View difference between Paste ID: vBP1U1rg and Hpg5K4tG

 Introduction
 Late Antiquity, here defined as the period between the accession of Diocletian in 284 CE and the end of the Roman rule in the Mediterranean, is one of the most exciting periods of ancient history. Since the 1960s its depiction as a period of decline and fall has been seriously challenged and, despite a recent controversy over its periodization, Late Antiquity is now conceived as an era of multiple transformations: political, economic, social, religious, and cultural.
 Historiography
 The Italian historian Andrea Giardina (1999) opened the controversy by regretting an “explosion” in the study of Late Antiquity resulting from too expansive a periodization and from the prominence of cultural history. Cameron 2002 provides an interesting review of the historiography of this “long” Late Antiquity. Ward-Perkins 2005 goes further in a provocative book whose title is meant to recall Gibbon's Decline and Fall (1776–1789). The first issue of the Journal of Late Antiquity 2008 contains several papers that address this question. Straw-Lim 2004 provides a good survey of the historiographical changes since the 1960s.
 Cameron, Averil. 2002. The “Long” Late Antiquity: A Late twentieth-century model. InClassics in progress: Essays on ancient Greece and Rome. Edited by T. P. Wiseman, 165–191. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A critical review of the historiography.
 Find this resource:
 Giardina, Andrea. 1999. Esplosione di tardoantico. Studi Storici 40:157–180.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the problems of periodization.
 Find this resource:
 Journal of Late Antiquity 2008. 1.1.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 The first issue of the journal includes Arnaldo Marcone, “A Long Late Antiquity?: Considerations on a Controversial Periodization,” 4–19; Edward James, “The Rise and Function of the Concept Late Antiquity,” 20–30; and Clifford Ando, “Decline, Fall, and Transformation,” 31–60.
 Find this resource:
 Straw, Carole, and Richard Lim, eds. 2004. The past before us: Emerging historiographies. Bibliothèque de l'Antiquité tardive 6. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A series of contributions on how the study of Late Antiquity has been reshaped since the 1960s.
 Find this resource:
 Ward-Perkins, Bryan. 2005. The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A provocative reassessment of the consequences of the barbarian invasions.
 Find this resource:
 General Overviews
 The publications of Jones 1964 and Brown 1971 both transformed the study of the Late Antique world. Cameron 1993a and Cameron 1993b are good short introductions. Garnsey and Humfress 2001 offers a thematic approach. Swain-Edwards 2004 provides a collection of thematic essays.Rousseau 2009 presents a vast survey of the field. Mitchell 2007 is a comprehensive textbook.
 Brown, Peter. 1971. The world of Late Antiquity AD 150–750. Library of World Civilizations. London: Thames and Hudson.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A broad analysis of the social and cultural changes in the Mediterranean between the 3rd and the 7th centuries. For a retrospective appraisal, see Hägg, Tomas, ed. 1997. The world of Late Antiquity revisited. Symbolae Osloenses 72:5–90.
 Find this resource:
 Cameron, Averil. 1993a. The later Roman Empire: A.D. 284–430. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Covers the first part of the period.
 Find this resource:
 Cameron, Averil. 1993b. The Mediterranean world in Late Antiquity, AD 395–600. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Covers the second part of the period through an approach both chronological and thematic.
 Find this resource:
 Garnsey, Peter, and Caroline Humfress. 2001. The evolution of the Late Antique world. Cambridge: Orchard Academic.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A thematic approach to the multiple changes that affect the period.
 Find this resource:
 Jones, A. H. M. 1964. The later Roman Empire, 284–602: A social, economic and administrative survey. Oxford: Blackwell.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 The second part, “Descriptive,” is unsurpassed on questions of administration. The legacy of Jones is assessed in Gwynn, David M., ed. 2008. A. H. M. Jones and the Later Roman Empire. Brill's series on the Early Middle Ages 15. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
 Find this resource:
 Mitchell, Stephen. 2007. A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284–641: The transformation of the ancient world. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Oxford: Blackwell.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Textbook organized as a traditional history of the late Roman state.
 Find this resource:
 Rousseau, Philip, ed. 2009. Companion to Late Antiquity. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Oxford: Blackwell.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A vast survey of the field.
 Find this resource:
 Swain, Simon, and Mark Edwards, eds. 2004. Approaching Late Antiquity: The transformation from early to late empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A collection of thematic essays. See in particular the introduction by Simon Swain and Richard Duncan-Jones on the economy.
 Find this resource:
 Reference Works
 Late Antiquity is now covered by three volumes of the Cambridge Ancient History (see Bowman, et al. 2005, Cameron and Garnsey 1998, and Cameron, et al. 2000) that offer an invaluable survey of the whole period. In addition, the period has its own encyclopedia (Bowersock, et al. 2001), its journals, and a set of invaluable tools.
 Antiquité tardive = Antigüedad Tardía = Late Antiquity = Spätantike = Antichità tarda: Revue internationale d'histoire et d'archéologie (IVe–VIIIe siècles). 1993–. Paris: Brepols.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A journal containing chiefly articles in French; some English, German, Italian, and Spanish.
 Find this resource:
 Bowersock, Glen W., Peter Brown, and Oleg Grabar, eds. 1999. Late Antiquity: A guide to the postclassical world. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A series of interpretative essays and an alphabetical guide.
 Find this resource:
 Bowersock, Glen W., Peter Brown, and Oleg Grabar, eds. 2001. Interpreting Late Antiquity: Essays on the postclassical world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Separate publication of the essays from Bowersock, Brown, and Grabar 1999.
 Find this resource:
 Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron, eds. 2005. The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 12, The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337. 2d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A survey of the period from 193 to 337.
 Find this resource:
 Cameron, Averil, and Peter Garnsey, eds. 1998. The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 13, The late empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521302005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A survey of the period from 337 to 425.
 Find this resource:
 Cameron, Averil, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby, eds. 2000. The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 14, Late Antiquity: empire and successors, A.D. 425–600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521325912Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A survey of the period from 425 to 600.
