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Subtitles from
big man

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Over the past 250 years -

2
00:00:37,061 --> 00:00:44,394
- We've made the biggest
scientific experiment ever.

3
00:00:44,444 --> 00:00:47,939
Since the Industrial Revolution -

4
00:00:47,989 --> 00:00:54,612
- We have sent 1.4 trillion tons of coal
straight out into the atmosphere.

5
00:00:54,662 --> 00:01:01,619
It has changed life on earth,
especially in the Arctic.

6
00:01:01,669 --> 00:01:07,834
The world's melting snow and ice
has caused climate change -

7
00:01:07,884 --> 00:01:12,296
- threatening life on earth.

8
00:01:12,346 --> 00:01:17,051
But the worrying vision of the future
need not be written in stone.

9
00:01:17,101 --> 00:01:20,888
It has long existed
alternative to fossil fuels.

10
00:01:20,938 --> 00:01:27,103
We recently discovered a way
to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere -

11
00:01:27,153 --> 00:01:31,774
- which gives us a chance
to reverse climate change.

12
00:01:31,824 --> 00:01:35,445
If we manage to return
climate change -

13
00:01:35,495 --> 00:01:40,283
- It would be an accomplishment that lacks
in the history of humanity.

14
00:01:40,333 --> 00:01:42,869
But the clock is ticking.

15
00:01:42,919 --> 00:01:47,540
The researchers say we have to
Take the measures immediately.

16
00:01:47,590 --> 00:01:52,879
The seriousness of the situation requires us
listens to the impartial experts.

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00:01:52,929 --> 00:01:58,551
They've presented facts like those
have devoted their lives to developing.

18
00:01:58,601 --> 00:02:01,220
It's their turn to be heard.

19
00:02:01,270 --> 00:02:05,349
They are scientists,
researchers and innovators -

20
00:02:05,399 --> 00:02:13,007
- who have found solutions for that
preserve life in our common world.

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00:02:14,867 --> 00:02:18,929
ROCKY MOUNTAINS
COLORADO

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00:02:29,006 --> 00:02:34,278
Some projects require
manual sampling.

23
00:02:37,348 --> 00:02:41,410
One of them applies
CO2 emissions over a longer period.

24
00:02:43,312 --> 00:02:50,086
Someone must venture out
and take the test every Tuesday.

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00:02:51,779 --> 00:02:57,468
I am the one who can go out with
the snow car and make the measurements.

26
00:02:58,745 --> 00:03:03,307
The long-term protocol
should be conducted as always.

27
00:03:04,625 --> 00:03:07,912
Monitoring and registering
what we do with our atmosphere -

28
00:03:07,962 --> 00:03:10,456
- Is an important but difficult task.

29
00:03:10,506 --> 00:03:15,253
The last 50 years have
dedicated researchers from all over the world -

30
00:03:15,303 --> 00:03:17,755
-rest every week to the same places-

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00:03:17,805 --> 00:03:24,095
- to measure the greenhouse gases
that causes climate change.

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00:03:24,145 --> 00:03:27,849
We are at just over 3 400 meters,
up on Niwot Ridge.

33
00:03:27,899 --> 00:03:31,352
It is located in the front edge
of Rocky Mountains in Colorado.

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00:03:31,402 --> 00:03:39,051
This NOAA station for
long-term sampling of CO2 values.

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00:03:40,828 --> 00:03:45,533
These glass cubes
used to take the samples.

36
00:03:45,583 --> 00:03:50,872
When we have filled them with air
We send them to our office.

37
00:03:50,922 --> 00:03:53,875
On NOAA's lab in Boulder
the samples are analyzed

38
00:03:53,925 --> 00:03:57,420
- along with similar
tubes from the rest of the world.

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00:03:57,470 --> 00:04:01,924
The reason why the samples
usually taken so high

40
00:04:01,974 --> 00:04:07,555
- is that the air is so well mixed here.
The sample corresponds to the whole atmosphere.

41
00:04:07,605 --> 00:04:09,766
There is a small opening in the ceiling.

42
00:04:09,816 --> 00:04:14,729
When I turn on the pump
sucked the air into the tubes.

43
00:04:14,779 --> 00:04:19,484
These measure the carbon cycle
and the greenhouse gases

44
00:04:19,534 --> 00:04:23,637
-There CO2 and methane are the largest.

45
00:04:24,664 --> 00:04:30,519
When they took the first test in 1968
showed it at 322 ppm.

46
00:04:32,380 --> 00:04:35,291
We don't know what
this sample shows yet-

47
00:04:35,341 --> 00:04:42,490
- but it's probably around 408.
And that's an increase.

48
00:04:44,976 --> 00:04:50,039
Now I stop everything and everything
do the work for next week's test.

49
00:05:05,329 --> 00:05:12,161
One of NOAA's assignments from the beginning
was to measure CO2 in the atmosphere

50
00:05:12,211 --> 00:05:15,623
- and other gases
which affects the carbon cycle.

51
00:05:15,673 --> 00:05:20,545
Two kinds of samples are collected
weekly from all over the world.

52
00:05:20,595 --> 00:05:23,423
We want to see how the gases
change over time.

53
00:05:23,473 --> 00:05:26,909
To do that, we take
constantly new samples.

54
00:05:28,019 --> 00:05:31,597
Right now we have 60 collection points.

55
00:05:31,647 --> 00:05:37,520
The samples are mostly taken in remote places,
far from inhabited areas.

56
00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:42,650
With this equipment we measure

57
00:05:42,700 --> 00:05:49,907
It's carbon dioxide, methane,
carbon monoxide, molecular hydrogen

58
00:05:49,957 --> 00:05:52,744
- nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride.

59
00:05:52,794 --> 00:05:57,415
The system is running five days a week.

60
00:05:57,465 --> 00:06:02,086
I assemble the air samples
the manifold and start the measurement.

61
00:06:02,136 --> 00:06:04,572
Then I can leave.

62
00:06:29,705 --> 00:06:33,910
I am the head of NOAA's Global
Greenhouse Gas Reference Network.

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00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,455
The goal of the global network

64
00:06:37,505 --> 00:06:41,834
- is to produce data
fully calibrated

65
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- carefully checked
and documented.

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00:06:44,804 --> 00:06:49,509
The information is equally reliable
in a hundred years or more.

67
00:06:49,559 --> 00:06:56,516
So, according to climate change
continues in the future

68
00:06:56,566 --> 00:07:01,312
- there is information for the researchers
which they can rely on.

69
00:07:01,362 --> 00:07:04,691
Then they can diagnose
what really happened

70
00:07:04,741 --> 00:07:08,677
- and how climate change
really works.

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00:07:09,579 --> 00:07:16,077
The modern CO2 measurements
started by Dave Keeling-

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00:07:16,127 --> 00:07:23,167
- at the oceanographic institution.
In 1956 he took samples along the west coast.

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00:07:23,217 --> 00:07:29,173
He saw that in the afternoon,
wherever he was -

74
00:07:29,223 --> 00:07:32,009
- so was the concentration
the same everywhere.

75
00:07:32,559 --> 00:07:35,972
Then he was struck by the thought
that there may be something

76
00:07:36,022 --> 00:07:38,349
- We can call
"Background concentration".

77
00:07:38,399 --> 00:07:43,146
He began regular measurements
at Mauna Loa in Hawaii

78
00:07:43,196 --> 00:07:45,423
-and also on the Antarctic coast.

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00:07:47,033 --> 00:07:52,864
Towards the end of the last ice age,
between 20,000 and 11,000 years ago

80
00:07:52,914 --> 00:07:59,829
- increased CO2 levels by 80 ppm,
from about 200 to 280.

81
00:07:59,879 --> 00:08:05,043
It went slow. It took 6,000 years
for the CO2 level to rise by 80 ppm.

82
00:08:05,993 --> 00:08:07,236
Sixteen years.

83
00:08:08,721 --> 00:08:14,469
Before the industries arrived, before 1850,
the CO2 level was around 280 ppm.

84
00:08:14,519 --> 00:08:18,931
And today we see an increase
by 2 ppm per year.

85
00:08:18,981 --> 00:08:25,480
That increase is due
100 percent on man.

86
00:08:25,530 --> 00:08:32,528
The increase we see today,
compared to the geological history

87
00:08:32,578 --> 00:08:35,264
- I should almost call
an explosion.

88
00:08:36,999 --> 00:08:42,938
It is instant,
from a geological time perspective.

89
00:08:46,759 --> 00:08:50,963
Carbon dioxide has risen dramatically
since the industrial revolution.

90
00:08:51,013 --> 00:08:53,574
What does that really mean to us?

91
00:08:54,851 --> 00:08:59,889
We know too much
carbon dioxide damages the climate.

92
00:08:59,939 --> 00:09:03,351
It changes the weather behavior
and life support system -

93
00:09:03,401 --> 00:09:06,587
- which we depend on
to survive.

94
00:09:08,406 --> 00:09:12,235
We have always known that toxicity
associated with fossil fuels-

95
00:09:12,285 --> 00:09:16,197
- But we always thought
that it would attack the human

96
00:09:16,247 --> 00:09:19,909
-or other living individuals.

97
00:09:19,959 --> 00:09:24,122
It is not until my lifetime

98
00:09:24,172 --> 00:09:26,749
- as it has become
frighteningly obvious-

99
00:09:26,799 --> 00:09:31,671
- the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere
has got the heat to rise.

100
00:09:31,721 --> 00:09:38,761
The greenhouse effect affects
life on the planet as a whole.

101
00:09:38,811 --> 00:09:42,390
Once I understood it
in the mid 90s

102
00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:46,752
- we needed to start talking about it,
which we have done since then.

103
00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:54,652
When we're talking about
dangerous global warming

104
00:09:54,702 --> 00:10:01,993
- we mean when it's about
two degrees Celsius warmer

105
00:10:02,043 --> 00:10:04,787
- compared with
pre-industrial time.

106
00:10:04,837 --> 00:10:07,749
This is when we start to see the worst

107
00:10:07,799 --> 00:10:11,586
- and maybe irrevocably
effects of climate change:

108
00:10:11,636 --> 00:10:16,924
Melting Polaris,
which gives rising sea levels.

109
00:10:16,974 --> 00:10:22,972
Permanently dry at warmer
latitudes and much more.

110
00:10:23,022 --> 00:10:27,060
It will be disaster
about the larger ice melts

111
00:10:27,110 --> 00:10:30,897
- on Greenland and West Antarctica.

112
00:10:30,947 --> 00:10:35,151
Then all major coastal towns are affected
in the world of flooding.

113
00:10:35,201 --> 00:10:36,944
The areas on land are decreasing.

114
00:10:36,994 --> 00:10:41,199
The result is environmental refugees,
when people leave those regions.

115
00:10:41,249 --> 00:10:47,246
People leave the tropics because
it gets too hot man.

116
00:10:47,296 --> 00:10:54,003
The crops in the tropics are affected
the heat and production will decrease.

117
00:10:54,053 --> 00:10:57,673
In short, it becomes a world
with less surface

118
00:10:57,723 --> 00:11:01,719
- less food and water,
stuck with more people.

119
00:11:01,769 --> 00:11:06,123
That's the recipe for
a national security disaster.

120
00:11:19,620 --> 00:11:25,159
I have worked with
to measure carbon dioxide for over 30 years.

