1, Amanda is allergic to pollen. Whenever she is near a flower, she has an extreme allergic reaction. Interestingly, whenever Amanda is near a silk or fake flower, she also has an extreme allergic reaction despite the absence of pollen. In this example, the fake flower is the ___________ and the allergic reaction it causes is the ___________ response.

conditioned stimulus; conditioned
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned
unconditioned stimulus; conditioned
stimulus generalization; conditioned


2. One of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning behaviour is _____________, whereas in operant conditioning behaviour is ___________.

triggered involuntarily like a reflex; under the physical control of the organism
under the physical control of the organism; triggered involuntarily like a reflex
triggered involuntarily like a reflex; is considered to be elicited
is considered to emitted; under the voluntary control of the organism


3. In operant conditioning, punishment refers to any ____________ that ___________ the likelihood of a behaviour.

stimulus; increases
response; increases
consequence; decreases
discrimination; decreases


4. Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced. This animal behaviour is indicative of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio


5. Imagine that you have a headache. You take two aspirin and notice that in a few minutes, your headache starts to subside. Because the aspirin effectively eliminated your headache, you would probably be more likely to take them again the next time you have a headache. This example best demonstrates the process of:

stimulus generalization.
avoidance conditioning.
response cost punishment.
escape conditioning.


6. Olag has severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is likely that neuroimaging studies will show:

increased activation of the prefrontal cortex.
decreased activation of the right amygdala.
increased activation of the right amygdala.
decreased activation of the prefrontal cortex and the right amygdala.


7. A reinforcement system designed to reinforce desired behaviours that utilizes such items as points or chips that can be redeemed later for tangible rewards is called:

a token economy.
shaping.
classical conditioning.
latent learning.


8. Rats learned food aversions and preferences by watching other rats. This type of learning is called:

observational learning.
generalization.
chaining.
latent learning.


9. Edward Tolman's research on latent learning and Albert Bandura's work on modelling both demonstrate that:

learning only occurs when an organism is able to actually perform a behaviour.
negative reinforcers appear to be most responsible for the creation of cognitive maps.
learning can occur at a specific time yet not be displayed until later.
classical and operant conditioning principles can be combined to explain behaviour.


10. Janice is trying to teach her dog to heel, so she buys a choke collar. Every time the dog strains on the leash, the collar restricts around his neck. Every time the dog drops back to walk beside her, the collar loosens up. In theory, this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice. What type of consequence results from the collar loosening up?

Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Aversive/positive punishment (punishment by application)
Response cost/negative punishment (punishment by removal)


11. A young child is hungry and wants a cookie but is too short to reach the table where the cookie jar is kept. She tries various things to get the jar, such as jumping or throwing her teddy bear at the jar in hopes of knocking it off the table, but to no avail. Eventually, almost by accident, she realizes that she can pull the tablecloth on which the jar sits and is thus able to reach the jar. In the future, she will be more likely to try this technique again since it was effective. This example best demonstrates:

Thorndike's law of effect.
the principles of classical conditioning.
the concept of shaping.
the use of partial reinforcement.


Memory



12. The capacity of _____________ memory is generally agreed to be about five to nine meaningful pieces of information.

short-term
episodic
procedural
sensory


13. As you are reading this question, you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look. Instead, you are probably using ____________ encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and utilizing ____________ encoding by thinking about their meaning.

phonological; visual
visual; motor
phonological; semantic
motor; semantic


14. Assume that you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain. Your _____________ would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image, whereas your _____________ would allocate the proper amount of attention to this task and allow you to retrieve an image of a skier from your long-term memory and incorporate it into your current visualization.

phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad
central executive; visuospatial sketchpad
visuospatial sketchpad; central executive
visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop


15. Incidental information that gets stored in memory is referred to as ______________, whereas the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is referred to as ________________.

effortful processing; elaborative rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
deep processing; automatic processing
automatic processing; effortful processing


16. Associative network theories are to _____________ as neural network theories are to ____________.

individual nodes; pattern of activation
pattern of activation; individual nodes
spreading; closing
closing; spreading


17. An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as people, events, situations, or objects is a ____________________.

memory trace
schema
retrieval cue
procedural memory


18. This multiple choice test question would be considered an example of a test of _____________ memory.

episodic
semantic
implicit
procedural


19. Suppose that you are shown a list that includes the words "plate," "tree," and "glass." Several months later, you are shown many short word stems such as PL ___, TR ____ and GL ____. Even though you have essentially forgotten about the first list you saw, you are more likely to complete the word stems with PLate, TRee, and GLass than other people who were not shown the initial list. These types of memory tests are called __________ and they are used to measure __________ memory.

priming tasks; implicit
recall tests; implicit
recognition tests; explicit
cued recall tests; explicit


20. Which of the following factors improve the effectiveness of retrieval cues?

self-generation
the number of cues
both the number of cues and self-generation
generation of the cues by teachers and researchers


21. If you take a large lecture class, you probably see the same people every day in class, but you would have a difficult time recognizing all of them. Because most of these people are unimportant to you, you do not process their faces in a meaningful way. In this way, you forget their faces as a result of:

encoding failure.
decay.
interference.
motivated forgetting.