 Find this resource:
 Jones, A. H. M., J. R. Martindale, and J. Morris, eds. 1971–1992. The prosopography of the later Roman Empire. 3 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Individual biographies of every known person of rank who lived in the Roman world between 260 and 641.
 Find this resource:
 Journal of Late Antiquity. 2008–. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A journal published only in English.
 Find this resource:
 Mandouze, André, ed. 1982. Prosopographie de l'Afrique chrétienne (303–533). Vol. 1,Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Individual biographies of every known member of the Christian clergy and of lay persons who played an important role in the history of Christianity in North Africa between 303 and 533.
 Find this resource:
 Pietri, Charles, Janine Desmulliez, and Luce Pietri, eds. Prosopographie de l'Italie chrétienne (313–604). 1999–2000. Vol. 2 (nos. 1 and 2), Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire.Rome: École française de Rome.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Individual biographies of every known member of the Christian clergy and of lay persons who played an important role in the history of Christianity in Italy between 303 and 533.
 Find this resource:
 Sourcebooks
 Maas 1999 is the most comprehensive sourcebook. Croke and Harries 1982, Lee 2000, andValentasis 2000 cover different aspects of religious history. Lieu and Montserrat 1996 provides translations of texts on the reign of Constantine and his sons that balance the traditional Christian sources. Mathisen 2003 is an attempt to recover the real life of people through a selection of texts from Gaul and Western Europe. Dodgeon and Lieu 1991 and Greatrex and Lieu 2002 are important for military history.
 Croke, Brian, and Jill Harries. 1982. Religious conflict in fourth-century Rome: A documentary study. Sydney, Australia: Sydney University.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Annotated translations of the material relevant to the debate between pagan and Christian aristocrats in 4th-century Rome.
 Find this resource:
 Dodgeon, Michael H., and Samuel N. C. Lieu, eds. 1991. The Roman eastern frontier and the Persian wars (AD 226–363). London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the relations between Rome and Persia from the foundation of the Sassanian Empire to the reign of Julian.
 Find this resource:
 Greatrex, Geoffrey, and Samuel N. C. Lieu, eds. 2002. The Roman eastern frontier and the Persian wars (AD 363–630). London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the relations between Rome and Persia from the failure of Julian to the victory of Heraclius.
 Find this resource:
 Lee, A. D. 2000. Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A sourcebook. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Covers religious history.
 Find this resource:
 Lieu, Samuel N. C., and Dominic Montserrat. 1996. From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine views: A source history. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Translations of pagan historical writings and Byzantine hagiographies on the reign of Constantine and his sons.
 Find this resource:
 Maas, Michael. 1999. Readings in Late Antiquity: A sourcebook. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A comprehensive sourcebook.
 Find this resource:
 Mathisen, Ralph W. 2003. People, personal expression, and social relations in Late Antiquity. 2 vols. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Selection of texts from Gaul and Western Europe about the life of Late Antique people. The second volume gives the Latin texts.
 Find this resource:
 Valantasis, Richard, ed. 2000. Religions of Late Antiquity in practice. Princeton Readings in Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Collection of sources on religious practice in Late Antiquity.
 Find this resource:
 Translated Texts
 Translations, some accompanied with a good annotation, are available for the major authors of the period. To the necessarily selective list below should be added the series Ancient Christian Writers (Paulist Press) and the Fathers of the Church (Catholic University of America Press) for Christian writers. For Lactantius see Lactantius 1984, and for Eusebius see Eusebius 1999. For a collection of the fragmentary historians, see Blockley 1981–1983.
 Barrow, R. H., ed. 1973. Prefect and emperor: The relationes of Symmachus, A.D. 384. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Latin text, English translation, and commentary of the official reports written by Symmachus during the period he held the office of city prefect.
 Find this resource:
 Blockley, R. C., ed. 1981–1983. The fragmentary classicising historians of the later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus. ARCA, Classical and medieval texts, papers, and monographs 6, 10. Liverpool, UK: Francis Cairns Publications.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 With the original texts.
 Find this resource:
 Eusebius. 1999. Life of Constantine. Edited by Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall. Clarendon Ancient History Series. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A major commentary on this text.
 Find this resource:
 Lactantius. 1984. De mortibus persecutorum. Edited and translated by J. L. Creed. Oxford Early Christian texts. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Latin text, English translation and commentary of On the Deaths of the Persecutors.
 Find this resource:
 Nixon, C. E. V., and Barbara Saylow Rodgers, eds. 1994. In praise of later Roman emperors: The Panegyrici Latini: introduction, translation, and historical commentary, with the Latin text of R.A.B. Mynors. Transformation of the Classical Heritage 21. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Latin text, English translation and commentary of a collection of Gallic speeches in honor of emperors.
 Find this resource:
 Rufinus. 1997. The church history of Rufinus of Aquileia, Books 10 and 11. Translated by Philip R. Amidon. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A continuation of Eusebius's History of the Church.
 Find this resource:
 LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
 English translations with the original texts of some of the major sources are available in the Loeb Classical Library, published by Harvard University Press: Ammianus Marcellinus 1935–1939, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius 1926–1933), Julian 1913–1923, selections of Libanius (Libanius 1969–1977 and Libanius 1992), and the Historia Augusta (Magie 1921–1932).
 Ammianus Marcellinus. 1935–1939. Ammianus Marcellinus. 3 vols. Translated by John C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 300, 315, 331. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Latin text facing the English translation.
 Find this resource:
 Eusebius. 1926–1933. The ecclesiastical history. 2 vols. Edited by Kirsopp Lake and John Ernest Leonard Oulton. Loeb Classical Library 153, 265. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Greek text facing the English translation.
 Find this resource:
 Julian. 1913–1923. The works of the Emperor Julian. 3 vols. Translated by Wilmer Cave Wright. Loeb Classical Library 13, 29, 157. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Greek text facing the English translation.
