  
  501. Dawkins, R. M. 1942. Modern Greek oral versions of Apollonios of Tyre. Modern Language Review 37:169–184.
  502. DOI: 10.2307/3717625Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. This essay reviews different modern (some unpublished) versions of the novel that derive from a rhymed version first printed in 1534 in Venice.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Goepp, Philip H. 1938. The narrative material of Apollonius of Tyre. English Literacy History 5:150–172.
  506. DOI: 10.2307/2871615Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Apollonius of Tyre in medieval Europe.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Hofmann, Heinz. 1999. Latin fiction: The Latin novel in context. London and New York: Routledge.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. See especially G. Schmeling’s “The History of Apollonius King of Tyre,” E. Archibald’s “Apollonius of Tyre in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,” and R. H. F. Carver’s “The Rediscovery of the Latin Novels.”
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Oroz, Rodolfo, trans. 1954. Historia de Apolonio de Tiro: La novela favorita de la edad media. Santiago, Chile: Instituto de Investigaciones Historico-Culturales de la Universidad de Chile.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. A Spanish translation of A. Riese’s 1893 text.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Pickford, T. E. 1975. Apollonius of Tyre as Greek myth and Christian mystery. Neophilologus 59.4 :599–609.
  518. DOI: 10.1007/BF01513978Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. This essay examines the enduring popularity of the novel throughout the Middle Ages.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Petronius
  522.  
  523. The general consensus is that the text of the Satyricon dates to the Neronian period, although some may disagree. If the author of the work is the Petronius mentioned in Tacitus’s Annals 16, the author died in 65 CE. That person was also governor of Bithynia at one time, consul, and Nero’s arbiter elegantiae. He committed suicide because of the machinations of Tigellinus, Nero’s praetorian prefect. The novel is incomplete, but the fragments that we do have give us a witty and interesting view of the life of the nouveau riche: the names of Trimalchio, Giton, Fortunata, Eumolpus, Encolpius, and Quartilla, among others, have become legendary for their depictions in the novel. The most famous section of the novel is the Cena Trimalchionis, which should be read by anyone wanting an entertaining read, but also by anyone who desires to be challenged by the Latin, characterization, and inserted tales. The stories of the Pergamum boy and the Milesian widow have also become famous in their own right. The work also includes poetry. The Satyricon has an extensive reception history.
  524.  
  525. Conte, Gian Biagio. 1996. The hidden author: An interpretation of Petronius’s Satyricon. Translated by E. Fantham. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. The six chapters in this book were delivered as Sather Professor Lectures at the University of California. Conte examines the “global structure of the text” (p. viii) rather than approaching the novel in its fragmentary form. The hidden author of the novel has as his true aim to deride the scholastici who populate the novel.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Corbett, Philip B. 1970. Petronius. New York: Twayne.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. Corbett’s work, as most books in the Twayne series, supplies a basic introduction to Petronius and his novel. The book and bibliography are somewhat dated. Nevertheless, the bibliography can be of some service.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Courtney, Edward. 2001. A companion to Petronius. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Courtney’s book is a good introduction to Petronius, focusing on the novel as genre, the use of verse, ego-narrative, the lost parts of the novel, rhetoric, the Cena Trimalchionis, the sea escapades, Croton, and sex and symbolism in Petronius. This book is recommended for all readers.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Gagliardi, Donato. 1993. Petronio e il romanzo moderno: La fortuna del “Satyricon” attraverso i secoli. Florence: Nuova Italia.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. Covers the essentials: the person of Petronius (as found in Tacitus), the comic realism of the novel, the Satyricon as a different and new type of literary genre (its relationship with the Greek novel, parody, the Petronian poems, the nature of the novel), prosimetrics, Petronius in the Middle Ages, the novel in 17th-century France, its literary influence in the 18th century, and its impact on Marcel Proust, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Hubert Montheilhet, Robert Graves, and Anthony Burgess.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Panayotakis, Costas. 1995. Theatrum arbitri: Theatrical elements in the Satyrica of Petronius. Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: E. J. Brill.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Panayotakis’s bibliography should be consulted. A review of the strong impact of Roman comic drama on Petronius.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Paratore, Ettore. 1933. Il Satyricon di Petronio. Florence: Felice Le Monnier.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. The book is 657 pages in length; it is a comprehensive treatment of the novel.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Petronius. 1996. The Satyricon. Translated by Patrick G. Walsh. Oxford: Clarendon.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Walsh supplies a good introduction to Petronius’s novel, an excellent translation, and a collection of the fragments, testimonies, and poems. The text of the novel has helpful explanatory notes.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Prag, Jonathan R. W., and Ian Repath. 2009. Petronius: A handbook. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555. This collection of essays covers such topics as Petronius and Greek literature, the Roman literary tradition, rhetoric and Petronius’s novel, sex in the Satyrica, Neronian culture, Petronius and economic history, Roman funeral traditions, Petronius’s Satyrica and the novel in English, and Fellini.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Sullivan, John P. 1968. The Satyricon of Petronius: A literary study. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. The bibliography is quite good. This is an excellent book. It covers the entire gamut, from the authorship and date, to a reconstruction of the Satyricon, the choice of form, the use of satire in the novel, criticism and parody in the work, humor, and the sexual themes in the text.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Cena
  562.  
