2017-10-31 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
---
Word Roots (list 5) - With your partner, explain the meaning of each word root with one or two words.
morph = form/shape
multi = many (this is the Latin root)
nat = birth
neo = new
nom/nym = name
nov (innovate) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob = in front of (An obstetrician stands in front of or opposite the woman giving birth.)
omni = all (this is the Latin root)
opt (optimal) = best
opt (optician) = eye/vision
paleo = old (In many pairs this forms the opposite of “neo”.)
pan = all (this is the Greek root)
path = feeling (In the middle of a word it has to do with emotions: sympathy, antipathy; At the beginning of a word it often has to do with disease and feeling sick: pathology, pathogen.)
ped (pedestrian) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri = around
phil = love
phob = fear
phon = sound
photo = light
pod = foot
poly = many (this is the Greek root)
port = carry / pass into/through
post = after/behind (often in opposite pairs with “pre”)
proto = first (related to “pre”, “for”, “prime”, and “front”)
pseudo = fake
psych = mind
pute = think/reckon
pyro = fire
---
http://phrontistery.info/numbers.html - List and explanation of Latin (un, di, tri) and Greek (mono, bi, tri) number words and prefixes.
---
pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Grimm’s Law describes sound changes in Germanic languages (which includes English)
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwaet -> what
---
TOEFL has four sections, each worth 30 points (for 120 total)
1 reading - 60-80 minutes, 3-4 passages, 20 minutes each, 14-15 questions each
2 listening - 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets of 3 listenings each, 10 minutes to answer the questions for each set (about 17)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking - 20 minutes total, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing - 60 minute total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
---
Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- inference
- paraphrase
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
---
Reference Questions: What does the pronoun refer to in the passage?
---
Handout: https://www.wired.com/2016/10/inside-machine-will-turn-corpse-compost/
Read the article and in your own words explain what the highlighted words and phrases mean or refer to.
bay = large open space
That timeline = the next four to six weeks
livestock = animals used in agriculture (i.e. for food)
carcass = dead body of an animal
just that = composting a body (human or animal) in a vertical system
aerate = put air into (a material)
loam = composted material, like soil
That = the fact that “there’s no guarantee it comes exclusively from their loved one”
That = a small clientele
local vernacular = local style and ideas about what it should look like
suffused = filled (softly)
foster = create or support
That = the fact that the ramp is a blank canvas for a customized ritual
frills = unnecessary things (often for decoration or luxury)
embrace = adopt, accept
folks = people (especially common people; informal)
---
Handout (Cambridge) p. 167 - Take five minutes to identify the referent of each underlined word or phrase.
1 themselves = Arctic people
  they = Arctic people
  these natural resources = environment and wild animals
2 who = individuals
  their = prisoners’
3 when = 1863
  he = Hungarian count
  the first European variety = wine grapes
  there = California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer = Noah Webster
  who = Noah Webster
  at this time = 1828
  that = English
---
(Cengage) p. 116-117 - Identify the referents of the highlighted words in 1-11.
1 them = paintings
2 their = flowers
3 its = water
4 those = principles
  itself = the human body
5 themselves = strands
6 These pieces = smaller pieces
7 they = leaves
8 their = Minoans
  their = archaeological sites
9 these organisms = mushrooms and other fungi
10 some of which = machines
11 they = glaciers
   those = altitudes
---
(Longman) p. 19 - Take 3 minutes to answer the reference questions about animal congregation
1 C
2 B
3 A
4 A
---
Homework: finish exercise 6.1 (Cengage p. 118-119, numbers 12-18) - This is the part that we skipped in class.