 Find this resource:
 Libanius. 1969–1977. Selected works. 2 vols. Edited by A. F. Norman. Loeb Classical Library 451–453. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Vol. 1, the Julianic orations; vol. 2, the Theodosian orations.
 Find this resource:
 Libanius. 1992. Autobiography and selected letters. Edited by A. F. Norman. Loeb Classical Library 478, 479. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 The selection presents a conspectus of Libanius's activities and career.
 Find this resource:
 Magie, David, ed. 1921–1932. Scriptores historiae Augustae. 3 vols. Loeb Classical Library 139, 140, 263. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Latin text facing the English translation.
 Find this resource:
 TRANSLATED TEXTS FOR HISTORIANS
 The series Translated Texts for Historians, from Liverpool University Press, offers many translations of Late Antique texts with important introductions and footnotes, such as Liebeschuetz's translations of Ambrose's political letters and speeches (Ambrose 2005), texts related to Constantine (Edwards 2003), sources on the Goths (Heather and Matthews 1991), Themistius (Heather and Moncur 2001), Libanius (Norman 2000 and Bradbury 2004), Eutropius (Bird 1993), and Aurelius Victor (Bird 1994).
 Ambrose. 2005. Ambrose of Milan: Political letters and speeches. Translated by J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz. Translated Texts for Historians 43. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A selection.
 Find this resource:
 Bird, H. W., ed. 1994. Sextus Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus. Translated Texts for Historians 17. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 With a full commentary.
 Find this resource:
 Bird, H. W., ed. 1993. Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita. Translated Texts for Historians 14. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 With a full commentary.
 Find this resource:
 Bradbury, Scott, ed. 2004. Selected letters of Libanius: From the age of Constantius and Julian. Translated Texts for Historians 41. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A supplement to the selection by Norman in the Loeb Classical Library.
 Find this resource:
 Edwards, Mark, ed. 2003. Constantine and Christendom. Translated Texts for Historians 39. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Contains Constantine's Oration to the Saints.
 Find this resource:
 Heather, Peter, and John Matthews, eds. 1991. The Goths in the fourth century. Translated Texts for Historians 10. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 English translations of Orations 8 and 10 of Themistius, the Passion of St. Saba, and texts relating to the life and work of Ulfila, among other evidence on the Goths.
 Find this resource:
 Heather, Peter, and David Moncur, eds. 2001. Politics, philosophy, and empire in the fourth century: Select orations of Themistius. Translated Texts for Historians 36. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Selection of speeches from the entire career of Themistius.
 Find this resource:
 Norman, A. F., ed. 2000. Antioch as a centre of Hellenic culture as observed by Libanius. Translated Texts for Historians 34. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A selection of speeches.
 Find this resource:
 Narrative (284–450)
 This section takes a historiographical and chronological approach to the narrative of the period.
 HISTORIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
 Rohrbacher 2002 and Marasco 2003 provide good introductory essays to the major historical sources. Rees 2002 on the Latin Panegyrics, Barnes 1981 on Eusebius, Matthews 1989 and Kelly 2008 on Ammianus Marcellinus, and Sogno 2006 on Symmachus are important complementary treatments.
 Barnes, Timothy D. 1981. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reprinted 2006.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Part 2 on Eusebius and his writings.
 Find this resource:
 Kelly, Gavin. 2008. Ammianus Marcellinus: The allusive historian. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A more literary approach.
 Find this resource:
 Marasco, Gabriele, ed. 2003. Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity: Fourth to Sixth Century A.D. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Nearly complete coverage of the sources.
 Find this resource:
 Matthews, John. 1989. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Reprinted 2008, Michigan Classical Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Provides a historical commentary.
 Find this resource:
 Rees, Roger. 2002. Layers of loyalty in Latin panegyric, AD 289–307. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Latin or Gallic Panegyrics.
 Find this resource:
 Rohrbacher, David. 2002. The historians of Late Antiquity. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Introduction to the major Late Antique historians.
 Find this resource:
 Sogno, Cristiana. 2006. Q. Aurelius Symmachus: A political biography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A biography that provides a thorough review of the different texts of Symmachus.
 Find this resource:
 CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
 Beyond the narrative provided in the relevant volumes of the second edition of the Cambridge Ancient History or in the books listed under General Overviews, the following books are important contributions to political and military history. For the period 284–305 see Rees 2004, for 306–337 see Lenski 2006, for 337–361 see Barnes 1993, for 361–363 see Bowersock 1978, for 364–378 seeLenski 2002, for 378–395 see Williams and Friell 1995, for 395–408 see Cameron and Long 1993, for 393–423 see Cameron 1970, and for 408–450 see Fergus 2006.
 Barnes, Timothy D. 1993. Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and politics in the Constantinian Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the career of Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, and his struggle with the emperor Constantius (337–361).
 Find this resource:
 Bowersock, Glen W. 1978. Julian the apostate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 An assessment of the reign and life of Julian (361–363).
 Find this resource:
 Cameron, Alan. 1970. Claudian: Poetry and propaganda at the court of Honorius. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A study of the poet Claudian and his career under the reign of Honorius (393–423).
 Find this resource:
 Cameron, Alan, and Jacqueline Long. 1993. Barbarians and politics at the court of Arcadius. Transformation of the Classical Heritage 19. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A new assessment of the interactions of Goths and Romans during the reign of Arcadius (395–408).
 Find this resource:
 Lenski, Noel, ed. 2006. The Cambridge companion to the age of Constantine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Up-to-date presentation of the debates about the reign of Constantine (306–337).
 Find this resource:
 Lenski, Noel. 2002. Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. Transformation of the Classical Heritage 34. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Through a biography of Valens (364–378), a total history of the period.
 Find this resource:
 Millar, Fergus. 2006. A Greek Roman empire: Power and belief under Theodosius II (408–450). Sather Classical Lectures 64. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the reign of the eastern emperor Theodosius II (408–450).
 Find this resource:
 Rees, Roger. 2004. Diocletian and the tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Part 1 presents the main issues related to the reign of Diocletian (284–305) and part 2a translation of the main sources and other documents.