  563. One of the best-known passages from Petronius’s novel is the Cena. It is full of enjoyable speeches and supernatural stories. It relates the entertainment and foods offered to the guests. No one should pass up translating the narrative, or at least reading it in a good translation that does justice to the rich linguistic nature of the text.
  564.  
  565. Beran, Zdenka. 1973. The realm of sensory perception and its significance in Petronius’ Satyricon. Ziva Antika 23:227–251.
  566. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  567. The auditory and visual senses shape the Cena narrative.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Boyce, Bret. 1991. The language of the freedmen in Petronius’ Cena Trimalchionis. Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: Brill.
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. An investigation into the “formal, grammatical, and stylistic devices used by Petronius to characterize the freedmen at Trimalchio’s banquet” (p. 2).
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Horsfall, Nicholas. 1989. “The uses of literacy” and the Cena Trimalchionis. Greece and Rome 36:74–89, 194–209.
  574. DOI: 10.1017/S0017383500029363Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. “Petronius presents Trimalchio as laboriously literal-minded, determined that no detail shall escape the notice of his familia or visitors” (pp. 202–203). A good review on the question of literacy in Trimalchio’s cadre.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Saylor, C. 1987. Funeral games: The significance of games in the Cena Trimalchionis. Latomus 46:593–602.
  578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. Games in the Cena compared to those in epic.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Stefenelli, Arnulf. 1962. Die Volkssprache im Werk des Petron im Hinblick auf die romanischen Sprachen. Vienna: W. Braumüller.
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. A good source of information on the language (certain words) used by Petronius.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Swanson, Donald C. 1963. A formal analysis of Petronius’ vocabulary. Minneapolis: Perine.
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. An uncontroversial statistical analysis that may be of help to students of Petronius and of the Apocolocyntosis.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Characterization
  590.  
  591. The cast of characters in the novel include a wide variety of types. There are upper-class women, braggadocios, the well-educated and those who pretend to be, cuckolds and quasiloyal lovers, pederasts, and parvenus. The language employed by some of the characters can tell the reader much about their personalities. It should be noted that Petronius does not offer much in the way of in-depth character analyses, but as Courtney 2001 (p. 52; cited under Petronius) observes: “What takes place is the ironical technique of allowing the characters to reveal themselves in what they say. However . . . one could certainly not say that those [characters] of Petronius lack individuality and idiosyncrasy.” The language dictated by social standing, erudition (or lack of it), the social pretences, and the vulgar and coarse language of the common folk have all, in my opinion, been among the primary methods through which Petronius created his characters. Beck 1975 is a first-rate example of this approach. Boyce 1991 (cited under Cena) focuses on the freedmen, as does Lynch 1982.
  592.  
  593. Abbott, Frank F. 1907. The use of language as a means of characterization in Petronius. Classical Philology 2:43–50.
  594. DOI: 10.1086/358999Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. A slender commentary on some aspects of Petronius’s language.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Adamietz, Joachim. 1987. Zum literarischen Charakter von Petrons Satyrica. Rheinisches Museum 130:329–346.
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. Characterization in the novel; satire is important.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Auerbach, Erich. 1953. Mimesis: The representation of reality in Western literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  602. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603. Chapter 2, “Fortunata,” focuses on Petronius as “the” modern realist in antiquity. This chapter should be read by all interested in Petronius’s “realism.”