121
00:11:25,209 --> 00:11:30,081
If only we had done something
ate this for 20 years ago-

122
00:11:30,131 --> 00:11:33,400
- I had done something else today,
but I am left.

123
00:11:36,955 --> 00:11:40,091
Looking at the relationship
between carbon dioxide and sea level

124
00:11:40,141 --> 00:11:43,052
- is there
a couple of interesting moments:

125
00:11:43,102 --> 00:11:48,057
When CO2 levels rise to 400 ppm

126
00:11:48,107 --> 00:11:54,272
- the heat may loose large ice blocks
from Antarctica and Greenland.

127
00:11:54,322 --> 00:11:57,650
The ice blocks are
what we call marine based.

128
00:11:57,700 --> 00:12:01,696
The base of the ice deck in western Antarctica
is below sea level

129
00:12:01,746 --> 00:12:04,282
- Because it
is stuck in the sediment.

130
00:12:04,332 --> 00:12:07,285
Once it starts to melt
it becomes a runaway train.

131
00:12:07,335 --> 00:12:09,895
No one knows how to stop it.

132
00:12:10,713 --> 00:12:15,109
We are dangerously close to it right now.

133
00:12:17,428 --> 00:12:22,341
The next threshold is around
CO2 levels of 600-700 ppm.

134
00:12:22,391 --> 00:12:28,222
Then it is so hot that it does not exist
some landis remain on the planet.

135
00:12:28,272 --> 00:12:32,001
Then the sea level becomes
about 80 meters higher.

136
00:12:33,111 --> 00:12:38,883
We are heading for 600-700 ppm.

137
00:12:41,244 --> 00:12:47,033
It is an interesting threshold moment
regarding our relationship with the planet.

138
00:12:47,083 --> 00:12:54,332
Should we press our climate system
so much out of balance

139
00:12:54,382 --> 00:12:58,694
- that we risk
to digest all landis?

140
00:13:10,064 --> 00:13:11,557
Yes, it has changed.

141
00:13:11,607 --> 00:13:16,270
Iceland's nature has been affected
of climate change.

142
00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:19,982
It is clearly visible
along the southern coast, for example.

143
00:13:20,032 --> 00:13:26,030
Our largest glacier, Vatnajökull,
or the "water glacier" -

144
00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:28,741
- has decreased quite a bit.

145
00:13:28,791 --> 00:13:33,496
There is an interesting observation
which everyone notices

146
00:13:33,546 --> 00:13:36,207
-When they drive along the southern coast today.

147
00:13:36,257 --> 00:13:41,796
When you drive over Iceland's longest bridge,
which is almost a kilometer

148
00:13:41,846 --> 00:13:45,383
- You notice it almost
There is no water underneath.

149
00:13:45,433 --> 00:13:52,748
Why are you building such a long bridge
over almost no water at all?

150
00:13:54,108 --> 00:13:57,937
It depends on climate change.

151
00:13:57,987 --> 00:14:04,802
The river has changed direction
because of the glacier's decline.

152
00:14:06,746 --> 00:14:11,909
Now we have a kind of monument-

153
00:14:11,959 --> 00:14:16,147
- which symbolizes the past.

154
00:14:29,894 --> 00:14:34,457
The Arctic is a changed place today.

155
00:14:35,233 --> 00:14:41,272
Here is the climate change
impact as most extreme.

156
00:14:41,322 --> 00:14:45,193
The researchers notice
that what is happening on the Arctic

157
00:14:45,243 --> 00:14:49,322
- has a big impact
on the rest of the planet.

158
00:14:49,372 --> 00:14:53,576
I work with measuring greenhouse gases
at the Arctic station

159
00:14:53,626 --> 00:14:58,247
- and to find out how
vaxthusg

160
00:14:58,297 --> 00:15:01,709
I'm worried about it
rising temperature in the region

161
00:15:01,759 --> 00:15:06,255
- and the impact it can have
on all Arctic systems.

162
00:15:06,305 --> 00:15:10,885
I think that is extremely important
to be aware of-

163
00:15:10,935 --> 00:15:15,556
- that the sea ice decreased
and all other changes

164
00:15:15,606 --> 00:15:20,127
- can change the entire weather system,
which has a global impact.

165
00:15:21,571 --> 00:15:28,219
We know the changes in the Arctic
are not limited there.

166
00:15:30,872 --> 00:15:34,534
I have worked with the sea ice
the past fifty years.

167
00:15:34,584 --> 00:15:39,372
The entire Arctic has changed
very much during that time.

168
00:15:39,422 --> 00:15:43,418
Not enough
that the ice has decreased in area.

169
00:15:43,468 --> 00:15:48,214
The decrease is really visible.
The great ice creams from

170
00:15:48,264 --> 00:15:51,801
- with their ramparts of pack ice
and very thick ice cover ...

171
00:15:51,851 --> 00:15:56,831
Much of it
dramatic scenery is gone.

172
00:15:58,316 --> 00:16:04,063
I recently visited the Bering Sea
for research purposes.

173
00:16:04,113 --> 00:16:08,426
In that region is usually found
very melted, but we saw no one.

174
00:16:10,286 --> 00:16:15,324
HISTORICAL BLOCK ON THE SEA:
1.8 - 4.5 meters

175
00:16:15,374 --> 00:16:19,871
The ice was very thin,
maybe just 30 centimeters thick.

176
00:16:19,921 --> 00:16:23,541
The North Sea is no longer
a continent of ice.

177
00:16:23,591 --> 00:16:26,335
It's just water in the summer.

178
00:16:26,385 --> 00:16:30,798
It's a huge loss,
not just by nature's beauty-

179
00:16:30,848 --> 00:16:36,054
- but also with regard to
the physics of how the planet works.

180
00:16:36,104 --> 00:16:39,140
The ice disappears
if the climate gets warmer.

181
00:16:39,190 --> 00:16:45,021
It is an obvious consequence,
but is worse than that.

182
00:16:45,071 --> 00:16:48,399
There will be many chain reactions -

183
00:16:48,449 --> 00:16:54,680
- that affects the planet much more
than only the ice creams decrease.

184
00:16:56,582 --> 00:17:00,328
The Arctic is heated three times faster
than the rest of the world-

185
00:17:00,378 --> 00:17:05,416
- whereupon the temperature difference between
The Arctic and lower latitudes decrease.

186
00:17:05,466 --> 00:17:09,629
That means the jet stream
becomes weaker.

187
00:17:09,679 --> 00:17:13,925
It is weakened from
to have been an almost straight line

188
00:17:13,975 --> 00:17:19,180
- to become more wavy
and reach both north and south.

189
00:17:19,230 --> 00:17:24,727
This can mean that the polar air
reaches down to lower latitude

190
00:17:24,777 --> 00:17:27,772
- Like that usually
only when in a sector

191
00:17:27,822 --> 00:17:30,525
- but in the sector
to the east or west of the

192
00:17:30,575 --> 00:17:34,404
- Hot air comes further north
than it should.

193
00:17:34,454 --> 00:17:39,200
The result is the bizarre weather
that people have talked about.

194
00:17:39,250 --> 00:17:44,122
When the air masses cause
so extreme weather changes

195
00:17:44,172 --> 00:17:48,960
- it happens to be at the latitudes
where most food is produced.

196
00:17:49,010 --> 00:17:55,116
Suddenly food production is affected
of the polar changes.

197
00:17:56,809 --> 00:18:02,498
One cannot remove as much ice
without affecting much else.

198
00:18:05,026 --> 00:18:11,757
Arctic's strongest sea ice divides
the first time since the measurements began

199
00:18:13,576 --> 00:18:17,321
Consequences
of our actions begin to show itself.

200
00:18:17,371 --> 00:18:22,243
Researchers' predictions
rather than expected.

201
00:18:22,293 --> 00:18:28,332
We may experience storms, drought,
floods and fires -

202
00:18:28,382 --> 00:18:32,545
- which is gradually becoming more and more
intensive and unpredictable.

203
00:18:32,595 --> 00:18:37,717
NEW HEATING CORDS OVER
ALL PLANET LAST WEEK

204
00:18:37,767 --> 00:18:43,931
THE WORLD BRINS AND SWIMMERS OVER
CLIMATE CHANGES ARE HERE

205
00:18:43,981 --> 00:18:49,879
BURNS IN CALIFORNIA 2018
SEED FROM THE SPACE

206
00:18:53,616 --> 00:19:00,573
HOT HOT MONTH AS EVER
HAVE BEEN RECALLED ON THE EARTH

207
00:19:00,623 --> 00:19:05,978
THE RESEARCHERS ONLY KNOW A CASE:
IT WILL BE WORSE

208
00:19:16,848 --> 00:19:22,745
The fires began almost simultaneously
in several places.

209
00:19:23,896 --> 00:19:29,852
More than 7,000 buildings were destroyed
of which about 3,000 homes.

210
00:19:29,902 --> 00:19:32,772
In the beginning when the fires were like the worst

211
00:19:32,822 --> 00:19:38,444
- maybe evacuated
100,000 people.

212
00:19:38,494 --> 00:19:42,848
It is a collective trauma.

213
00:19:43,958 --> 00:19:47,078
It sounded and looked like a war zone.

214
00:19:47,128 --> 00:19:49,706
Hanley-fire
reached here after 24 hours.

215
00:19:49,756 --> 00:19:52,667
It burned roughly
same impression here in 24 hours.

216
00:19:52,717 --> 00:19:55,211
Near 200 buildings were burned down.

217
00:19:55,261 --> 00:19:59,799
This fire started in the evening
and reached Santa Rosa in four hours.

218
00:19:59,849 --> 00:20:02,385
They cannot be compared,
besides the prints.

219
00:20:02,435 --> 00:20:06,931
Commander who came here
to lead the rescue work-

220
00:20:06,981 --> 00:20:10,435
- just shook his head:
"I've never seen anything like it."

221
00:20:10,485 --> 00:20:12,353
"And I've been with a long time."

222
00:20:12,403 --> 00:20:19,027
It's hardly any comfort,
But that's where we are now.

223
00:20:19,077 --> 00:20:24,407
With such winds, how do we protect
citizens and infrastructure?

224
00:20:24,457 --> 00:20:29,120
What can we do to it?
stop as good as possible?

225
00:20:29,170 --> 00:20:36,127
Where has suffered five years of drought
who hit bushes and trees.

226
00:20:36,177 --> 00:20:42,925
The wind forces up at Geyser Peak
measured at 48 meters per second.

227
00:20:42,975 --> 00:20:47,472
What to do when it blows so hard
and a fire occurs?

228
00:20:47,522 --> 00:20:52,001
One can only try to figure out
its direction and how fast it goes.

229
00:20:55,238 --> 00:20:58,441
I never thought that the fire
would leave the mountains

230
00:20:58,491 --> 00:21:01,969
-and smooth Santa Rosa with the ground.

231
00:21:02,662 --> 00:21:05,114
Cars have been evicted.

232
00:21:05,164 --> 00:21:09,577
Large pieces of glowing coal

233
00:21:09,627 --> 00:21:13,498
- brought by the wind,
a good bit in front of the fire.

234
00:21:13,548 --> 00:21:17,001
You see trees with broken branches.

235
00:21:17,051 --> 00:21:20,112
They have not been burned off, they were broken off.

236
00:21:21,722 --> 00:21:25,301
natural disasters
has become so common now-

237
00:21:25,351 --> 00:21:28,554
- that people know
that they will suffer.