 Find this resource:
 Williams, Stephen, and Gerard Friell. 1995. Theodosius: The empire at bay. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the turning point of the reign of Theodosius (378–395).
 Find this resource:
 Government And Institutions
 Important transformations affected the modes of government and the institutions during Late Antiquity.
 EMPEROR
 “Lord and god,” the late Roman emperor is quite different from the princeps, or first citizen, that Augustus wanted to incarnate. With this transformation of the figure of emperor came the development of a form of court society. MacCormack 1981, by focusing on the ceremony ofadventus, and McCormick 1990, on the triumph, draw complementary pictures of the emperor in Late Antiquity. On court society, see Matthews 1975. Dagron 2003 deals with the relationship between church and state and the union of temporal and spiritual powers.
 Dagron, Gilbert. 2003. Emperor and priest: The imperial office in Byzantium. Translated by Jean Birrel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On Caesaropapism.
 Find this resource:
 MacCormack, Sabine G. 1981. Art and ceremony in Late Antiquity. Transformation of the Classical Heritage 1. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the rise of court ceremonial as depicted in art and literature.
 Find this resource:
 Matthews, John. 1975. Western aristocracies and imperial court, A.D. 364–425. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A political history of the period and a study of its governing classes.
 Find this resource:
 McCormick, Michael. 1990. Eternal victory: Triumphal rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium, and the early medieval West. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the celebration of triumphs.
 Find this resource:
 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
 Another aspect of the transformation of imperial power is an impressive growth of the bureaucracy. The late Roman bureaucracy is described in a 4th-century document called the Notitia dignitatum(on which see Brennan 1996 and Kulikowski 2000). Kelly 1994 and Kelly 1998 are two important contributions on the bureaucracy; see also Kelly 2004. Delmaire 1995 is a thorough description of the central administration. MacMullen 1988 focuses on the administrative failures of the late Roman Empire as causes of its decline.
 Brennan, Peter. 1996. The Notitia Dignitatum. In Les littératures techniques dans l'antiquité romaine: Statut, public et destination, tradition. Edited by Claude Nicolet, 147–178. Entretiens sur L'antiquité classique 42. Geneva, Switzerland: Fondation Hardt.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Comprehensive introduction to the text and its problems.
 Find this resource:
 Delmaire, Roland. 1995. Les Institutions du bas-empire romain, de Constantin à Justinien. Vol. 1, Les Institutions civiles palatines. Initiations au christianisme ancien. Paris: Cerf; Editions du CNRS.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A description of the central administration.
 Find this resource:
 Kelly, Christopher. 1994. Later Roman bureaucracy: Going through the files. In Literacy and power in the ancient world. Edited by Alan K. Bowman and Gregory Wolf, 161–176. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On imperial bureaucracy and the increase of regulations.
 Find this resource:
 Kelly, Christopher. 1998. Emperors, government, and bureaucracy. In The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 13, The late empire, A.D. 337–425. Edited by Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey, 138–183. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 General overview.
 Find this resource:
 Kelly, Christopher. 2004. Ruling the later Roman Empire. Revealing Antiquity 15. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 The first part of the book is an analysis of the 6th-century memoir of John Lydus, On the Magistracies of the Roman State.
 Find this resource:
 Kulikowski, Michael E. 2000. The Notitia Dignitatum as a historical source. Historia 49:358–377.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Notitia as a historical document.
 Find this resource:
 MacMullen, Ramsay. 1988. Corruption and the decline of Rome. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the failures of the late Roman administration.
 Find this resource:
 PROVINCES AND CITIES
 The development of the central administration had consequences for the local administration of the provinces and the cities. Carrié 1998 surveys the issues related to the role of the governor. Brown 1992 graphically describes how the power of the emperors depended on collaboration with the local elites. On the administration of cities, Liebeschuetz 2001 is fundamental; see Laniado 2002 for the East. For regional studies, see Rich 1992 and works cited under Regions.
 Brown, Peter. 1992. Power and persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian empire. Curti Lectures 1988. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the transformation of the style of power in the late Roman Empire.
 Find this resource:
 Carrié, Jean-Michel. 1998. Le Gouverneur romain à l'époque tardive: Les directions possibles de l'enquête. Antiquité Tardive 6:17–30.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the role of the governor in the provinces.
 Find this resource:
 Laniado, Avshalom. 2002. Recherches sur les notables municipaux dans l'empire protobyzantin. Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, Monographies 13. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the cities and their administration in the eastern part of the empire. A useful review is F. Haarer inJournal of Roman Archaeology 17 (2004): 735–740.
 Find this resource:
 Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. 2001. Decline and fall of the Roman city. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Important study of the administration of the cities.
 Find this resource:
 Rich, John, ed. 1992. The city in Late Antiquity. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A good introduction by Wolfgang Liebeschuetz and a series of chapters on different regions or cities.
 Find this resource:
 Law And Legal Practice
 The Theodosian Code (English translation by Pharr 1952) has long been used as a source for late Roman history. In recent years, its status as evidence became the focus of scholarly attention as attested in Harries and Wood 1993 and Matthews 2000. Harries 1999 is good introduction to a number of issues related to law and legal practice. On the role of the quaestors in drafting the laws, see Harries 1988. Humfress 2007 focuses on forensic practitioners, their role in the development of late Roman law, and the effects of their practice on theological debate with the Christian church.
 Harries, Jill. 1999. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On law and its practice in Late Antiquity.
 Find this resource:
 Harries, Jill. 1988. The Roman imperial quaestor from Constantine to Theodosius II. Journal of Roman Studies 78:148–172.
 DOI: 10.2307/301455Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the role of the quaestors in drafting the laws.
 Find this resource:
 Harries, Jill, and Ian Wood, eds. 1993. The Theodosian Code. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Good introduction by Jill Harries and important contributions by John Matthews and Boudewijn Sirks on the question of central versus provincial archives.
