2015-02-23 Structure: past modals

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 257-259 (reading and questions), and p. 262 exercise 1
part A
1 a
2 c
3 b
4 a ("impossible" is much stronger than "unrealistic")
5 b
6 a
part B
1 our thoughts
2 improve
3 paralyzes
4 questioning
5 unrealistic
6 laugh
7 silly
p. 262 exercise 1
2 b (ought to have = it was a good idea but they didn't do it)
3 a
4 b
5 a
6 b (shouldn't have = it was a bad idea but it happened)
7 a (It's not common, but the correct word order is "ought not to have".)
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rob/robber, steal/thief
p. 262-3 exercise 2
4 shouldn't have taken
5 should Greg have used
6 might have asked
7 could have paid
8 ought to have worn
9 should Mr. Thompson have fired
10 shouldn't have
11 should Mr. Thompson have handled
12 ought to have warned
13 shouldn't have just fired / shouldn't just have fired

You shouldn't just show up to the party.
= You shouldn't only show up (without telling them you will come).

You just shouldn't show up to the party.
= It's simply a bad idea. Don't do it.

("just" is a focus adverb = the meaning is different in a different position)
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p. 273: conclusions/speculation about the past

She may be at home. = Maybe she is at home, but I don't know.
She may have been at home. = Maybe she was at home, but I don't know.
= She might have been at home. = She could have been at home.

She may not be at home. = Maybe she isn't at home, but I don't know.
She may not have been at home. = Maybe she wasn't at home, but I don't know.
= She might not have been at home.

You must study a lot. This class is very difficult. = obligation/necessity
You must study a lot. That test was difficult and you got 100%. = conclusion

She must be at home. = I'm pretty sure she is at home.
She must have been at home. = I'm pretty sure she was at home.

She must not be at home. = I'm pretty sure she isn't at home.
She must not have been at home. = I'm pretty sure she wasn't at home.

She couldn't be at home. = I think it is impossible.
She couldn't have been at home. = I think it was impossible.
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You might have told me, but I forgot. = Maybe it happened, but I'm not sure.
You might have told me, but you didn't. = It was possible, but it didn't happen.

You could have told me, but I forgot. = I'm not sure if you told me.
You could have told me, but you didn't.

You may have told me, but I forgot. = I'm not sure if you told me.
* You may have told me, but you didn't. (WRONG - may is only for real possibility)

* You should have told me, but I forgot. (WRONG - should is only for unreal)
You should have told me, but you didn't. (OK)
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p. 277 exercise 4
1 The Earth must have become colder.
2 Dinosaurs must not have survived the cold.
3 A huge meteor might have hit the Earth.
4 A bigfoot couldn't have kidnapped Albert Ostman.
5 Ostman must have seen a bear.
6 Ostman could have dreamed about a Bigfoot.
7 He might have made up the story.
8 The man had to have changed the photo.
9 The man might have seen a large fish.
10 The man may have seen a dead tree trunk.
11 A dinosaur couldn't have been in the lake.