2019-06-18 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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TOEFL (for now): 4 sections, 4 hours, 120 points total (30 for each section), $205 in the US
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 12-14 questions about each passage (15 points)
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets (each set = 3 listenings [conversation, lecture, discussion], 17 questions, 10 minutes to choose answers)
	(10-minute break: you can use the restroom and get snacks and a drink from your locker)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 55 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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independent: your own ideas and opinions
integrated: with ideas from a listening and (sometimes) a reading
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- purpose/method
- paraphrase/sentence restatement
- inference
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- schematic framework/organize
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Word Roots (list 5) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology) = shape/form
multi (multicolored, multilayers) = many (Latin)
nat (native, innate, natal) = birth
neo (neonatal, neoclassical, neocolonialism, Neolithic) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym, anonymous) = name
nov (innovate, novelty, nova) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob/op (obstruct, object, opposite) = in front of/against
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (Latin root)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry, optics) = sight/vision
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic, paleozoic) = old
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (Greek root)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = suffering (many words beginning with “path” are about sickness)
ped (pedestrian, pedicure, pedal) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician, pedagogy) = child
peri (perinatal, perimeter, peripheral) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile, hemophilia) = love/attraction
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear/aversion
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light (in some words like “photogenic” it means “photograph”)
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (Greek)
port (transport, portable) = carry (but especially into or out of something)
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first (pre/prim/proto/first/fore/front are all related)
	- “protocol” is a good example of a word whose roots don’t really help you understand
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = false/fake
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = consider/reckon/judge
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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Word roots are one of the techniques you can use for vocabulary questions on the TOEFL.
p. 5-6 has other types of clues you can use
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BREAK
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If you think you know what a word means, you can make your first guess before even reading the sentence. However, you should always read the sentence to make sure your guess works. Many words have multiple meanings.
score =
	the number of points in a game (noun)
	earn points in a game (verb)
	sheet music, espeically with all the ochestra’s parts (noun)
	scratch a mark into something hard (verb)
	twenty (noun)
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p. 11-12 - Take 14 minutes to answer these vocabulary questions.
1 a
2 c
3 d
4 c (“in the hands of” doesn’t generally mean duty, but that’s the closest option in this case)
5 b
6 b
7 b
8 c (“motherly” is another meaning of “maternal”, but it means “similar to a mother”, which doesn’t fit in this context)
9 d
10 a
11 b
12 d (It might mean “before their children’s adulthood”, but not before the parents themselves are adults.)
13 b (A role model is someone who you can model your own role on. The sentence restricts this to only those role models who can assume the required parental duties.)
14 d
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Take 15 minutes for 1R11 on p. 14-15
1 a
2 b
3 d
4 b
5 d
6 d
7 b
8 a
9 b
10 b
11 b
12 c (“critical” can mean “important” as well, but this paragraph is about “critical” like “criticize”. The next sentence gives a synonymous phrase: “critical evaluation” = “negative assessment”)
13 d
14 b
15 d
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1R12 describes the parts of an experiment, and also the parts of most articles written about research.
1 Hypothesis - What do researchers guess will happen?
	(Sometimes phrased as a question, rather than the predicted answer.)
2 Method - How do they perform the study?
3 Results - What specific (often numerical) results did they find?
4 Conclusion - What did they conclude from these results? (In particular, is the original hypothesis confirmed or refuted?)
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Homework: p. 19-21 - Answer the questions in 1R15