 Find this resource:
 Humfress, Caroline. 2007. Orthodoxy and the courts in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On forensic practice and its effects on the development of the concept of orthodoxy.
 Find this resource:
 Matthews, John F. 2000. Laying down the law: A Study of the Theodosian Code. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Fundamental study of the Code and its use as evidence.
 Find this resource:
 Pharr, Clyde, trans. 1952. The Theodosian Code and novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 The only English translation available. (Reprint, Pharr, Clyde, trans. 2001. The Theodosian Code and novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions. Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange.)
 Find this resource:
 Army
 Military issues have been given much attention as the collapse of the empire has been related to the inability of the armies to defeat external enemies. Whitby 2007 is a good introduction to many of these issues. Southern and Dixon 1996, Elton 1996, Nicasie 1998, and Lee 2007 are general treatments. Milner 1993 gives a good introduction to and an English translation of Vegetius's treatise, the fundamental source with the Notitia dignitatum (see Government and Administration) on the late Roman army. Six chapters of the second volume of the Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare (Sabin, et al. 2006) are devoted to the later Roman army.
 Elton, Hugh. Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350–425. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On both Roman and barbarian warfare practices.
 Find this resource:
 Lee, A. D. 2007. War in Late Antiquity: A social history. Ancient World at War. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Focuses on the social impact of warfare.
 Find this resource:
 Nicasie, Martinus Johannes. 1998. Twilight of empire: The Roman army from the reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople. Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 19. Amsterdam: Gieben.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the West in the 4th century.
 Find this resource:
 Sabin, Philip, Hans van Wees, and Michael Whitby, eds. 2006. Cambridge history of Greek and Roman warfare. Vol. 2, Rome from the late republic to the late empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Chapters cover external relations, organization, war, political and social issues.
 Find this resource:
 Southern, Pat, and Karen Ramsey Dixon. 1996. The late Roman army. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A general introduction.
 Find this resource:
 Vegetius. 1993. Epitome of military science. Edited by N. P. Milner. Translated Texts for Historians 16. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Translation of the main source on the late Roman army.
 Find this resource:
 Whitby, Michael. Army and society in the late Roman world: A context for decline? In A companion to the Roman army. Edited by Paul Erdkamp, 515–531. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A good introduction to the issues related to the role of the army in the collapse of the empire.
 Find this resource:
 Barbarians
 In the past fifty years, the scale and effects of the barbarian invasions have been downplayed and the notion itself of Germanic invasions has been criticized: Goffart 1980 and 2006 is a strong proponent of this approach; Kulikowski 2007 gives a brilliant introductory-level version of it. Ward-Perkins 2005 and Heather 2006 offer a reaction against this view and reaffirm the role played by the barbarians in the collapse of the Roman Empire.
 Goffart, Walter. 1980. Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584: The techniques of accommodation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the mechanisms of barbarian settlements in the empire.
 Find this resource:
 Goffart, Walter. 2006. Barbarian tides: The migration age and the later Roman Empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A fierce attack against the notion of Germanic invasions.
 Find this resource:
 Heather, Peter. 2006. The fall of the Roman Empire: A new history of Rome and the Barbarians. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On barbarian–Roman relations in the 4th and 5th centuries in the West.
 Find this resource:
 Kulikowski, Michael. 2007. Rome's Gothic wars: From the third century to Alaric. Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A good introduction to the issues debated.
 Find this resource:
 Ward-Perkins, Bryan. 2005. The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A provocative reassessment of the consequences of the barbarian invasions.
 Find this resource:
 Economy
 Late Antique economy has been the focus of considerable attention recently, especially as a transition between the ancient world and the Middle Ages. The chapters by Garnsey and Whittaker 1998 and by Ward-Perkins 2000 provide a rich introduction to the topic. McCormick 2001 brings a new understanding of trade and exchanges in the later Roman world and beyond. Banaji 2001provides a positive reevaluation of rural economy. Sarris 2006 is an analysis of the elite estate system in Egypt. Carrié 2002 is a synthetic overview on the role of the professional associations and their relation to the state. (For more localized discussions of economy, see Regions.)
 Banaji, Jairus. 2001. Agrarian change in Late Antiquity: Gold, labour, and aristocratic dominance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On rural economy.
 Find this resource:
 Carrié, Jean-Michel. 2002. Les associations professionnelles à l'époque tardive: Entre munus et convivialité. In Humana sapit: Mélanges en l'honneur de Lellia Cracco Ruggini. Edited by Jean-Michel Carrié and Rita Lizzi Testi, 309–332. Bibliothèque de l'Antiquité tardive 3. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the professional associations.
 Find this resource:
 Garnsey, Peter, and C. R. Whittaker. 1998. Trade, industry and the urban economy. In The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 13, The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Edited by Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey, 312–337. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521302005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Good survey of the topic.
 Find this resource:
 McCormick, Michael. 2001. Origins of the European economy: Communications and commerce, A.D. 300–900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the continuation of trade and exchange deep into the early Middle Ages.
 Find this resource:
 Sarris, Peter. 2006. Economy and society in the age of Justinian. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Uses the Oxyrhynchus papyri of Egypt.
 Find this resource:
 Ward-Perkins, Bryan. 2000. Land, labour and settlement. In The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 14, Late Antiquity: Empire and successors, A.D. 425–600. Edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby, 315–345. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521325912Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Good survey of the topic.
 Find this resource:
 Ward-Perkins, Bryan. 2000. Specialized production and exchange. In The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 14, Late Antiquity: Empire and successors, A.D. 425–600. Edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, 346–391. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521325912Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Good survey of the topic.
 Find this resource:
 Whittaker, C. R., and Peter Garnsey. 1998. Rural life in the later Roman Empire. In The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 13, The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Edited by Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey, 277–311. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521302005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Good survey of the topic.