238
00:21:28,604 --> 00:21:33,142
It's not the question, but when.

239
00:21:33,192 --> 00:21:39,023
It is an alarm clock for everyone.
Climate change is here

240
00:21:39,073 --> 00:21:42,384
-and you have to plan for it.

241
00:21:47,582 --> 00:21:52,870
Climate change causes more
species are endangered.

242
00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:56,332
But that's not the first time.

243
00:21:56,382 --> 00:22:01,754
Studies of geological findings
has demonstrated a connection

244
00:22:01,804 --> 00:22:07,493
- between high carbon levels and the latest ones
five periods of mass death.

245
00:22:08,686 --> 00:22:15,977
It's a natural law to carbon cycle
affects the structure of life.

246
00:22:16,027 --> 00:22:19,272
Every time a massive increase
of the colonies have taken place -

247
00:22:19,322 --> 00:22:24,277
- the motley weave of life has weakened
and sometimes collapsed.

248
00:22:24,327 --> 00:22:30,825
MIT
ATMOSPHERE AND PLANETARY RESEARCH

249
00:22:30,875 --> 00:22:36,998
I have worked with
carbon cycle connection

250
00:22:37,048 --> 00:22:38,750
-with the presence of mass death

251
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:43,195
- and whether the carbon cycle
is unstable when it happens.

252
00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:49,886
The carbon cycle is there
life and the environment interact.

253
00:22:49,936 --> 00:22:54,265
You can see it as a big one
circular flow between photosynthesis

254
00:22:54,315 --> 00:22:57,727
- which is the process as
takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere

255
00:22:57,777 --> 00:23:03,107
- converts it to oxygen
and plant material or organic carbon.

256
00:23:03,157 --> 00:23:06,361
The reverse reaction in the circle
is called respiration-

257
00:23:06,411 --> 00:23:12,266
- which is when the plant material
converted to carbon dioxide.

258
00:23:13,459 --> 00:23:18,331
During a completed lap
takes the carbon cycle around 100 gigatons of coal

259
00:23:18,381 --> 00:23:22,168
- from the atmosphere and the seas,
and return it every year.

260
00:23:22,218 --> 00:23:26,255
So it's 100 gigatons out,
and 100 gigatons back in.

261
00:23:26,305 --> 00:23:31,386
Of this, we contribute 8 percent,
with fossil fuels.

262
00:23:31,436 --> 00:23:36,808
An increase of 8 percent compared to
what had circulated normally.

263
00:23:36,858 --> 00:23:41,504
That's more than what
the volcanoes supply the system.

264
00:23:53,583 --> 00:23:59,539
The planet is constantly working
to restore the balances.

265
00:23:59,589 --> 00:24:02,709
It's the water cycle,
the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle.

266
00:24:02,759 --> 00:24:06,587
You can see it
as a constant flow.

267
00:24:06,637 --> 00:24:11,092
One way for the planet to do it
was to take everything

268
00:24:11,142 --> 00:24:15,471
- that was in the dinosaurs
and the plants on land

269
00:24:15,521 --> 00:24:20,810
- and squeeze it together
for oil and fossil fuels.

270
00:24:20,860 --> 00:24:27,108
It was hidden for a very long time,
And we are a very young species.

271
00:24:27,158 --> 00:24:30,278
But we were curious and dug up

272
00:24:30,328 --> 00:24:35,158
- the coal that the earth had hidden away.

273
00:24:35,208 --> 00:24:40,413
Then we burned it up without understanding
that it was like burning furniture

274
00:24:40,463 --> 00:24:43,232
- Indoors with closed windows.

275
00:24:44,175 --> 00:24:48,921
What happens is
that the planet backs back.

276
00:24:48,971 --> 00:24:53,676
There is a surplus
of coal in the atmosphere.

277
00:24:53,726 --> 00:24:58,639
It leads to the living conditions-

278
00:24:58,689 --> 00:25:02,226
- here on earth is put out of balance.

279
00:25:02,276 --> 00:25:06,481
As a biologist,
when i see climate change

280
00:25:06,531 --> 00:25:11,361
- I see rising sea levels
and melting polaris.

281
00:25:11,411 --> 00:25:13,804
I see that as evidence.

282
00:25:14,789 --> 00:25:20,828
But when we look at it
how biological organisms

283
00:25:20,878 --> 00:25:26,901
- responds to the warmer temperatures,
they have already started to move.

284
00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:31,506
They move towards the poles
to cool down.

285
00:25:31,556 --> 00:25:35,760
They move upwards
from lower mountain areas.

286
00:25:35,810 --> 00:25:39,013
Whole areas of distribution are moved.

287
00:25:39,063 --> 00:25:42,975
Sometimes they also move
without their helpers.

288
00:25:43,025 --> 00:25:46,521
If a plant moves north
does not cope with its pollinators.

289
00:25:46,571 --> 00:25:53,636
In a scientific, boring language
you call it ecological disturbance.

290
00:25:54,871 --> 00:26:01,202
If we change the conditions
who created all this ...

291
00:26:01,252 --> 00:26:08,734
Even us. Then we come ...
It will track down.

292
00:26:11,971 --> 00:26:18,511
When the carbon cycle is unstable
Do the things we don't understand.

293
00:26:18,561 --> 00:26:23,558
On the geological time scale
are there events

294
00:26:23,608 --> 00:26:27,169
- within the carbon cycle,
where things changed.

295
00:26:30,364 --> 00:26:37,221
One such was the  paleocene eocene
thermal maxima,  55 million years ago.

296
00:26:38,498 --> 00:26:43,494
Then there is much worse,
disastrous events

297
00:26:43,544 --> 00:26:48,082
- in the form of mass extinction.
The worst is called Perm-trias extinction.

298
00:26:48,132 --> 00:26:50,793
95% OF EVERY LIFE DOG OUT
FOR 250 MILLION YEARS LATE

299
00:26:50,843 --> 00:26:56,090
Then the story looks, but we do
doing today is another problem-

300
00:26:56,140 --> 00:26:58,676
- We know what is going on.

301
00:26:58,726 --> 00:27:04,682
We know that we have added CO2
by using fossil fuels.

302
00:27:04,732 --> 00:27:08,895
Then the question is whether it is at risk
to induce similar events

303
00:27:08,945 --> 00:27:10,980
- as we have seen in the past.

304
00:27:11,030 --> 00:27:14,192
I would call it
instability in the carbon cycle.

305
00:27:14,242 --> 00:27:18,905
When small changes
turns into big changes.

306
00:27:18,955 --> 00:27:22,808
It is a scientific definition
of a disaster.

307
00:27:24,168 --> 00:27:29,982
But at individual level is
the loss of one's home a disaster.

308
00:27:43,626 --> 00:27:47,416
Climate change will
cause the world's largest refugee crisis

309
00:27:59,366 --> 00:28:04,367
Climate change soon
a threat to biodiversity

310
00:28:04,417 --> 00:28:09,580
Rising temperatures threaten
to eradicate wild animals and plants

311
00:28:09,630 --> 00:28:15,420
Climate change is killing
corals in the Great Barrier Reef

312
00:28:15,470 --> 00:28:22,701
The changes threaten ancient trees,
But that's not all

313
00:28:35,531 --> 00:28:40,928
We are all climate refugees now

314
00:28:50,421 --> 00:28:55,209
We can still avoid it
dangerous break point at two degrees.

315
00:28:55,259 --> 00:28:59,297
But for every year that we are passive-

316
00:28:59,347 --> 00:29:03,509
- it becomes increasingly difficult
to limit our carbon emissions

317
00:29:03,559 --> 00:29:07,872
- and stay under
the two-degree heating.

318
00:29:34,006 --> 00:29:37,735
UN climate conference 2015
Paris, France

319
00:29:40,346 --> 00:29:47,953
World leader celebrates the Paris Agreement:
"A big step for humanity"

320
00:29:56,946 --> 00:30:04,553
KOLKLOCKAN:
Time left before the budget is spent

321
00:30:17,133 --> 00:30:20,753
We know we've sent out
too much carbon in the atmosphere.

322
00:30:20,803 --> 00:30:23,423
But how much is too much?

323
00:30:23,473 --> 00:30:26,843
The researchers have come up with
what that figure is -

324
00:30:26,893 --> 00:30:32,473
- and has entered a carbon budget
which shows what margin life has.

325
00:30:32,523 --> 00:30:37,854
The budget shows where we are today,
how much more coal we can burn -

326
00:30:37,904 --> 00:30:45,052
- and how much must be removed
to sustain life on earth.

327
00:30:47,789 --> 00:30:52,702
The biggest challenge is, according to me
dangerous climate change.

328
00:30:52,752 --> 00:30:58,666
If we want to avoid dangerous
climate change, we must realize

329
00:30:58,716 --> 00:31:03,629
- that atmosphere, like human
waste disposal site has its limit.

330
00:31:03,679 --> 00:31:08,676
We can release about
800 gigatons of CO2 in the atmosphere

331
00:31:08,726 --> 00:31:12,096
-in that limit.

332
00:31:12,146 --> 00:31:18,895
But over the past five years
have we already released 200 gigatons

333
00:31:18,945 --> 00:31:22,607
- which means that in two decades

334
00:31:22,657 --> 00:31:26,611
- We have already used up
our limited space.

335
00:31:26,661 --> 00:31:33,701
In Paris it was important
that the leaders of the whole world agreed

336
00:31:33,751 --> 00:31:38,289
- to limit the temperature increase
well below two degrees.

337
00:31:38,339 --> 00:31:41,292
That's the safety margin
and it is important-

338
00:31:41,342 --> 00:31:45,213
- that more than a hundred nations
stand behind it.

339
00:31:45,263 --> 00:31:50,593
If you think of the volume in
the ball symbolizes the CO2

340
00:31:50,643 --> 00:31:57,141
- still in the ground
in the form of coal, oil and gas.

341
00:31:57,191 --> 00:32:00,311
Here we have the amount of coal.

342
00:32:00,361 --> 00:32:05,400
If we want to limit the increase
up to two degrees globally

343
00:32:05,450 --> 00:32:10,571
- Let's just let go
this is a little carbon in the atmosphere.

344
00:32:10,621 --> 00:32:15,410
At the same time we have
much more coal left in the ground

345
00:32:15,460 --> 00:32:21,124
- not going out into the atmosphere about
the increase should be kept below two degrees.

346
00:32:21,174 --> 00:32:23,459
The question is therefore
how it should go together?

347
00:32:23,509 --> 00:32:28,673
The next 20 years are
an enormously important time span.

348
00:32:28,723 --> 00:32:34,429
We must separate the financial
growth from the growing emissions.

349
00:32:34,479 --> 00:32:38,558
At the middle of the century, we must
be down in zero emissions

350
00:32:38,608 --> 00:32:43,688
- and after 2050 we need
even negative emissions.

351
00:32:43,738 --> 00:32:47,650
The charcoal clock only informs
humanity about where we stand today.

352
00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:53,823
It shows how we dispose of
the limited space in the atmosphere.

353
00:32:53,873 --> 00:32:56,851
It's a huge challenge
for Humanity.

354
00:33:08,346 --> 00:33:14,135
Science says the climate crisis
is a problem we ourselves have created.

355
00:33:14,185 --> 00:33:17,388
But that's also
a problem we can solve

356
00:33:17,438 --> 00:33:23,269
We must stop dropping coal
and transition to renewable energy.

