2014-10-28 Structure: gerunds

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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p. 270 (types of friendships)
meander: to go around to different places without a specific goal (wander)

counterpart: the same part of a different relationship
(Jim's wife and Bill's wife are counterparts--they are both the wife of one of the men in a friendship.)
(People who have the same position in different companies or governments are counterparts.)

rebel: to act against the rules or expectations
(Many teenagers rebel when they do things their parents don't like.)

naive: inexperienced, thinking everything is simpler than it really is
(It can go together with being gullible, which means you believe everything too easily.)
(A sucker is someone who is very easy to trick or cheat.)
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GERUNDS
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verb+ing, it functions as a noun in a sentence

Meeting new people can be difficult in a new country.
^^^^^^^ = subject

My favorite hobby is collecting rare books.
                     ^^^^^^^^^^ = subject complement

I enjoy kayaking.
        ^^^^^^^^ = object of a verb

I look forward to spending time with them.
                  ^^^^^^^^ = object of a preposition
(After a preposition we can only use the gerund, never an infinitive.)

    I have a hard time believing     you.
  She had  a good time dancing       at the party.
 They have   trouble   understanding me sometimes.
He'll have   problems  reading       the article.
                       ^^^^^^^ = obj complement after "have"

I found him sitting in front of the television.
(= He was sitting there when I found him.)

I've seen John driving his new car.
= I have seen John, at the time he was driving his new car.

I've seen John's driving.
= I have seen the driving. I know if he is a good driver or a bad driver.
(gerunds function like nouns, so they can go after possessives)

I enjoyed being invited to the party. (passive)
Having invited them to her wedding made her feel good. (past)
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p. 283 exercise 9
- decide how important each thing is in your friendships
- add (at least) one more thing which you find very important

enabling: when you do something that allows another person to continue with some bad behavior
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p. 276 exercise 2A
2 vegetating (couch potato: a person who sits on the sofa and does nothing except watch TV)
3 worrying / to worry
4 not having
5 not working ("out of the question" = impossible)
6 making
7 socializing / to socialize
8 having
9 meeting
10 working
11 playing / to play
12 collecting
13 singing / to sing
14 not singing
15 singing
16 orienteering
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Homework: p. 277 exercise 2B, 278-279 (3, 4A)