 Find this resource:
 Society
 The papers in Salzman and Rapp 2000 cover different aspects of the nature and status of the elites.Salzman 2002 studies the aristocracy and its conversion to Christianity. Rapp 2005 puts the bishops in their social contexts. Brown 2002 looks at the figure of the poor and its use by the bishops.Patlagean 1977 is now a classic treatment of the lower classes in the eastern empire. Clark 1993 is a good study of the social and religious life of women, while Arjava 1996 considers their legal status. On family, see Grubbs 1995; Shaw 1987 provides a rich case study. (For more localized discussions, see under Regions.)
 Arjava, Antti. 1996. Women and law in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the legal status and social condition of women.
 Find this resource:
 Brown, Peter. 2002. Poverty and leadership in the later Roman Empire. Menahem Stern Jerusalem Lectures. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the figure of the poor and its use by the bishops.
 Find this resource:
 Clark, Gillian. 1993. Women in Late Antiquity: Pagan and Christian life-styles. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the social and religious of women.
 Find this resource:
 Grubbs, Judith Evans. 1995. Law and family in Late Antiquity: The Emperor Constantine's marriage legislation. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Important on the influence of Christianity on the social institution of family.
 Find this resource:
 Patlagean, Evelyne. 1977. Pauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale à Byzance, 4e–7e siècles. Civilisations et sociétés 48. Paris: Mouton.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the lower classes in the East.
 Find this resource:
 Rapp, Claudia. 2005. Holy bishops in Late Antiquity: The nature of Christian leadership in an age of transition. Transformation of the Classical Heritage 37. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Reaffirms the importance of the spiritual authority of the bishops.
 Find this resource:
 Salzman, Michele R. 2002. The making of a Christian aristocracy: Social and religious change in the western Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the conversion of the senatorial aristocracy.
 Find this resource:
 Salzman, Michele R., and Claudia Rapp, eds. 2000. Elites in Late Antiquity. Special issue ofArethusa 33 (3): 315–468.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Accompanied by a rich bibliography.
 Find this resource:
 Shaw, Brent D. 1987. The family in Late Antiquity: The experience of Augustine. Past and Present 115:3–51.
 DOI: 10.1093/past/115.1.3Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On family through the case study of Augustine.
 Find this resource:
 Religion
 Beard, North, and Price 1998 provides a good overview of what changed in Roman religion in the 4th and 5th centuries. The history of religion in Late Antiquity has often been analyzed in terms of Christianization and/or of resistance by paganism. MacMullen 1984 and MacMullen 1997 are classic treatments. Trombley 1993–1994 provides a good regional case study. Brown 1995 warns us against these schemes inherited from contemporary narratives. Athanassiadi and Frede 1999 offers a series of papers that renew the approach of late paganism. (For more localized discussions, see under Regions.)
 Athanassiadi, Polymnia, and Michael Frede, eds. 1999. Pagan monotheism in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On monotheistic tendencies outside Judaism and Christianity.
 Find this resource:
 Beard, Mary, John North, and Simon Price. 1998. Religions of Rome. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Vol. 1, chapter 8 is on the 4th and 5th centuries. Vol. 2, chapter 12 provides texts and documents in translation on religious groups.
 Find this resource:
 Brown, Peter. 1995. Authority and the sacred: Aspects of the Christianization of the Roman world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Chapter 1 on Christianization, narratives, and processes.
 Find this resource:
 MacMullen, Ramsay. 1984. Christianizing the Roman Empire (A.D. 100–400). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the reasons explaining mass conversion to Christianity.
 Find this resource:
 MacMullen, Ramsay. 1997. Christianity and paganism in the fourth to eighth centuries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the transition from paganism to Christianity.
 Find this resource:
 Trombley, Frank R. 1993–1994. Hellenic religion and Christianization, c. 370–529. 2 vols. Boston: Brill.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Thorough analysis of the evidence on the Christianization and its limits in the eastern part of the Roman Empire.
 Find this resource:
 Regions
 The huge variety of the local situations makes regional surveys an indispensable aspect of the study of Late Antiquity.
 ROME
 There is no up-to-date synthetic survey of the transformations of Rome in Late Antiquity: new discoveries are presented in Meneghini 2003 and in several contributions in Harris 1999. Though outdated in several aspects, Krautheimer 1980 is still a useful synthesis. Pietri 1976 is magisterial on the Roman church. Fraschetti 1999 and Curran 2000 both deal with the conversion of the city and give a more complex picture of its social reality.
 Curran, John R. 2000. Pagan city and Christian capital: Rome in the fourth century. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the “Christianization” of Rome and its elite.
 Find this resource:
 Fraschetti, Augusto. 1999. La conversione: Da Roma pagana a Roma cristiana. Collezione storica. Rome: Laterza.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the effects of the conversion of the emperor onto the topography of Rome, and also its civic rituals and its calendar.
 Find this resource:
 Harris, William V. 1999. The transformations of Urbs Roma in Late Antiquity. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary series 33. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 The introduction by William H. Harris is important; many of the contributions on the archaeological material are in Italian.
 Find this resource:
 Krautheimer, Richard. 1980. Rome, profile of a city, 312–1308. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 An unsurpassed synthesis.
 Find this resource:
 Meneghini, Roberto. 2003. La trasformazione dello spazio pubblico a Roma tra tarda antichità e alto medioevo. Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité 115(2):1049–1062.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A presentation in Italian of the recent archaeological discoveries.
 Find this resource:
 Pietri, Charles. 1976. Roma Christiana: Recherches sur l'eglise de Rome, son organisation, sa politique, son idéologie de Miltiade à Sixte III (311–440). Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 224. Rome: École française de Rome.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the development of the Christian church in Rome.
 Find this resource:
 CONSTANTINOPLE
 On the “New Rome,” Dagron 1974 and Mango 1985 are fundamental. Ward-Perkins 2000 focuses on its function as imperial capital. Mango-Dagron 1995 collects contributions on all aspects of the life of the city and its territory.
 Dagron, Gilbert. 1974. Naissance d'une capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 à 451. Bibliothèque byzantine, études 7. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Fundamental study of the creation of a new capital for the Roman Empire.