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Beck, Roger. 1975. Encolpius at the Cena. Phoenix 29:271–283.
  606. DOI: 10.2307/1087620Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607. A self-reflecting narrator. See also Beck’s “Eumolpus poeta, Eumolpus fabulator: A study of characterization in the Satyricon” (Phoenix 33 [1979]: 239–253), which is an excellent analysis on the characterization of Eumolpus.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Cameron, Averil M. 1969. Petronius and Plato. Classical Quarterly 19:367–370.
  610. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800024794Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611. Habinnas’s entry in the Cena “is modeled on that of Alcibiades in Plato’s Symposium” (p. 367). See also Cameron’s “Myth and Meaning in Petronius: Some Modern Comparisons” (Latomus 29 [1970]: 397–425), in which Homeric comparisons are in order with an “anti-hero and without a Penelope” (p. 425). This article is plain good scholarship.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. George, Peter. 1966. Style and character in the Satyricon. Arion 5:336–358.
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615. Petronius, for the most part, supplies individuals and not types.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Jones, F. 1991. Realism in Petronius. In Groningen Colloquia on the Novel. Vol. 4. Edited by Heinz Hofmann, 105–120. Groningen, The Netherlands: Egbert Forsten.
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619. A review/comparison of decorum and energeia.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Lynch, J. P. 1982. The language and character of Echion the ragpicker: Petronius, Satyricon 45–46. Helios 9.1: 29–46.
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623. Echion’s language is not simply “everyday uneducated conversation . . . [it] represents a more mixed and exotic linguistic species” (p. 30).
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Pack, Roger A. 1960. The criminal dossier of Encolpius. Classical Philology 55:31–32.
  626. DOI: 10.1086/364435Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627. The evidence is circumstantial.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Commentaries and Texts
  630.  
  631. The text of the novel is not in the best shape. The Cena is mostly intact, but the rest of the novel is composed of short fragments, which belong to the second half of the text. A brief yet comprehensive summary of the history of Petronius text can be found in Schmeling 2003, pp. 469–474 (cited under Introductory Works). The recent Oxford text and commentary Schmeling 2011 promises to be the most comprehensive commentary to date. Smith (Petronius 1975) is for use in the college classroom. Müller and Ehlers (Petronius 1983) and Müller (Petronius 1995) are more scholarly in nature. The huge amount of scholarship makes it difficult to select only nine works, which listed below may be found to please only some Petronian scholars. Conte 1996, Courtney 2001, Panayotakis 1995 (all three cited under Petronius), Sullivan 1968 (cited under Date), and Petronius 1996 (cited under Petronius) may be scholarly agreeable to most, if not all. The rest, though excellent in their own ways, may not satisfy all.
  632.  
  633. Breitenstein, Natalie. 2009. Petronius, Satyrica, 1–15: Texte, Ubersetzung, Kommentar. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  634. DOI: 10.1515/9783110220834Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. A recent an up-to-date commentary on these passages from the novel.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Habermehl, P. 2006. Petronius, Satyrica 79–141: Ein philologisch-literarischer Kommentar. Bd. 1, Sat. 79–110. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. The focus of this text is on the second, and often neglected, part of the novel.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Korn, Matthias, and Stefan Reitzer. 1986. Concordantia Petroniana: Computer Konkordanz zu den Satyrica des Petron. Hildesheim, West Germany, and New York: Olms-Weidmann.
  642. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643. A handy index for the novel; unfortunately, other electronic sources are now more frequently consulted.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Nelson, H. L. W. 1947. Petronius en zijn “vulgair” Latin, een stilistisch-grammatische studie over de zoogenaamde “vulgaire dictie” in de Cena Trimalchionis. PhD diss., Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht.
  646. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647. Includes an English summary of the text.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Petronius. 1975. Cena Trimalchionis. Edited by Martin S. Smith. Oxford: Clarendon.
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651. Pages xxviii–xxxiii contain a good Petronian bibliography.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Petronius. 1983. Satyrica. Edited and translated by Konrad Müller and Wilhelm Ehlers. Munich: Artemis.
