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Building on the extraordinary success of six best-selling editions, Bill Callister's new Seventh Edition of MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION continues to promote student understanding of the three primary types of materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers) and composites, as well as the relationships that exist between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

Presents the fundamentals of materials and engineering on a level appropriate for college students. Deals with metallic materials and their alloys, ceramic materials, polymers, and composites. New updated third edition. DLC: Materials. (This text refers to the Hardcover edition.)

From the Publisher

The latest edition of this bestselling textbook treats the important properties of three primary types of material--metals, ceramics, polymers--as well as composites. Describes the relationships that exist between the structural elements of these materials and their characteristics. Emphasizes mechanical behavior and failure along with techniques used to improve the mechanical and failure properties in terms of alteration of structural elements. Individual chapters discuss each of the corrosion, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties plus economic, environmental, and societal issues. Features a design component which includes design examples, case studies, and design type problems and questions. (This text refers to the Software edition.)

From the Back Cover

The leading source for learning materials science and engineering
Bill Callister’s text is the number one choice for learning materials science and engineering. Why? Because it delivers lucid explanations, thorough and up-to-date coverage, and outstanding art and learning resources. Now revised, this 7th Edition continues to promote student understanding of the three primary types of materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers) and composites, as well as the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

New to the Seventh Edition

    * A number of new “Materials of Importance” pieces (for most chapters).
    * Concept Check questions throughout.
    * Revised illustrations, now all in full-color to enhance visualization and convey realism.
    * Expanded discussions on material types and general properties of materials (Chapter 1), and crystallographic directions and planes in hexagonal crystals (Chapter 3).
    * New discussions on one-component (pressure-temperature) phase diagrams, compacted graphite iron, lost foam casting, fractography of ceramics, and magnetic anisotropy.
    * Enhanced discussions on representations of polymer structures and defects in polymers, and a new discussion on permeability in polymers.
    * Revised coverage of deformation of semicrystalline polymers and polymerization.

About the Author: William D. Callister is currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Engineering at the University of Utah. His teaching interests include writing and revising introductory materials science and engineering textbooks, in both print and electronic formats. He also enjoys developing ancillary resources, including instructional software and on-line testing/evaluation tools.


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Contents

List Of Symbols xxiii

1. Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
1.1 Historical Perspective 2
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5
1.4 Classification of Materials 5
1.5 Advanced Materials 11
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 12

2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 15
Learning Objectives 16
2.1 Introduction 16

ATOMIC STRUCTURE 16
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 16
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 17
2.4 The Periodic Table 23

ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 24
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 24
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 26
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 30
2.8 Molecules 32

3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 38
Learning Objectives 39
3.1 Introduction 39

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 39
3.2 Fundamental Concepts 39
3.3 Unit Cells 40
3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 41
3.5 Density Computations 45
3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 46
3.7 Crystal Systems 46

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND PLANES 49
3.8 Point Coordinates 49
3.9 Crystallographic Directions 51
3.10 Crystallographic Planes 55
3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 60
3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 61

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 63
3.13 Single Crystals 63
3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 64
3.15 Anisotropy 64
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 66
3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 71

4. Imperfections in Solids 80
Learning Objectives 81
4.1 Introduction 81

POINT DEFECTS 81
4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 81
4.3 Impurities in Solids 83
4.4 Specification of Composition 85

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 88
4.5 Dislocations–Linear Defects 88
4.6 Interfacial Defects 92
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 96
4.8 Atomic Vibrations 96

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 97
4.9 General 97
4.10 Microscopic Techniques 98
4.11 Grain Size Determination 102

5. Diffusion 109
Learning Objectives 110
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 111
5.3 Steady-State Diffusion 112
5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 114
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 118
5.6 Other Diffusion Paths 125

6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 131
Learning Objectives 132
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 133

ELASTIC DEFORMATION 137
6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 137
6.4 Anelasticity 140
6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 141

PLASTIC DEFORMATION 143
6.6 Tensile Properties 144
6.7 True Stress and Strain 151
6.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 154
6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformation 154
6.10 Hardness 155

PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 161
6.11 Variability of Material Properties 161
6.12 Design/Safety Factors 163

7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 174
Learning Objectives 175
7.1 Introduction 175

DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 175
7.2 Basic Concepts 175
7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 178
7.4 Slip Systems 179
7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 181
7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 185
7.7 Deformation by Twinning 185

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 188
7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 188
7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 190
7.10 Strain Hardening 191

RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 194
7.11 Recovery 195
7.12 Recrystallization 195
7.13 Grain Growth 200

8. Failure 207
Learning Objectives 208
8.1 Introduction 208

FRACTURE 208
8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 208
8.3 Ductile Fracture 209
8.4 Brittle Fracture 211
8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 215
8.6 Impact Fracture Testing 223

FATIGUE 227
8.7 Cyclic Stresses 228
8.8 The S–N Curve 229
8.9 ****k Initiation and Propagation 232
8.10 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 234
8.11 Environmental Effects 237

CREEP 238
8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior 238
8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects 239
8.14 Data Extrapolation Methods 241
8.15 Alloys for High-Temperature
Use 242

9. Phase Diagrams 252
Learning Objectives 253
9.1 Introduction 253

DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 253
9.2 Solubility Limit 254
9.3 Phases 254
9.4 Microstructure 255
9.5 Phase Equilibria 255
9.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 256

BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 258
9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 258
9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 260
9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 264
9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 268
9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 269
9.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 276
9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 282
9.14 Eutectic and Peritectic Reactions 284
9.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 286
9.16 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams 287
9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule 287

THE IRON–CARBON SYSTEM 290
9.18 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 290
9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 293
9.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 301

10. Phase Transformations in Metals: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 311
Learning Objectives 312
10.1 Introduction 312

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 312
10.2 Basic Concepts 312
10.3 The Kinetics of Phase

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