 Find this resource:
 Mango, Cyril. 1985. Le développement urbain de Constantinople, IVe–VIIe siècles. Travaux et mémoires du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance, Monographies 2. Paris: Boccard.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the urban development of Constantinople between the 4th and the 7th century.
 Find this resource:
 Mango, Cyril, and Gilbert Dagron, eds. 1995. Constantinople and its hinterland: Papers from the Twenty-seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993. Aldershot, UK: Variorum.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On Constantinople and its European and Asiatic hinterland.
 Find this resource:
 Ward-Perkins, John Bryan. 2000. Constantinople, imperial capital of the fifth and sixth centuries. In Sedes regiae (ann. 400–800). Edited by Gisela Ripoli and Josep M. Gurt, 63–81. Barcelona, Spain: Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the role of Constantinople as imperial capital.
 Find this resource:
 ALEXANDRIA AND EGYPT
 Bagnall 1993 offers a rich survey of Egypt in Late Antiquity (see also Bagnall 2007). Recent excavations have considerably enriched our knowledge of the topography of Alexandria. This material is now presented in McKenzie 2007. Haas 1997 considers the interactions between the different religious groups in Alexandria, and Martin 1996 studies the Christianization of Egypt. On Athanasius, see also Brakke 1995.
 Bagnall, Roger S. 1993. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A rich survey.
 Find this resource:
 Bagnall, Roger S., ed. 2007. Egypt in the Byzantine world, 300–700. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Up-to-date contributions on all aspects of Egypt in Late Antiquity.
 Find this resource:
 Brakke, David. 1995. Athanasius and the politics of asceticism. Oxford Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the figure of Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria (328–373).
 Find this resource:
 Haas, Christopher. 1997. Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and social conflict. Ancient Society and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Focuses on the interactions of the different religious groups, pagans, Jews and Christians.
 Find this resource:
 Martin, Annick. 1996. Athanase d'Alexandrie et l'église d'Egypte au IVe siècle (328–373). Collection de l'Ecole française de Rome 216. Rome: École française de Rome.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Egyptian church and the Christianization of Egypt.
 Find this resource:
 McKenzie, Judith. 2007. The architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 700. Pelican History of Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Up-to-date description and analysis of the topography and architecture of Alexandria.
 Find this resource:
 ANTIOCH
 The history of the city's institutions and relations with the imperial power is analyzed by Liebeschuetz 1972. Kondoleon 2000 puts the material excavated in the first half of the twentieth century in a broad historical and social context. Mayer and Allen 1999 is a short introduction to John Chrysostom. On Libanius and his school of rhetoric, see Cribiore 2007. Sandwell 2007 compares John Chrysostom's and Libanius's attitudes toward religious identity.
 Cribiore, Raffaella. 2007. The school of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 With the translation of two hundred letters related to Libanius's students.
 Find this resource:
 Kondoleon, Christine, ed. 2000. Antioch: The lost ancient city. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Catalogue of an exhibition, preceded by several important essays, such as Clive Foss on the city in Late Antiquity and Susan Ashbrook Harvey on Christianity.
 Find this resource:
 Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. 1972. Antioch: City and imperial administration in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Fundamental on the institutions.
 Find this resource:
 Mayer, Wendy, and Pauline Allen. 1999. John Chrysostom. Early Church Fathers. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Introduction to the life and works of John Chrysostom, who preached in Antioch between 386 and 397 before becoming bishop of Constantinople.
 Find this resource:
 Sandwell, Isabella. 2007. Religious identity in Late Antiquity: Greeks, Jews, and Christians in Antioch. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Compares John Chrysostom's and Libanius's attitudes toward religious identity.
 Find this resource:
 ITALY
 Christie 2006 offers an up-to-date survey of the archaeology of Italy in Late Antiquity. Cracco Ruggini 1995 (first published 1961) remains fundamental on the economic history of northern Italy.Lizzi Testa 1990 and Humphries 1999 consider the Christianization of the same area, while Sotinel provides an excellent case study with the city of Aquileia. On the figure of Ambrose, see McLynn 1994.
 Christie, Neil. 2006. From Constantine to Charlemagne: An archaeology of Italy, AD 300–800. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A synthetic survey of the archaeology of Italy.
 Find this resource:
 Cracco Ruggini, Lellia. 1995. Economia e società nell' “Italia annonaria”: Rapporti fra agricoltura e commercio dal IV al VI secolo d. C. Munera 2. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Originally published in 1961, a major contribution on the economic history of northern Italy.
 Find this resource:
 Humphries, Mark. 1999. Communities of the blessed: Social environment and religious change in northern Italy, AD 200–400. Oxford Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Christianization of northern Italy.
 Find this resource:
 Lizzi Testa, Rita. 1990. Ambrose's contemporaries and the Christianization of northern Italy.Journal of Roman Studies 80:156–173.
 DOI: 10.2307/300285Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Christianization strategy of a group of Italian bishops formed around the figure of Ambrose of Milan. See a more detailed study in Lizzi Testa, Rita. 1989. Vescovi e strutture ecclesiastiche nella città tardoantica (l'Italia annonaria nel iv–v secolo d. C.). Bibliotheca di Athenaeum 9. Como, Italy: New Press.
 Find this resource:
 McLynn, Neil B. 1994. Ambrose of Milan: Church and court in a Christian capital. Transformation of the Classical Heritage 22. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Major study of the figure of Ambrose, bishop of Milan.
 Find this resource:
 Sotinel, Claire. 2005. Identité civique et christianisme: Aquilée du IIIe au VIe siècle. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 324. Rome: L'École française deRome.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the urban and religious history of Aquileia, an excellent case study on both Christianization and the transformation of the city in Late Antiquity.
 Find this resource:
 GAUL AND SPAIN
 Van Dam 1985 describes the transformations of Gallic society between the 3rd and the 6th centuries. Stancliffe 1983 studies the figure of Martin of Tours, the “apostle of the Gauls.” Sivan 1993gives a portrait of Ausonius, a Gallic aristocrat, professor of rhetoric, who became the tutor of the future emperor Gratian. Drinkwater and Elton 1992 present a series of studies on the political and economic changes in the 5th century and on the effects of the barbarian invasions. Mathisen 1993considers the political and ecclesiastical history.