357
00:33:23,319 --> 00:33:28,775
It is also vital
to remove carbon from the atmosphere.

358
00:33:28,825 --> 00:33:34,364
Climate change is possible
turn back - if we act now.

359
00:33:34,414 --> 00:33:39,660
Research has found solutions
that can reduce the amount of coal -

360
00:33:39,710 --> 00:33:42,455
- So we end up in level
with pre-industrial time.

361
00:33:42,505 --> 00:33:45,875
NORWAY CALIFORNIA Redwood forest

362
00:33:45,925 --> 00:33:49,003
There are only two measures
that helps the atmosphere.

363
00:33:49,053 --> 00:33:52,006
You either stop
greenhouse gas

364
00:33:52,556 --> 00:33:54,717
- or you lower the CO2 level.
That's all.

365
00:33:54,767 --> 00:33:59,680
The first one can be done through
more efficient and cleaner energy.

366
00:33:59,730 --> 00:34:05,978
The second is through photosynthesis.
Either through agriculture and forestry

367
00:34:06,028 --> 00:34:09,691
- or plankton and kelp in the seas.
There are only two measures.

368
00:34:09,741 --> 00:34:12,944
That way it's pretty simple.

369
00:34:12,994 --> 00:34:19,492
Previously, all solutions have
always just focused on energy.

370
00:34:19,542 --> 00:34:23,329
Energy, energy and energy,
which is fully understandable.

371
00:34:23,379 --> 00:34:28,710
Of course it is a good idea
to stop CO2 emissions.

372
00:34:28,760 --> 00:34:34,048
But when the emphasis has been put on
clean energy sources such as sun and wind

373
00:34:34,998 --> 00:34:40,371
- He's almost ruled out
the remaining solutions.

374
00:34:42,690 --> 00:34:44,183
Drawdown:

375
00:34:44,233 --> 00:34:48,187
To reverse climate change
by pulling coal out of the atmosphere.

376
00:34:48,237 --> 00:34:54,277
The purpose of the  drawdown  was to redo
the 80 solutions we had developed

377
00:34:54,327 --> 00:34:59,991
- could return
global warming within 30 years.

378
00:35:00,041 --> 00:35:02,744
From reducing to turning down.

379
00:35:02,794 --> 00:35:07,832
The emission curve shows
that we have a choice.

380
00:35:07,882 --> 00:35:12,754
If we increase the scope
of some of the solutions-

381
00:35:12,804 --> 00:35:17,633
- we can achieve  drawdown  around 2050.

382
00:35:17,683 --> 00:35:25,166
I agree with the odds
is against us, but I must take it.

383
00:35:53,886 --> 00:35:55,546
My name is Linwood Gill.

384
00:35:55,596 --> 00:36:00,259
I am the chief forest guard at
Usal Redwood Forest Company.

385
00:36:00,309 --> 00:36:03,596
Usal Redwood Forest
is a general forest

386
00:36:03,646 --> 00:36:07,975
- owned by the non-profit foundation
Redwood Forest Foundation.

387
00:36:08,025 --> 00:36:10,520
The forest is 50,000 acres.

388
00:36:10,570 --> 00:36:17,443
The purpose is to preserve the forest,
partly as an economic security

389
00:36:17,493 --> 00:36:23,366
- and to protect it
natural environment for animals and fish

390
00:36:23,416 --> 00:36:26,452
- but also to remove
coal out the atmosphere.

391
00:36:26,502 --> 00:36:31,833
It is one of ours
main mission right now.

392
00:36:31,883 --> 00:36:37,380
It is an important part of the fight
against climate change.

393
00:36:37,430 --> 00:36:41,259
Usal Redwood Forest
is a very young redwood forest.

394
00:36:41,309 --> 00:36:47,498
Redwood can absorb more carbon
than any other tree variety on the planet.

395
00:36:49,025 --> 00:36:56,441
Through their needles, the trees absorb carbon
from the carbon dioxide in the air.

396
00:36:56,491 --> 00:37:02,739
Then the coal is stored in the trunk,
roots and branches.

397
00:37:02,789 --> 00:37:08,227
As far as I know, this is here
one of the country's largest coal projects.

398
00:37:15,593 --> 00:37:20,239
I am a bio fertilizer project manager
at the Redwood Forest Foundation.

399
00:37:21,182 --> 00:37:24,886
We have great concerns
here in California-

400
00:37:24,936 --> 00:37:29,098
- with over a hundred million dead trees.

401
00:37:29,148 --> 00:37:31,625
We have to do something about it.

402
00:37:33,319 --> 00:37:36,606
Here is a beetle called
Western Pine Bark Beetle

403
00:37:36,656 --> 00:37:42,636
- who are living on chewing themselves
yellow and also other trees.

404
00:37:43,329 --> 00:37:45,865
They have been here for thousands of years

405
00:37:45,915 --> 00:37:49,869
- and have lived in harmony with the trees.

406
00:37:49,919 --> 00:37:53,498
But because of climate change
and the prolonged drought

407
00:37:53,548 --> 00:37:56,042
- has millions of trees
become very weak

408
00:37:56,992 --> 00:38:00,546
- and has difficulty defending
against the beetle.

409
00:38:00,596 --> 00:38:05,676
Bio fertilizer can be a way to
attack the problem of beetles

410
00:38:05,726 --> 00:38:08,763
- and the dying trees
in Sierra Nevada.

411
00:38:08,813 --> 00:38:14,644
Bio-fertilizer is a form of coal
which is useful in farming

412
00:38:14,694 --> 00:38:18,214
-and gives a more prosperous soil.

413
00:38:21,242 --> 00:38:24,362
When dry distilling the wood biomass

414
00:38:24,412 --> 00:38:31,602
- half of the coal can
The biomass is recovered as residual waste.

415
00:38:32,295 --> 00:38:39,001
The biomass helps the soil through
to bind nutrients and water.

416
00:38:39,551 --> 00:38:43,381
It's more like a kind of construction
who incubates life.

417
00:38:43,431 --> 00:38:46,426
Almost half are used
of all the coal in the plant

418
00:38:46,476 --> 00:38:49,887
- which will be better
use in cultivated soil.

419
00:38:49,937 --> 00:38:52,974
It is of enormous benefit
for agriculture.

420
00:38:53,024 --> 00:38:56,477
We have large amounts of biomass
need to be used.

421
00:38:56,527 --> 00:39:02,942
The trees constitute a fire hazard
while the fires are raging in California.

422
00:39:02,992 --> 00:39:06,863
By producing bio fertilizer
can we bring back some of the material

423
00:39:06,913 --> 00:39:09,073
- to the forests safely.

424
00:39:09,123 --> 00:39:16,539
Or we use the biomass
in the valley, where water is really needed.

425
00:39:16,589 --> 00:39:23,838
One of the benefits of bio fertilizer is
that it binds water in the soil.

426
00:39:23,888 --> 00:39:28,092
If we added biofertilizer in
ten percent of the world's cultivation soil

427
00:39:28,142 --> 00:39:33,473
- we should isolate
29 billion tons of CO2.

428
00:39:33,523 --> 00:39:38,019
29 billion tons with ten percent.
And just by using

429
00:39:38,669 --> 00:39:43,090
- "leftover residual material".
It is significant.

430
00:39:44,992 --> 00:39:48,071
Then we have the climate compensations.

431
00:39:48,121 --> 00:39:51,866
For us to get them
we must employ multiple

432
00:39:51,916 --> 00:39:55,828
- who works with the forest
and can attest to the clients

433
00:39:55,878 --> 00:39:59,916
- that the coal we say we have
actually there

434
00:39:59,966 --> 00:40:02,752
-and stays here in the future.

435
00:40:02,802 --> 00:40:06,214
I like to see ourselves as an example
who can inspire others

436
00:40:06,264 --> 00:40:08,508
- to do the same as we do.

437
00:40:08,558 --> 00:40:10,468
This is not rocket research.

438
00:40:10,518 --> 00:40:14,722
Carbon storage becomes
huge in the future.

439
00:40:14,772 --> 00:40:19,310
We need more and bigger forests.

440
00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:25,424
Forests that should never be felled
and remain forever.

441
00:40:42,133 --> 00:40:46,170
My name is Kate Scow and I am a professor
in land-air and water resources-

442
00:40:46,220 --> 00:40:48,423
- at the University of California, Davis.

443
00:40:48,473 --> 00:40:51,092
I am also an earth microbial ecologist.

444
00:40:51,142 --> 00:40:58,182
The carbon cycle globally involves
both water and terrestrial systems.

445
00:40:58,232 --> 00:41:03,337
Soil is an important part
of the terrestrial system.

446
00:41:04,655 --> 00:41:10,194
Soil contains 2-3 times more carbon
compared to the atmosphere.

447
00:41:10,244 --> 00:41:15,116
The earth is the place there
crops grow best.

448
00:41:15,166 --> 00:41:22,248
That means that everything that grows
binds CO2 via photosynthesis

449
00:41:22,298 --> 00:41:27,920
- and miraculously creates a physical
mass here on earth from air.

450
00:41:27,970 --> 00:41:30,114
It still fascinates me.

451
00:41:31,557 --> 00:41:36,971
The process captures coal,
the plant binds CO2, it dies

452
00:41:37,021 --> 00:41:43,644
- the plant falls to the ground and
becomes part of the carbon cycle.

453
00:41:43,694 --> 00:41:49,859
There is much more coal
bound in the soil than in the atmosphere.

454
00:41:49,909 --> 00:41:56,491
Organic farms do not produce any
nutrients from artificial manure.

455
00:41:56,541 --> 00:42:01,204
The manure consists of organic material.

456
00:42:01,254 --> 00:42:04,165
It can be medium crops
or compost

457
00:42:04,215 --> 00:42:10,129
- as food, plant or animal remnants
as you plow into the earth.

458
00:42:10,179 --> 00:42:13,216
In an organic farming system
can you add-

459
00:42:13,266 --> 00:42:19,097
- eight times as much coal
compared to a regular system.

460
00:42:19,147 --> 00:42:23,876
It's really quite simple.

461
00:42:25,945 --> 00:42:30,066
Climate change
gives us the chance

462
00:42:30,116 --> 00:42:34,445
- to change our behavior
on this planet.

463
00:42:34,495 --> 00:42:39,826
We know what we are capable of
in the worst case, so now the question is ...

464
00:42:39,876 --> 00:42:47,108
If we deliberately want to be
part of the healing process ...

465
00:42:49,635 --> 00:42:54,073
... it can release our creativity.

466
00:42:55,516 --> 00:42:58,970
Then maybe you realize
that you have a garden.

467
00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:03,541
"Oh my God,"
I have a park nearby.

468
00:43:04,567 --> 00:43:11,215
We should see ourselves as we
helping to save the planet ...

469
00:43:13,201 --> 00:43:18,389
It is much better than seeing us
like nasty little children with matches.

470
00:43:19,290 --> 00:43:26,205
Then you realize that we are all
small pieces of the solution.

471
00:43:26,255 --> 00:43:29,751
Now we send directly
from my mentor's house.

472
00:43:29,801 --> 00:43:33,212
The organic gardener
Ron Finley.

473
00:43:33,262 --> 00:43:37,091
I always want to come here
and learn different ways -

474
00:43:37,141 --> 00:43:42,638
- to use the small soil
I have and grow as much as I can.