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655. This is a German translation accompanied by the Latin text. The commentary is quite helpful.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Petronius. 1995. Petronii Arbitri Satyricon reliquiae. Edited by Konrad Müller. Stuttgart and Leipzig: Teubner.
  658. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  659. A standard resource.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Schmeling, Gareth. 2011. A commentary on the Satyrica of Petronius. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  662. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  663. Promises to be the most comprehensive commentary to date.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Vannini, Giulio. ed. 2010. Petronii Arbitri Satyricon 100–115: Edizione critica e commento. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
  666. DOI: 10.1515/9783110240924Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  667. A thorough and competent commentary on pp. 100–115.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Date
  670.  
  671. The date of Petronius’s novel caused much debate: was Tacitus’s Petronius (Annales 16.17–20) the author of the novel? It is now generally agreed that it is of Neronian date (Cizek 1965, Rose 1966, Rose 1971, Schnur 1959, Sullivan 1985b; however, see Marmorale 1948). See as an exception Martin 1975. For the most part, scholars do agree that Nero’s arbiter elegantiae and the author are the same person. Kenneth Rose’s work was significant in settling this question. The question of the date of composition has reached a general consensus but could be revisited if new data appear.
  672.  
  673. Cizek, Eugen. 1965. Autour de la date du Satyricon de Pétrone. Studii Clasice 7:197–207.
  674. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  675. A Neronian date of publication between 61 and 63 CE, and the work was written for aristocrats.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Marmorale, Enzo V. 1948. La questione petroniana. Bari, Italy: G. Laterza.
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. The date of composition falls somewhere between 180 and 220 CE.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Martin, René. 1975. Quelques remarques concernant la date du Satiricon. Revue des études latines 53:182–224.
  682. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683. A Flavian date is suggested as the possible time period for the composition of the novel.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Rose, Kenneth. 1962. Time and place in the Satyricon. Transactions of the American Philological Association 93:402–409.
  686. DOI: 10.2307/283771Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687. The cena may have taken place in August at Puteoli.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Rose, Kenneth. 1966. The Petronian inquisition: An auto-da-fé. Arion 5:275–301.
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691. A history of Petronian scholarship, “life and attitudes . . . and those of the very limited group of friends, Nero’s small artistic circle, for whom the and for whom alone the Satyricon was written” (p. 298).
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Rose, Kenneth. 1971. The date and author of the Satyricon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  694. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  695. Rose tackles the Petronian question, the possible date of composition, and the identity of the author, and the author’s probable social and contemporary background. Rose argues for a Neronian date.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Schnur, Harry C. 1959. The economic background of the Satyricon. Latomus 18:790–799.
  698. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  699. The economic data argue for a Neronian date.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Sullivan, John P. 1985a. Literature and politics in the age of Nero. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
  702. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703. “Court Politics and Petronius” should be read. Sullivan notes: “Attacks on personalities, on rival critical theories or specific literary modes, on unacceptable political or religious attitudes, have been common in all periods. Only the approach and the ground rules differ” (p. 153). In all of the above, Petronius was the victor, “until he himself fell victim to the more unscrupulous machinations of Tigellinus” (p. 178).
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Sullivan, John P. 1985b. Petronius’ Satyricon and its Neronian context. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt 2.32.3. Edited by Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, 1666–1686. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707. An invaluable work. Compare to Sullivan’s “Petronius, Seneca, and Lucan: A Neronian literary feud?” Transactions of the American Philological Association 99 (1968): 453–467.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. Folklore and the Supernatural
  710.  
  711. Some of the earliest horror tales can be found in Petronius’s novel. That is, the novelist includes the horrific for the simple purpose of scaring his audience. The text includes an excellent werewolf story.
  712.  
  713. Courtney, Edward. 1987. Petronius and the underworld. American Journal of Philology 108:408–410.
  714. DOI: 10.2307/294829Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715. The intertextual allusions are Platonic and not Virgilian.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Grondona, Marco. 1980. La religione e la superstizione nella Cena Trimalchionis. Collection Latomus 171. Brussels: Latomus.
  718. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. Grondona’s bibliography contains a reasonable number of works on the supernatural and the Cena.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Miller, S. M. 1942. Werewolves and “ghost words” in Petronius: MATAVITA TAU. Classical Philology 37:319–321.