 Drinkwater, John, and Hugh Elton, eds. 1992. Fifth-century Gaul: A crisis of identity?Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the political and economic changes in Gaul and the effects of the barbarian invasions.
 Find this resource:
 Kulikowski, Michael. 2004. Late Roman Spain and its cities. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A reassessment of the transformations of cities in Spain in Late Antiquity.
 Find this resource:
 Mathisen, Ralph W. 1993. Roman aristocrats in barbarian Gaul. Austin: University of Texas Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Gallic aristocracy in the 5th century.
 Find this resource:
 Sivan, Hagith. 1993. Ausonius of Bordeaux: Genesis of a Gallic aristocracy. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Portrait of Ausonius, a Gallic aristocrat who became tutor of the future emperor Gratian.
 Find this resource:
 Stancliffe, Clare. 1983. St. Martin and his hagiographer: History and miracle in Sulpicius Severus. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A study of the Christianization of Gaul based on the figure of Martin of Tours.
 Find this resource:
 Van Dam, Raymond. 1985. Leadership and community in Late Antique Gaul. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the transformations of Gallic society between the 3rd and the 6th centuries.
 Find this resource:
 AFRICA
 Lepelley 1979 is fundamental on the political, economic, and social history of the cities from the 3rd century to the middle of the fifth; for the later period see Leone 2007. On the monuments of Carthage, see Ennabli 1997. Shaw 1995 is a collection of his papers on the African countryside and on Christianity. Merrills 2004 collects contributions on the Vandal kingdom and the Berber polities.
 Ennabli, Liliane. 1997. Carthage: Une métropole chrétienne du IVe à la fin du VIIe siècle. Paris: CNRS Editions.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Survey of the known Christian buildings and necropolises.
 Find this resource:
 Leone, Anna. 2007. Changing townscapes in North Africa from Late Antiquity to the Arab conquest. Munera 28. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On North African cities in the 6th and 7th centuries.
 Find this resource:
 Lepelley, Claude. 1979. Les cités de l'Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire. 2 vols. Paris: Études Augustiniennes.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the political, economic and social history of the cities from the 3rd century to the middle of the 5th.
 Find this resource:
 Lepelley, Claude. 2001. Aspects de l'Afrique romaine: les cités, la vie rurale, le Christianisme. Munera 15. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Collection of complementary studies on the same topic.
 Find this resource:
 Merrills, Andrew H., ed. 2004. Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New perspectives on Late Antique North Africa. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Vandal kingdom and the Berber polities.
 Find this resource:
 Shaw, Brent D. 1995. Rulers, nomads, and Christians in Roman North Africa. Aldershot, UK: Variorum.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A collection of contributions on different aspects of the history of North Africa in Late Antiquity.
 Find this resource:
 ASIA MINOR
 Foss 1979 on Ephesus and Roueché 1989 and Roueché 1993 on Aphrodisias are rich case studies.Mitchell 1993 deals with the Christianization of the region. On Cappadocia and the figures of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus, a good start is Van Dam 2002 and Van Dam 2003b.
 Foss, Clive. 1979. Ephesus after Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On Ephesus from the 5th century to the 9th.
 Find this resource:
 Mitchell, Stephen. 1993. Anatolia: Land, men, and gods in Asia Minor. Vol. 2, The rise of the church. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Christian church and the Christianization of the region.
 Find this resource:
 Roueché, Charlotte. 1989. Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity: The Late Roman and Byzantine inscriptions. Journal of Roman Studies Monographs 5. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Publication of the inscriptions, with a rich commentary.
 Find this resource:
 Roueché, Charlotte. 1993. Performers and partisans at Aphrodisias in the Roman and Late Roman periods: A study based on inscriptions from the current excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria. Journal of Roman Studies Monographs 6. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Dossier of inscriptions that give a good glimpse of the social life in the city.
 Find this resource:
 Van Dam, Raymond. 2003a. Becoming Christian: The conversion of Roman Cappadocia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Christianization of Cappadocia.
 Find this resource:
 Van Dam, Raymond. 2003b. Families and friends in Late Roman Cappadocia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the Cappadocian fathers: Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus.
 Find this resource:
 Van Dam, Raymond. 2002. Kingdom of snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the province of Cappadocia and its rulers.
 Find this resource:
 NEAR EAST
 On the villages and the countryside of northern Syria, Tchalenko 1953–1958 must now be read in conjunction with Tate 1992. Hall 2004 presents a social history of Beirut, which was famous in Late Antiquity for its Roman law school. The religious diversity of Palestine and Gaza are the focus ofSivan 2008 and Bitton-Askelony and Kofsky 2004.
 Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria, and Aryeh Kofsky, eds. 2004. Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture 3. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A collection of studies that survey many aspects of the history of the city.
 Find this resource:
 Foss, Clive. 1995. The Near Eastern countryside in Late Antiquity. In The Roman and Byzantine Near East. Edited by John H. Humphrey, 213–234. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary series 33. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A review article.
 Find this resource:
 Hall, Linda Jones. 2004. Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity. London: Routledge.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 A social history of the city famous for its Roman law schools.
 Find this resource:
 Sivan, Hagith. 2008. Palestine in Late Antiquity. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On religious diversity and conflict in Palestine.
 Find this resource:
 Tate, Georges. 1992. Les Campagnes de la Syrie du nord du IIe au VIIe siècle: Un exemple d'expansion démographique et économique à la fin de l'antiquité. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 133. Paris: Geuthner.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 On the countryside; see also Foss 1995.
 Find this resource:
 Tchalenko, Georges. 1953–1958. Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord. 3 vols. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 50. Paris: Geuthner.
 Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
 Remains fundamental on the Syrian villages.
 Find this resource:
 LAST MODIFIED: 12/14/2009
 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0025
 BACK TO TOP