475
00:43:42,688 --> 00:43:46,225
Culinary climate measures
is what I want to see.

476
00:43:46,275 --> 00:43:50,396
What I grow sucks out
coal from the atmosphere.

477
00:43:50,446 --> 00:43:56,635
It shows that we can return it
back into the earth again.

478
00:43:58,371 --> 00:44:03,201
It creates both green jobs
and counteracts problems that-

479
00:44:03,251 --> 00:44:06,704
- diabetes and obesity
in the area where I live.

480
00:44:06,754 --> 00:44:11,793
There are many plots
and plenty of water available.

481
00:44:11,843 --> 00:44:15,254
It's for a good cause
and gives a nice result.

482
00:44:15,304 --> 00:44:20,176
We pull out the toxins from the atmosphere

483
00:44:20,226 --> 00:44:23,388
- which we ourselves have released.

484
00:44:23,438 --> 00:44:27,183
Best way to transform them
is to grow something edible.

485
00:44:27,233 --> 00:44:29,502
Grow on the roof, grow in the window.

486
00:44:30,778 --> 00:44:32,814
We know how it gets warmer.

487
00:44:32,864 --> 00:44:36,651
A farmer must have faith in the future.
No doomsday mentality.

488
00:44:36,701 --> 00:44:41,197
You have to plant, water
and believe that it will be a harvest.

489
00:44:41,247 --> 00:44:45,785
That is the discussion I want to see
when we talk about changing the climate.

490
00:44:45,835 --> 00:44:51,065
It doesn't happen overnight,
But we must start now. It's time.

491
00:45:12,737 --> 00:45:16,816
My name is Bren Smith
and runs Thimble Island Ocean Farm.

492
00:45:16,866 --> 00:45:21,571
We are in the Thimble Islands
in the Long Islands Sound.

493
00:45:21,621 --> 00:45:24,323
I grew up in
Newfoundland in Canada-

494
00:45:24,373 --> 00:45:27,744
- jumped off the plug
and have fished all over the planet.

495
00:45:27,794 --> 00:45:29,662
In Gloucester in Newfoundland

496
00:45:29,712 --> 00:45:32,415
- Then I worked
on the Bering Sea for many years.

497
00:45:32,465 --> 00:45:35,543
Then the industrialized fishery went
at high speed.

498
00:45:35,593 --> 00:45:38,796
We tore up whole ecosystems
with our trawlers

499
00:45:38,846 --> 00:45:42,050
- and chased less and less fish
all the way out to sea.

500
00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:44,177
It was completely unsustainable.

501
00:45:44,227 --> 00:45:49,457
Much of the fish I pulled up
would be food at McDonald's.

502
00:45:50,858 --> 00:45:54,729
It was an alarm clock
for many from my generation.

503
00:45:54,779 --> 00:45:58,399
I was out on the Bering Sea
when the cod market crashed.

504
00:45:58,449 --> 00:46:02,737
Thousands of people became unemployed,
factories were beaten again.

505
00:46:02,787 --> 00:46:07,241
It taught me that you can build
a culture for several hundred years

506
00:46:07,291 --> 00:46:09,410
- But if you don't
protects resources

507
00:46:09,460 --> 00:46:13,689
- can collapse the ecosystem
delete everything in a few years.

508
00:46:15,425 --> 00:46:19,921
That was when we began to realize
that problems like overfishing

509
00:46:19,971 --> 00:46:23,466
- and climate change
are not environmental issues

510
00:46:23,516 --> 00:46:26,761
- for us who work at sea.
They are financial problems.

511
00:46:26,811 --> 00:46:29,830
There is neither food nor jobs
on a dead planet.

512
00:46:32,024 --> 00:46:36,938
When I realized it was unsustainable
I began to look for sustainability.

513
00:46:36,988 --> 00:46:39,524
I retrained myself to oyster fishermen.

514
00:46:39,574 --> 00:46:43,778
The oysters taught me that nature
have created constructions-

515
00:46:43,828 --> 00:46:47,115
- millions of years ago
which alleviates our harmful effects.

516
00:46:47,165 --> 00:46:51,911
We do not need advanced technology.
Nature gives us seaweed and seafood

517
00:46:51,961 --> 00:46:55,206
- that binds five times more carbon
than terrestrial plants.

518
00:46:55,256 --> 00:47:00,294
An oyster filters 189 liters of water
per day, which removes nitrogen.

519
00:47:00,344 --> 00:47:02,880
My job as the ocean's chieftain

520
00:47:02,930 --> 00:47:06,217
- is to take advantage of nature's
constructions and cultivate them.

521
00:47:06,267 --> 00:47:08,428
It's pretty simple.

522
00:47:08,478 --> 00:47:14,809
It's great to grow restoration
species is that nothing is required.

523
00:47:14,859 --> 00:47:20,690
No fresh water, no food,
no manure and no land.

524
00:47:20,740 --> 00:47:23,926
It is the most sustainable
food production on earth.

525
00:47:25,703 --> 00:47:29,032
Kelp is this beautiful seagrass.

526
00:47:29,882 --> 00:47:34,287
The gateway to the new kitchen.
One of the fastest growing plants

527
00:47:34,337 --> 00:47:37,498
- and sucks up five times more carbon
than terrestrial plants.

528
00:47:37,548 --> 00:47:40,043
It's called Sea Sequoia.

529
00:47:40,933 --> 00:47:46,674
Kelp is just the beginning. There is
10,000 edible plants in the seas.

530
00:47:46,724 --> 00:47:49,802
Parts of the plant
we can make kelp noodles.

531
00:47:49,852 --> 00:47:56,351
Then this can be
manure and animal feed.

532
00:47:56,401 --> 00:48:02,732
If cows eat seaweed feed decreases
methane emissions by 90 percent.

533
00:48:02,782 --> 00:48:07,945
Still, cows, sheep and goats have
eaten kelp for hundreds of years.

534
00:48:07,995 --> 00:48:10,573
On the Hebrides, in Maine
and elsewhere.

535
00:48:10,623 --> 00:48:15,495
There are incredible volumes. We can
produce 20 tons of kelp per acre

536
00:48:15,545 --> 00:48:20,500
- and 150,000 seafood.
Imagine this in larger scale

537
00:48:20,550 --> 00:48:24,504
- to an area of   Washington state.
Then you can give the whole world food.

538
00:48:24,554 --> 00:48:29,217
Take five percent of US
territorial waters and

539
00:48:29,267 --> 00:48:31,594
- 50 million new jobs are created

540
00:48:31,644 --> 00:48:36,624
- and coal equivalent
20 million cars are bound.

541
00:48:38,109 --> 00:48:41,020
Our crops also soften
acidification of the oceans.

542
00:48:41,070 --> 00:48:44,190
Kelp creates a so-called halo effect

543
00:48:44,240 --> 00:48:50,446
- which reduces acidification.
Then oysters and other seafood

544
00:48:50,496 --> 00:48:56,477
- easier to get thicker shells
which protects better against acidification.

545
00:48:57,503 --> 00:49:03,501
Some said that climate change
would take a hundred years.

546
00:49:03,551 --> 00:49:05,086
But it happens here and now.

547
00:49:05,136 --> 00:49:09,132
As a fisherman we are lucky to be able to
move to something similar.

548
00:49:09,182 --> 00:49:12,760
I'm proud to help
to arrange food for my country.

549
00:49:12,810 --> 00:49:19,083
Maybe I'm part of that army
who will save the planet.

550
00:49:30,661 --> 00:49:36,242
If we send out ten large units
CO2 in the atmosphere.

551
00:49:36,292 --> 00:49:38,494
-And about stay there.

552
00:49:38,544 --> 00:49:43,041
2.5 of them end up in plants
and 2.5 ports in the sea.

553
00:49:43,091 --> 00:49:47,128
If the sea is acidified,
what do you do about it?

554
00:49:47,178 --> 00:49:51,758
Nature takes care of the problem
by making more seafood.

555
00:49:51,808 --> 00:49:56,387
It is the theory of marine snow,
that small animals grow in the water

556
00:49:56,437 --> 00:49:59,766
- They have calcium shells
falling down.

557
00:49:59,816 --> 00:50:05,772
The problem is that the planet wants it
a perspective of millions of years.

558
00:50:05,822 --> 00:50:08,066
We don't.

559
00:50:08,116 --> 00:50:12,636
So the question is if you can
speed up the process?

560
00:50:17,542 --> 00:50:20,703
We need to examine all options.

561
00:50:20,753 --> 00:50:25,249
There is more experimental
hypotheses that need to be tested.

562
00:50:25,299 --> 00:50:32,948
A solution can be found in it
microscopic life cycle marine snow.

563
00:50:34,225 --> 00:50:37,178
What do we need?

564
00:50:37,228 --> 00:50:40,890
We need this planet
as it was before.

565
00:50:40,940 --> 00:50:45,520
We must regain it in that condition
It was 200 years ago.

566
00:50:45,570 --> 00:50:51,359
Higher levels of CO2
increases the acidification of the oceans.

567
00:50:51,409 --> 00:50:56,739
The garden then loses its ability
to suck up coal from the atmosphere.

568
00:50:56,789 --> 00:50:59,617
We have to do something about it.

569
00:50:59,667 --> 00:51:05,164
We must help those systems
circulating carbon

570
00:51:05,214 --> 00:51:11,963
- between the atmosphere,
the plants on land and seas.

571
00:51:12,013 --> 00:51:18,619
And with marine snow
just need some help from us.

572
00:51:19,353 --> 00:51:26,144
The most important thing is to remove CO2
and produce oxygen.

573
00:51:26,194 --> 00:51:31,941
What we can do is
to add minimal amounts

574
00:51:31,991 --> 00:51:36,404
- iron in the seas. Very little.

575
00:51:36,454 --> 00:51:41,325
It has nothing to do
with the term fertilizer.

576
00:51:41,375 --> 00:51:46,205
To give you an idea
just need six kilos of iron

577
00:51:46,255 --> 00:51:52,295
- to start the process in
100,000 square kilometers of the sea.

578
00:51:52,345 --> 00:51:55,381
The cells create
an organic parent tissue

579
00:51:55,431 --> 00:52:01,512
- Which is why
the design of marine snow.

580
00:52:01,562 --> 00:52:05,099
When the mother tissue arises-

581
00:52:05,149 --> 00:52:10,063
- it attracts cyanobacteria
and heterotrophic bacteria

582
00:52:10,113 --> 00:52:14,008
- which colonizes the particles
and then actively growing.

583
00:52:15,118 --> 00:52:18,112
Then we let them take care of themselves -

584
00:52:18,162 --> 00:52:24,660
- Because they can take
very long time.

585
00:52:24,710 --> 00:52:29,356
We can trace the marine snow particles
for more than four months.

586
00:52:30,049 --> 00:52:34,128
They can float around and
suck organic matter

587
00:52:34,178 --> 00:52:40,075
- and when they get too heavy
they sink to the bottom of the sea.

588
00:52:42,228 --> 00:52:48,226
Speed   of change,
increased levels and temperatures

589
00:52:48,276 --> 00:52:51,979
- make sure we have to act while we can.

590
00:52:52,229 --> 00:52:57,652
I'm absolutely sure
that we can succeed with ...

591
00:52:57,702 --> 00:53:05,142
... to get man to cooperate
with nature, do not oppose it.

