PARSARE

struct InParser {
  FILE * fin;
  char * buff;
  int sp;

  char read_ch() {
    ++sp;
    if (sp == 4096) {
      sp = 0;
      fread(buff, 1, 4096, fin);
    }
    return buff[sp];
  }

  InParser(const char * nume) {
    fin = fopen(nume, "r");
    buff = new char[4096]();
    sp = 4095;
  }

  InParser & operator >> (int & n) {
    char c;
    while (!isdigit(c = read_ch()) && c != '-');
    int sgn = 1;
    if (c == '-') {
      n = 0;
      sgn = -1;
    } else {
      n = c - '0';
    }
    while (isdigit(c = read_ch())) {
      n = 10 * n + c - '0';
    }
    n *= sgn;
    return *this;
  }

  InParser & operator >> (long long & n) {
    char c;
    n = 0;
    while (!isdigit(c = read_ch()) && c != '-');
    long long sgn = 1;
    if (c == '-') {
      n = 0;
      sgn = -1;
    } else {
      n = c - '0';
    }
    while (isdigit(c = read_ch())) {
      n = 10 * n + c - '0';
    }
    n *= sgn;
    return *this;
  }
};

struct OutParser {
  FILE * fout;
  char * buff;
  int sp;

  void write_ch(char ch) {
    if (sp == 50000) {
      fwrite(buff, 1, 50000, fout);
      sp = 0;
      buff[sp++] = ch;
    } else {
      buff[sp++] = ch;
    }
  }

  OutParser(const char * name) {
    fout = fopen(name, "w");
    buff = new char[50000]();
    sp = 0;
  }

  ~OutParser() {
    fwrite(buff, 1, sp, fout);
    fclose(fout);
  }

  OutParser & operator << (int vu32) {
    if (vu32 <= 9) {
      write_ch(vu32 + '0');
    } else {
      ( * this) << (vu32 / 10);
      write_ch(vu32 % 10 + '0');
    }
    return *this;
  }

  OutParser & operator << (long long vu64) {
    if (vu64 <= 9) {
      write_ch(vu64 + '0');
    } else {
      ( * this) << (vu64 / 10);
      write_ch(vu64 % 10 + '0');
    }
    return *this;
  }

  OutParser & operator << (char ch) {
    write_ch(ch);
    return *this;
  }

  OutParser & operator << (const char * ch) {
    while ( * ch) {
      write_ch( * ch);
      ++ch;
    }
    return *this;
  }
};