22. When old memories interfere with a person's ability to recall newer memories, it is called:

retrograde amnesia.
proactive interference.
anterograde amnesia.
retroactive interference.


23. At a high school reunion, Miguel is reminiscing with his classmates. He remembers a particularly difficult biology class he took in his senior year. While he vividly remembers what his teacher looked like and thinks that his last name started with the letter K, he can't remember the teacher's entire last name. This example best demonstrates:

retroactive interference.
retrograde amnesia.
mood congruent recall.
the tip-of-the-tongue state.


24. A patient had surgery for a brain tumour, and now cannot form new memories for anything since the surgery. This would be an example of ________________ amnesia.

prolonged
generative
anterograde
retrograde


25. A student, mentioned in the text book, wondered why he failed the first exam. After examining his textbook, the professor knew that this student stood little chance of success because he only used

maintenance rehearsal techniques.
elaborative rehearsal techniques.
chunking.
hierarchies.
echoic representations.


26. You are given two sets of words. The first set contains "textbook, soap, fridge" and the second set contains "thought, preceding, readiness." According to Allan Paivio, you will remember the ____________ because the dual coding theory is more applicable to _____________.

first set; chunking
second set; schemas
second set; abstract concepts
first set; concrete objects


Motivation/Emotion



27. You are about to play a game and can choose one that is either very easy, moderately difficult, or very difficult. If you are high in need achievement, you will probably choose

the very easy game.
the very difficult game.
the moderately difficult game.
the most difficult one first, then the easiest.


28. In the typical development of the male embryo, there is _________________ activity that allows the typical male pattern of genital, brain, and reproductive development to occur.

sufficient androgen
a lack of androgen
sufficient estrogen
a lack of estrogen


29. Fat cells in the body actively regulate the processes of food intake and weight regulation by secreting the hormone ____________, which is known to decrease appetite.

glucose
corticosteroid
insulin
leptin


30. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates many short-term and long-term signals that affect appetite. One of these signals is via regulation of:

neuropeptide Y.
neuropeptide Q.
leptin.
cholecystokinin (CCK).


31. As a well-educated and highly esteemed businesswoman, Delores feels she has accomplished a great deal in her life. She decides that she would like to give back to the community, so she makes a sizable endowment to a local conservatory. She is also using her professional influence to draw the public's attention to the needs of children who have cancer. Abraham Maslow would probably say that Delores has reached the __________________ stage of his needs hierarchy.

esteem
cognitive
aesthetic
self-actualization


32. Ruth's personal trainer tells her not to walk so fast on the treadmill that walking becomes uncomfortable. Discomfort is her body's signal that she is not getting enough oxygen to burn fat. Instead, it begins to burn the simple sugars that are immediately available in her blood, called

glucose.
cholecystokinin (CCK).
leptin.
insulin.


33. Tesia is considering entering an MBA program. She believes that this degree would help her advance her career so she can make more money in the long run. However, she has always struggled with school and the idea of returning to the classroom does not appeal to her. Tesia is facing an

action-avoidance conflict.
approach-avoidance conflict.
avoidance-avoidance conflict.
approach-approach conflict.


34. Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government, and a polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom intends to be honest, he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he isn't. Tom's friend Cameron assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible. Is he right?

Yes. Polygraphs pick up certain physiological responses associated with lying, and there's no way to change or hide those responses.
Yes. Though much of the research has not been made public, many government agencies rely on polygraphs, and they would not do so if the tests were fallible.
No. Anxiety may cause false positives and people can be coached to "beat" polygraphs.
No. Polygraph machines are just props and the person watching for cues that the subject is lying, may make errors.


35. Emotion types (i.e. positive and negative emotions) have been linked to certain large areas of the brain. They are:

left hemisphere is negative emotions and right hemisphere is positive emotions
right hemisphere is negative emotions and left hemisphere is positive emotions
frontal lobes are negative emotions and occipital lobes are for positive emotions
frontal lobes are positive emotions and occipital lobes are for negative emotions


36. Research on the relationship between physiological arousal and performance has determined that:

as arousal increases, performance always tends to decrease.
as arousal increases, performance increases to a point, but after that, further arousal serves to decrease performance.
the optimal level of arousal for performance varies with task complexity.
both as arousal increases, performance increases to a point, but after that, further arousal serves to decrease performance AND the optimal level of arousal for performance varies with task complexity.


37. According to Clark Hull's drive theory of motivation, various drives are produced:

when there is a physiological disruption of homeostasis.
when our growth needs are not being met.
when we value a goal and expect that certain behaviours will lead to its accomplishment.
when we are unaware of our intrinsic values.


38. A Buddhist exercise suggests that we should breathe in, then breathe out and smile. The act of smiling can actually make you feel happy. This is consistent with

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.
cultural display rules.
emotional appraisal.
the facial feedback hypothesis.


39. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the nature of emotion?

We respond physiologically to emotional interpretations.
Emotional display rules are consistent across cultures.
Emotions result in instrumental behaviours.
Emotions result in expressive behaviours.


40. A student believes that the most important goal in school is to avoid doing more poorly than others in the class. According to achievement goal theory, this belief reflects

a mastery-approach goal.
a performance-approach goal.
a mastery-avoidance goal.
a performance-avoidance goal.