592
00:53:14,427 --> 00:53:19,340
Science has long been proven
that we have technology that works.

593
00:53:19,390 --> 00:53:22,176
-and that it's already used.

594
00:53:22,226 --> 00:53:26,139
It's just a matter of
political will and size.

595
00:53:26,189 --> 00:53:31,269
We need a lot of solutions
going forward in parallel.

596
00:53:31,319 --> 00:53:33,521
To solve the crisis

597
00:53:33,571 --> 00:53:38,843
- We need to move on
one hundred percent renewable energy now.

598
00:53:39,577 --> 00:53:46,225
Of the top five solutions ended up
coastal wind power in second place.

599
00:53:47,543 --> 00:53:52,874
COASTAL WIND POWER PLANT
ORKNEY ISLANDS, SCOTLAND

600
00:53:52,924 --> 00:53:59,447
Wind power is more efficient than solar power,
which was a surprise.

601
00:54:03,601 --> 00:54:07,913
Solar power will be in place eight out of ten.

602
00:54:11,609 --> 00:54:17,398
The sun is the largest resource we have.
Everything else fades in comparison.

603
00:54:17,448 --> 00:54:20,568
We've known that for a long time,
but we have never been able to

604
00:54:20,618 --> 00:54:23,905
- extract it economically.
It has changed now.

605
00:54:23,955 --> 00:54:28,659
Solar energy is already cheaper
than fossil fuels.

606
00:54:28,709 --> 00:54:33,373
Already installed in the 80s
Jimmy Carter solar cells at the White House.

607
00:54:33,423 --> 00:54:35,875
Then Reagan took them away.

608
00:54:35,925 --> 00:54:42,131
Not until 2001, when Germany
started with solar energy in larger scale

609
00:54:42,181 --> 00:54:45,927
- we could start to benefit from
economy in large scale.

610
00:54:45,977 --> 00:54:52,517
In the end, we can provide the whole
electricity grid with solar and wind power.

611
00:54:52,567 --> 00:54:57,463
We just need it
be able to store wind and sun.

612
00:54:59,157 --> 00:55:02,735
If you want to cater for the whole
US electricity demand with solar cell alone

613
00:55:02,785 --> 00:55:06,114
- we would need a surface on
77,700 square kilometers.

614
00:55:06,164 --> 00:55:12,728
The energy from there would suffice
electricity networks in all states throughout the United States.

615
00:55:15,173 --> 00:55:19,752
Mount Signal is a project that provides
electricity to 70,000 households in San Diego.

616
00:55:19,802 --> 00:55:25,574
The second phase of the energy will
sent to Southern California.

617
00:55:27,018 --> 00:55:32,849
The cost of electricity from Mount Signal
is lower than electricity from fossil fuels.

618
00:55:32,899 --> 00:55:38,421
The cost is also
safe for use.

619
00:55:39,238 --> 00:55:42,608
The price is fixed
the next 25 years.

620
00:55:42,658 --> 00:55:47,972
It is not offered
from fossil energy sources.

621
00:55:48,664 --> 00:55:51,951
We have already integrated
much solar power in California.

622
00:55:52,001 --> 00:55:54,662
Ten years ago, people said
that it was impossible-

623
00:55:54,712 --> 00:56:00,543
- but today solar energy already covers
up to 25% of California's needs.

624
00:56:00,593 --> 00:56:06,174
Taxpayers got none
increased costs and everything works.

625
00:56:06,224 --> 00:56:10,286
And we got reduced
carbon emissions in the purchase.

626
00:56:15,483 --> 00:56:20,355
Lately, state works
offered to buy solar cells.

627
00:56:20,405 --> 00:56:23,566
The attitude is changing.

628
00:56:23,616 --> 00:56:27,070
We still underestimate
the value of solar cells.

629
00:56:27,120 --> 00:56:32,658
People do not know that in five years
are the solar cells much cheaper-

630
00:56:32,708 --> 00:56:35,661
-and can be used at night.

631
00:56:35,711 --> 00:56:37,872
In combination with wind power

632
00:56:37,922 --> 00:56:41,417
- we can live in an environment with
100 percent renewable energy.

633
00:56:41,467 --> 00:56:46,422
It is fully feasible.
No new inventions are required.

634
00:56:46,472 --> 00:56:48,341
We already have the technology.

635
00:56:48,391 --> 00:56:53,346
We just have to make sure
that those responsible for

636
00:56:53,396 --> 00:56:57,100
- planning of
resource use and infrastructure

637
00:56:57,150 --> 00:57:03,923
- Understands this technology
becomes cheaper over time.

638
00:57:08,244 --> 00:57:13,783
The coal is coming back.
Clean coal, 100 percent.

639
00:57:13,833 --> 00:57:18,162
My government is stopping
for the war against the coal.

640
00:57:18,212 --> 00:57:22,858
We should have clean coal. Really clean.

641
00:57:24,719 --> 00:57:27,255
Think Progress:
Clean energy employs multiple

642
00:57:27,305 --> 00:57:30,783
- than fossil fuels do,
in almost all states

643
00:57:32,018 --> 00:57:33,511
The Independent:

644
00:57:33,561 --> 00:57:37,390
World-leading carbon company closes
37 mines when solar prices fall

645
00:57:37,440 --> 00:57:39,583
Fossil producers under pressure

646
00:57:41,486 --> 00:57:46,357
Solar energy beats its own record
with the cheapest electricity-

647
00:57:46,407 --> 00:57:51,029
- "compared with
all other technologies ever "

648
00:57:51,779 --> 00:57:54,657
It can be difficult to communicate
science to the public.

649
00:57:54,707 --> 00:57:57,452
Today, we assume the challenge

650
00:57:57,502 --> 00:58:03,124
- and adds an extra
effort behind.

651
00:58:03,174 --> 00:58:07,003
Interest groups funded
of fossil fuel operators

652
00:58:07,553 --> 00:58:09,630
-designs climate discussion-

653
00:58:09,680 --> 00:58:13,009
- to confuse the public
and the decision makers.

654
00:58:13,559 --> 00:58:15,261
We must transform the entire energy sector -

655
00:58:15,311 --> 00:58:18,973
- quit fossil fuels
and switch to renewable energy.

656
00:58:19,023 --> 00:58:24,020
But it gets pretty awkward
for the powerful fossil industry

657
00:58:24,070 --> 00:58:29,233
- who have invested millions of dollars
in creating a dependency on them.

658
00:58:29,283 --> 00:58:32,528
They have struggled hard
to maintain that dependency.

661
00:58:45,341 --> 00:58:48,294
We are often asked how we can know

662
00:58:48,344 --> 00:58:52,298
- that the increased CO2 level in the atmosphere
depends on human activity.

663
00:58:52,348 --> 00:58:57,203
The answer is that we leave climate footprints
after us, around the atmosphere.

664
00:58:58,771 --> 00:59:05,436
One such imprint is called carbon-14,
or radioactive carbon.

665
00:59:05,486 --> 00:59:11,109
When we burn coal, oil and gas
we leave an imprint in the atmosphere

666
00:59:11,159 --> 00:59:15,947
-of what we call negative carbon-14.

667
00:59:15,997 --> 00:59:20,451
Because fossil fuels are so old
there is no carbon 14 left anymore.

668
00:59:20,501 --> 00:59:25,456
We can specify the quantity with precision
fossil fuels we consume

669
00:59:25,506 --> 00:59:27,917
- by measuring C-14 in the atmosphere.

670
00:59:27,967 --> 00:59:33,322
It is nature's own verification
systems we use.

671
00:59:36,350 --> 00:59:40,888
They have convinced enough
and have enough

672
00:59:40,938 --> 00:59:45,643
- to make it even more difficult
than it was before

673
00:59:45,693 --> 00:59:49,272
- to address climate change.
It's so depressing.

674
00:59:49,322 --> 00:59:55,653
The agenda of many of them
fossil fuel companies

675
00:59:55,703 --> 01:00:01,034
- is malicious in view of
the devastation that affects our planet.

677
01:00:08,466 --> 01:00:12,754
I think parts of it
well-financed climate denial

678
01:00:12,804 --> 01:00:15,631
- performed by people
who really know better-

679
01:00:15,681 --> 01:00:20,703
- is a crime against humanity.
They should be brought to justice in The Hague.

680
01:00:29,153 --> 01:00:32,940
While the climate deniers
has managed to delay the action -

681
01:00:32,990 --> 01:00:36,319
- has a lot more ominous
problem appeared.

682
01:00:36,369 --> 01:00:43,368
Recently, researchers have seen elevated levels
levels of methane in the atmosphere.

683
01:00:43,418 --> 01:00:46,788
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas

684
01:00:46,838 --> 01:00:50,958
- with the potential to enhance
further temperatures.

685
01:00:51,008 --> 01:00:56,089
An increase in methane suggests
that we are approaching a critical point.

686
01:00:56,139 --> 01:00:58,132
But where does the gas come from?

687
01:00:58,182 --> 01:01:02,512
And how much does it accelerate
climate disruption?

688
01:01:02,562 --> 01:01:05,289
The researchers are stressing
to find out.

689
01:01:11,362 --> 01:01:15,817
This is the University of Wyomings
mobile laboratory.

690
01:01:15,867 --> 01:01:21,989
Here are instruments that measure
what is in the air we breathe now.

691
01:01:22,039 --> 01:01:27,912
That way we can track
emissions and gases

692
01:01:27,962 --> 01:01:31,999
- and find out
were the sources of the emissions

693
01:01:32,049 --> 01:01:35,653
- And what leads to
elevated methane levels.

694
01:01:38,181 --> 01:01:40,466
Inside the lab
There are a couple of instruments.

695
01:01:40,516 --> 01:01:44,220
Here is a  Proton Transfer Reaction
Time of Flight Mass Spec.

696
01:01:44,270 --> 01:01:48,307
It measures volatile organic matter
such as benzene and toluene.

697
01:01:48,357 --> 01:01:53,563
Here is a  Picarro Cavity Ring-Down
that measures the methane concentration.

698
01:01:53,613 --> 01:01:57,775
We can read all the data
from real-time instruments

699
01:01:57,825 --> 01:02:04,240
- thanks to an intake on top of the car
that draws in air to the instruments.

700
01:02:04,290 --> 01:02:09,912
After the measurements we arrived
that we have more methane sources

701
01:02:09,962 --> 01:02:14,500
- in areas where we extract the gas,
than we had expected.

702
01:02:14,550 --> 01:02:17,795
To be able to specify
where the methane leaks are-

703
01:02:17,845 --> 01:02:20,798
- one must be near the sources.

704
01:02:20,848 --> 01:02:26,120
The mobile lab helps us
to locate the largest leaks.

705
01:02:27,647 --> 01:02:31,059
The company has opened
a brand new facility.

706
01:02:31,109 --> 01:02:36,898
22 new gas sources have been drilled
in the middle of the settlement in Western Greeley.

707
01:02:36,948 --> 01:02:41,385
The facility has been controversial,
regarding size and location.

708
01:02:46,374 --> 01:02:52,622
It is said that society does not have
been able to keep up with what is going on there.

709
01:02:52,672 --> 01:02:55,375
A high sound level surrounds the business-

710
01:02:55,425 --> 01:03:01,172
- And the state probably doesn't do its best
to facilitate communication.

711
01:03:01,222 --> 01:03:06,511
We saw a lot of flames,
which indicates large volumes of gas.