  722. DOI: 10.1086/362630Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. In Sat. 62 the reading should be “Gladium tamen strinxi et maturavi et evitavi umbras.”
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Rini, Anthony. 1929. Popular superstitions in Petronius and Italian superstitions of today. Classical World 22:83–86.
  726. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  727. Some superstitions found in the novel still survive (at least in 1929) in southern Italy and Sicily.
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Schuster, M. 1930. Der Werwolf und die Hexen: Zwei Schauermärchen bei Petronius. Wiener Studien 48:149–178.
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. Trimalchio is viewed as superstitious and all too naive.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Humor
  734.  
  735. In A Companion to Petronius (Courtney 2001 cited under Petronius) Edward Courtney writes that one of the big differences between Petronius and the Greek novels is that Petronius wrote “an out-and-out comic novel” (p. 19). This does not mean that the other novels lack humor. Commentators from the ancient world noted that Petronius was satiric and at times abusive. The novel is one of the funniest literary products from Antiquity. Proof of his humor exists not only in the context in which the characters find themselves, but also in their behaviors and relationships with each other and the audience. The inserted tales are also quite hilarious.
  736.  
  737. Courtney, Edward. 1962. Parody and literary illusion in Menippean satire. Philologus 106:86–100.
  738. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739. The novel is Menippean satire.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Gagliardi, Donato. 1980. Il comico in Petronio. Palermo, Italy: Palumbo.
  742. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  743. Comedy and humor are interspersed throughout the work.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Krappe, Alexander H. 1924. Euripides’ Alcmaeon and the Apollonius romance. Classical Quarterly 18:57–58.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. Epicurus would have freed men from the fears inspired by dreams. Petronius inspires not peace of mind, but rather riotous laughter.
  748. Find this resource:
  749. McDermott, M. H. 1983. The Satyricon as a parody of the Odyssey and Greek romance. Liverpool Classical Monthly 8:82–85.
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751. Petronius has a double purpose: to parody both the epic and the other romances.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Plaza, Maria. 2000. Laughter and derision in Petronius’ Satyrica: A literary study. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
  754. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  755. The author believes that “laughter and derision” (p. 1) are the central combination against which the novel must be examined.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Ure, Peter. 1956. The widow of Ephesus: Some reflections on an international comic theme. Durham University Journal 18:1–9.
  758. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  759. A survey of various variations of this famous story.
  760. Find this resource:
  761. Wooten, C. 1984. Petronius and camp. Helios 11:133–139.
  762. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  763. Petronius fits well Susan Sontag’s definition of “camp.”
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Nachleben
  766.  
  767. Scholars seem always to have had some familiarity with Petronius’s novel. From John of Salisbury to Federico Fellini and Manfred Henninger, with people like Jeremy Taylor, Tobias Smollett, Lord Byron, Oscar Wilde, and D. H. Lawrence in between, the individuals acquainted are many. The novel, because of its controversial and risqué nature, even has even been tested in ecclesiastical and civil courts. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) exempted the work from a church ban, but in 1934 the city of Westminster ordered the book to be destroyed.
  768.  
  769. Collignon, Albert. 1905. Pétrone en France. Paris: Fontemoing.
  770. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  771. A good review of Petronius’s influence in France.
  772. Find this resource:
  773. MacKendrick, Paul L. 1950. The Great Gatsby and Trimalchio. Classical Journal 45:307–314.
  774. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  775. The influence of Petronius on Fitzgerald.
  776. Find this resource:
  777. Stuckey, Johanna H. 1972. “Petronius the Ancient”: His reputation and influence in seventeenth century England. Rivista di Studi Classici 20:145–153.
  778. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  779. Petronius was regarded as an “ancient” and subsequently a classical authority.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Sütterlin, Axel. 1996. Petronius Arbiter und Federico Fellini: Ein strukturanalytischer Vergleich. Frankfurt-am-Main and New York: P. Lang.
  782. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  783. A careful review of both of the structure of the novel and Fellini’s adaptation.
  784. Find this resource:
  785. Wright, John. 1976. Disintegrated assurances: The contemporary American response to the Satyricon. Greece and Rome 23:32–39.
  786. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  787. Wright notes that even “without a point of view or a secure moral framework” Petronius’s novel has guaranteed a place in literary history.
  788. Find this resource:
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!