712
01:03:06,561 --> 01:03:11,349
The yellow color of the flame shows
that it is not full combustion.

713
01:03:11,399 --> 01:03:15,311
We shall continue to investigate the sources

715
01:03:20,074 --> 01:03:24,612
Some oil and gas producing
regions have such a large

716
01:03:24,662 --> 01:03:28,825
- concentration of methane in the air
that it is visible from space.

717
01:03:28,875 --> 01:03:34,080
It happened a few years ago
in the region of the four corners.

718
01:03:34,130 --> 01:03:38,376
That's the key for us
when to find out

720
01:03:53,524 --> 01:03:59,731
In 2014, NASA researchers identified
in collaboration with NOAA-

721
01:03:59,781 --> 01:04:03,151
- University of Michigan
and other researchers

722
01:04:03,201 --> 01:04:08,197
- a methane cloud like Delaware
in the region of the four corners.

723
01:04:08,247 --> 01:04:14,871
It is the largest accumulation
methane gas throughout the United States.

724
01:04:14,921 --> 01:04:19,876
This ranch, where we are now,
is the approximate zero point.

725
01:04:19,926 --> 01:04:26,007
If you could find the midpoint
on the Delaware-shaped cloud

726
01:04:26,557 --> 01:04:28,426
- It would very well
be here.

727
01:04:28,476 --> 01:04:32,930
One has been identified
that the cause of methane cloud

728
01:04:32,980 --> 01:04:38,728
- mainly emissions
in connection with drilling

729
01:04:38,778 --> 01:04:43,340
- as well as emissions from coal
and other fossil fuels.

730
01:04:45,368 --> 01:04:51,991
The methane cloud was identified by
the technology that NOAA and NASA had

731
01:04:52,041 --> 01:04:54,994
- due
FLIR camera arrival.

732
01:04:55,044 --> 01:05:01,167
There are infrared cameras that look
leaks, emissions and flames

733
01:05:01,217 --> 01:05:03,753
- which causes the methane cloud to grow.

734
01:05:03,803 --> 01:05:10,134
You have to see the whole picture.
It has been at least 60 years

735
01:05:10,184 --> 01:05:17,308
- of leaks, emissions and burning
here in the San Jaun sink.

736
01:05:17,358 --> 01:05:23,815
Over 30,000 sources
has got methane cloud

737
01:05:23,865 --> 01:05:27,694
- to accumulate
and provide evidence for

738
01:05:27,744 --> 01:05:33,032
- what drilling for natural gas
leads to ultimately.

739
01:05:33,082 --> 01:05:38,496
People do not know common sources
has created methane cloud

740
01:05:38,546 --> 01:05:42,024
- and that they themselves daily
have been accomplices.

741
01:05:46,512 --> 01:05:51,718
This is a common gas source.
This equipment is available

742
01:05:51,768 --> 01:05:55,930
- throughout the San Juan sink
and on many other gas fields in the United States.

743
01:05:55,980 --> 01:06:00,351
This leaks considerably from the standard
parts on it.

744
01:06:00,401 --> 01:06:06,816
All that is needed here is
a wrench and a little teflon tape.

745
01:06:06,866 --> 01:06:09,318
A little review would fix the leak.

746
01:06:09,368 --> 01:06:16,784
I wish I could ask
investors in gas and oil here

747
01:06:16,834 --> 01:06:20,288
- where I stand
and let them see that leak.

748
01:06:20,338 --> 01:06:24,292
Let them multiply it
with 18,000 in the San Juan sink

749
01:06:24,342 --> 01:06:28,546
- and make them stop obstructing
a federal rule

750
01:06:28,596 --> 01:06:32,550
- protect my family,
protect taxpayers in New Mexico

751
01:06:32,600 --> 01:06:37,680
- and offer fair and equal
protection in all states.

752
01:06:37,730 --> 01:06:42,185
Get them out of the boardroom
and come here-

753
01:06:42,235 --> 01:06:45,938
- and let them look at the leak
which is so easy to cook.

754
01:06:45,988 --> 01:06:50,276
When I was told
that environmental manager Scott Pruitt-

755
01:06:50,326 --> 01:06:54,030
- knew that there were facts

756
01:06:54,080 --> 01:06:57,700
- that strengthened methane and
other leaking chemicals

757
01:06:57,750 --> 01:07:01,788
- are more harmful to children
than they are for me.

758
01:07:01,838 --> 01:07:08,544
Then I became so angry that he wanted
prevent federal protection for us.

759
01:07:08,594 --> 01:07:15,218
If anyone came to my ranch
with intent to harm my child

760
01:07:15,268 --> 01:07:17,995
-It would be over my dead body.

761
01:07:31,492 --> 01:07:38,324
250 million years ago became one
secondary effect of methane emissions

762
01:07:38,374 --> 01:07:42,912
- that much of life
on the ground died out.

763
01:07:42,962 --> 01:07:46,249
Now it is discussed around
the methane found in the Arctic

764
01:07:46,299 --> 01:07:50,378
- in the permafrost or in the sea of   the world.

765
01:07:50,428 --> 01:07:57,868
How fast can methane be mobilized
and how destructive it becomes?

766
01:07:58,603 --> 01:08:04,767
Release of ancient methane
can lead to even more warming.

767
01:08:04,817 --> 01:08:08,730
Will the methane be created
an apocalyptic scenario?

768
01:08:08,780 --> 01:08:13,651
It's a question that researchers have
desperately trying to answer.

769
01:08:13,701 --> 01:08:18,531
I am the head of the Center for Gas
Hydrate, Environment & Climate.

770
01:08:18,581 --> 01:08:23,036
We are a team with 50-60 researchers
who works to understand us-

771
01:08:23,086 --> 01:08:27,498
- what impact methane has on
the global climate system.

772
01:08:27,548 --> 01:08:33,838
Methane is stored below
The bottom of the Arctic Ocean

773
01:08:33,888 --> 01:08:38,926
- in places we sometimes know,
but we usually don't know much about them.

774
01:08:38,976 --> 01:08:45,975
We apply geophysical methods
to quantify the reservoirs

775
01:08:46,025 --> 01:08:51,797
- and to see how stable
The methane hydrates are today and later.

777
01:08:57,912 --> 01:09:01,532
Fortunately, methane has a short lifetime.

778
01:09:01,582 --> 01:09:07,455
The earth has a natural system
which regulates the supply of methane

779
01:09:07,505 --> 01:09:10,291
-from the garden and out into the atmosphere.

780
01:09:10,341 --> 01:09:13,169
The system works quite well

781
01:09:13,219 --> 01:09:17,673
- but it changes,
because the ocean currents change

782
01:09:17,723 --> 01:09:22,762
- just like the garden temperature
and the garden chemistry is changing.

783
01:09:22,812 --> 01:09:26,808
The methane was
in a kind of equilibrium mode

784
01:09:26,858 --> 01:09:32,438
- but in recent years
we have seen a large increase in methane.

785
01:09:32,488 --> 01:09:35,274
We don't know where it comes from.

786
01:09:35,324 --> 01:09:40,780
Of course it puts it
pressure on science

787
01:09:40,830 --> 01:09:45,868
- to give politicians an answer regarding
methane in the atmosphere.

788
01:09:45,918 --> 01:09:51,874
Where does the methane come from?
What else becomes unstable at present?

789
01:09:51,924 --> 01:09:56,421
We have presented some clear
campaigns where we have measured

790
01:09:56,471 --> 01:10:02,844
- by the seabed, in the sea,
at the sea surface and in the air,

791
01:10:02,894 --> 01:10:08,433
- to understand how methane is regulated
throughout the system.

792
01:10:08,483 --> 01:10:11,394
There is a lot
methane stored in the seabed.

793
01:10:11,444 --> 01:10:16,107
So much to the slightest change
can have an impact

794
01:10:16,157 --> 01:10:20,028
- on the ocean or the atmosphere.

795
01:10:20,078 --> 01:10:22,488
META MEASUREMENTS
IN NORWAY ISHAVET

796
01:10:22,538 --> 01:10:26,909
The balance here needs more focus
and more observations-

797
01:10:26,959 --> 01:10:33,524
- where you combine atmospheric,
sea   and climate competence.

798
01:10:35,635 --> 01:10:41,424
In my profession I study
how methane seeps into the sea

799
01:10:41,474 --> 01:10:44,218
-In the Russian Sea and in the Barents Sea.

800
01:10:44,268 --> 01:10:47,680
It is simply gas bubbles
rising from the seabed.

801
01:10:47,730 --> 01:10:52,310
The bubbles consist mostly of methane gas.

802
01:10:52,360 --> 01:10:58,507
First we have gas hydrates
which is in solid form and similar to ice.

803
01:10:59,909 --> 01:11:04,305
The gas is also available in free form,
which becomes gas bubbles.

804
01:11:05,081 --> 01:11:07,533
The plumes of methane bubbles may vary.

805
01:11:07,583 --> 01:11:14,023
In some places
they can be 800-900 meters long.

806
01:11:15,716 --> 01:11:19,337
Depth in these areas
is just over 1,200 meters.

807
01:11:19,387 --> 01:11:25,051
In shallower water reaches
the bubbles almost up to the surface.

808
01:11:25,101 --> 01:11:29,555
The East Siberian Sea is definitely
interesting when studying methane

809
01:11:29,605 --> 01:11:31,599
-As it is so shallow there.

810
01:11:31,649 --> 01:11:37,355
There is a great chance to
the methane bubbles reach the surface.

811
01:11:37,405 --> 01:11:44,595
In some areas, such as Spetsbergen,
There is methane that almost reaches the surface.

812
01:11:50,877 --> 01:11:53,830
We've warmed up the atmosphere
so much -

813
01:11:53,880 --> 01:11:57,441
-We've started melting the Arctic.

814
01:11:58,134 --> 01:12:03,297
Potentially, we are facing
an abrupt climate scenario.

815
01:12:03,347 --> 01:12:07,844
Today's calculations show that we
passes the Paris agreement with raw

816
01:12:07,894 --> 01:12:10,430
up to five degrees and more.

817
01:12:10,480 --> 01:12:16,227
It triggers even more
disastrous events.

818
01:12:16,277 --> 01:12:21,607
The heating can lead to big ones
supplement of methane in the atmosphere.

819
01:12:21,657 --> 01:12:25,528
It should really worry us.

820
01:12:25,578 --> 01:12:29,824
I want to add that it is one
of many possible stressors.

821
01:12:29,874 --> 01:12:35,204
We are approaching a high-risk
situation where we lack experience.

822
01:12:35,254 --> 01:12:39,066
We don't know how
should deal with it.

823
01:12:43,971 --> 01:12:45,465
PERMAFROST:

824
01:12:45,515 --> 01:12:52,288
Land that has been constantly frozen
and containing methane and CO2

825
01:13:00,154 --> 01:13:04,942
Permafrost and methane
are great concerns.

826
01:13:04,992 --> 01:13:11,699
I think we should
be more attentive

827
01:13:11,749 --> 01:13:16,270
- on methane in general,
in relation to the climate problems.

829
01:13:24,554 --> 01:13:28,007
The risk is that you
passing the breakpoint

830
01:13:28,057 --> 01:13:33,496
- where it then becomes difficult
reverse the trend.

831
01:13:39,694 --> 01:13:42,730
PERMAFROST AREA
ALASKA

832
01:13:42,780 --> 01:13:45,733
There is a perfectly reasonable one
feedback mechanism.

833
01:13:45,783 --> 01:13:52,323
There are huge amounts in the permafrost
organic matter frozen.

834
01:13:52,373 --> 01:13:57,912
The amount potentially
can become CO2 and methane

835
01:13:57,962 --> 01:14:05,194
- can be four times bigger than everything
fossil fuel we have consumed.

836
01:14:08,681 --> 01:14:11,759
30,000 year old methane
bubbles up from a frozen lake

837
01:14:11,809 --> 01:14:16,180
If we thaw up
all frozen material

838
01:14:16,230 --> 01:14:22,895
- the most likely emission of CO2 occurs
and methane gas in large scale

840
01:14:29,702 --> 01:14:32,947
I study methane emissions from lakes.

841
01:14:32,997 --> 01:14:39,353
We are in inner Alaska where we have
discontinuous permafrost.

842
01:14:40,171 --> 01:14:42,915
We look at microbial methane.

843
01:14:42,965 --> 01:14:48,087
The methane that bubbles behind me
comes from dead plants and animal

844
01:14:48,137 --> 01:14:51,966
- which was frozen into the permafrost
tens of thousands of years ago.

845
01:14:52,016 --> 01:14:54,010
As the permafrost tinar-

846
01:14:54,060 --> 01:14:59,623
- Eat the microbes in the soil
and make it methane.

847
01:15:01,025 --> 01:15:07,732
The thawing permafrost
fire on methane production.

848
01:15:07,782 --> 01:15:10,818
Then the methane disappears
up in the atmosphere

851
01:15:18,584 --> 01:15:23,081
What worries us is
that as the climate gets warmer-

852
01:15:23,131 --> 01:15:26,751
- at a faster pace
than the last 10,000 years

854
01:15:30,763 --> 01:15:34,300
- and let go
methane gas faster.

856
01:15:38,896 --> 01:15:41,682
Highly concentrated methane
is flammable

857
01:15:41,732 --> 01:15:44,769
- So if it's a flame
it is methane.

859
01:15:52,493 --> 01:15:58,408
Many new lakes have been formed as not
existed here 30 or 60 years ago.

860
01:15:58,458 --> 01:16:04,939
The lakes contain 10-100 times
more methane than the other lakes.

861
01:16:05,715 --> 01:16:09,919
They give a picture of the methane emissions
as we can expect-

862
01:16:09,969 --> 01:16:16,634
- the next 10 to 50 years
as the permafrost thaws.

863
01:16:16,684 --> 01:16:21,622
Then comes the permafrost feedback cycle
and it accelerates even more.

864
01:16:23,524 --> 01:16:26,978
Is it methane? Is it permafrost?

865
01:16:27,028 --> 01:16:31,816
Is it the organic coal in the seas
who suddenly move again?

867
01:16:35,578 --> 01:16:41,659
You have to ask about it
is there feedback in the system?

868
01:16:41,709 --> 01:16:43,953
The answer is yes.

869
01:16:44,003 --> 01:16:47,623
It is usually common sense

870
01:16:47,673 --> 01:16:51,694
- that the less you disturb the climate,
The better it will be.

871
01:17:03,898 --> 01:17:09,354
We have the solutions ready,
but the question still remains.

872
01:17:09,404 --> 01:17:14,925
We can mobilize and act
collectively before it is late?

873
01:17:15,618 --> 01:17:18,554
The will to do so
is not really there.

874
01:17:19,747 --> 01:17:24,994
The Paris Agreement says
that we must reduce carbon emissions

875
01:17:25,044 --> 01:17:28,664
- and keep the temperature
below a certain level

876
01:17:28,714 --> 01:17:32,860
- Although we won't
to do that.

877
01:17:34,011 --> 01:17:40,201
What can save us is technology
that sucks CO2 out of the atmosphere.

878
01:17:41,561 --> 01:17:47,725
Then you should bet
all the resources of humanity-

879
01:17:47,775 --> 01:17:51,670
- to develop CO2 purification methods
which works.

880
01:17:53,114 --> 01:17:58,010
Then we can save the world,
So why don't we?

881
01:18:06,085 --> 01:18:09,622
CLIMEWORKS
GET IN CO2 FROM THE AIR

882
01:18:09,672 --> 01:18:15,461
Direct Air Capture is machines
which removes CO2 from the air.

883
01:18:15,511 --> 01:18:18,840
We have worked with
technology over the past ten years -

885
01:18:22,643 --> 01:18:25,221
-and as economical as possible.

886
01:18:25,271 --> 01:18:31,769
The machine consists of four containers
and can have any size whatsoever.

887
01:18:31,819 --> 01:18:34,046
Here the air is sucked in ...

888
01:18:34,822 --> 01:18:38,426
... and inside there is
our filter construction.

890
01:18:44,582 --> 01:18:48,703
When CO2 is captured
ends up in a greenhouse.

893
01:18:55,218 --> 01:18:59,088
Similar is happening nowadays,
solid with fossil CO2.

894
01:18:59,138 --> 01:19:02,575
In the future they will come
to use atmospheric CO2.

895
01:19:06,145 --> 01:19:09,057
The facility does
that you can stop the carbon cycle.

896
01:19:09,107 --> 01:19:14,479
The CO2 that gets into the greenhouse
also ends up in cucumbers and tomatoes

898
01:19:17,657 --> 01:19:21,527
But because we capture CO2 again
the circle is closed.

899
01:19:21,577 --> 01:19:25,406
This can be
the missing cake bit -

900
01:19:25,456 --> 01:19:31,771
- needed to stop the carbon cycle
in the energy or transport sector.

901
01:19:35,007 --> 01:19:38,336
In addition to using CO2
in a greenhouse like this

902
01:19:38,386 --> 01:19:42,840
- can we take CO2,
water and renewable energy

903
01:19:42,890 --> 01:19:47,286
- and of it produce fuel,
for example, aviation fuel.

904
01:19:47,979 --> 01:19:51,974
To capture one percent
of the global CO2 emissions

905
01:19:52,024 --> 01:19:55,770
- about 300,000 needed
of the plants behind me

906
01:19:55,820 --> 01:19:58,064
-Which is a very high figure.

907
01:19:58,114 --> 01:20:00,942
But compared to today's
the infrastructures

908
01:20:00,992 --> 01:20:07,223
- it is an extent that we can handle,
so it is definitely possible.

909
01:20:09,375 --> 01:20:12,495
Hellisheidi power plant for
geothermal energy in Iceland

910
01:20:12,545 --> 01:20:16,207
The next project is
a plant in Iceland-

912
01:20:22,680 --> 01:20:26,926
Two hours later you do
CO2 to a stone

913
01:20:26,976 --> 01:20:31,247
- that keeps it permanently
and safely.

914
01:20:33,274 --> 01:20:37,795
To operate the plant
we use geothermal heat.

915
01:20:38,821 --> 01:20:41,107
It is abundant in Iceland.

916
01:20:41,157 --> 01:20:46,362
It hardly gives any carbon footprint
to operate the machinery.

917
01:20:46,412 --> 01:20:52,618
It's a great day. We have received
The CO2 plant to Iceland.

918
01:20:52,668 --> 01:20:57,123
We pull CO2 out of the air,
pumps it down underground

919
01:20:57,173 --> 01:21:01,377
- and store it in the rock below us,
where the carbon dioxide is bound.

920
01:21:01,427 --> 01:21:06,716
So we take CO2 from the air
and turn it into stone.

921
01:21:06,766 --> 01:21:13,139
Last night was the first time that
atmospheric CO2 was introduced into the ground.

922
01:21:13,189 --> 01:21:19,145
We can come up
in millions of tons of CO2 per year

923
01:21:19,195 --> 01:21:21,773
- which can be extracted from the atmosphere.

924
01:21:21,823 --> 01:21:25,068
As far as we know it is
the first time in the world-

925
01:21:25,118 --> 01:21:28,404
- as direct capture of CO2
has been combined with

926
01:21:28,454 --> 01:21:32,308
- with underground, safe and
permanent storage of CO2.

927
01:21:35,795 --> 01:21:39,040
We have a new relationship with coal.

928
01:21:39,090 --> 01:21:42,335
Can't find us
a new use for it?

929
01:21:42,385 --> 01:21:46,214
Can't we have it
in plastic or building materials?

930
01:21:46,264 --> 01:21:51,786
We may be able to convert carbon dioxide
to something we need every day?

931
01:22:00,194 --> 01:22:07,360
A LOW LIGHT UP THE WAY

932
01:22:07,410 --> 01:22:12,949
My name is Daniel Nocera and I am
professor of energy at Harvard.

933
01:22:12,999 --> 01:22:19,122
In the lab we invented the artificial
and the bionic leaf.

934
01:22:19,172 --> 01:22:24,127
They can perform
a complete photosynthesis.

935
01:22:24,177 --> 01:22:29,115
Sunlight, air and water
they convert into fuel and food.

936
01:22:30,224 --> 01:22:32,969
Think about photosynthesis.

937
01:22:33,019 --> 01:22:38,307
What is it doing?
It makes life's building blocks.

938
01:22:38,357 --> 01:22:44,897
The building blocks are CO2,
water and sunlight.

939
01:22:44,947 --> 01:22:48,067
Then we build all this.

940
01:22:48,117 --> 01:22:53,364
Wood, food, starch and biomass.

941
01:22:53,414 --> 01:22:56,826
It's an incredible transformation.

942
01:22:56,876 --> 01:23:02,957
Photosynthesis is complicated,
but we really listened to nature.

943
01:23:03,007 --> 01:23:06,377
And we did that for 30 years.

944
01:23:06,427 --> 01:23:09,130
What makes me so happy-

945
01:23:09,180 --> 01:23:12,258
- is that we are not just
can make it artificially-

946
01:23:12,308 --> 01:23:16,220
- but also ten times better
than the real photosynthesis.

947
01:23:16,270 --> 01:23:20,391
We developed catalysts
that covered the artificial leaf.

948
01:23:20,441 --> 01:23:24,312
They split the water
in hydrogen and oxygen.

949
01:23:24,362 --> 01:23:27,815
The second part of the invention
is the bionic leaf.

950
01:23:27,865 --> 01:23:33,071
It takes nitrogen from bacteria
and manufactures fuel.

951
01:23:33,121 --> 01:23:37,408
Depending on the genes
i put into the bacterium

952
01:23:37,458 --> 01:23:41,788
- I can get the bacterium
to manufacture materials, medicines

953
01:23:41,838 --> 01:23:44,624
- and we've shown
that they can make fertilizers.

954
01:23:44,674 --> 01:23:51,672
We can use all kinds of water.
Plain water, sea water ...

955
01:23:51,722 --> 01:23:56,135
You only have my artificial leaves
one can do it in the garden.

956
01:23:56,185 --> 01:24:01,307
We don't have to dig it up like that
are there and release more CO2.

957
01:24:01,357 --> 01:24:04,394
The artificial leaf
in collaboration with the bionic

958
01:24:04,444 --> 01:24:09,065
- takes CO2 out of the air and uses
sun and water to make fuel.

959
01:24:09,115 --> 01:24:14,529
So we don't add any more
CO2 to the atmosphere.

960
01:24:14,579 --> 01:24:18,533
Another thing is the cost.

961
01:24:18,583 --> 01:24:24,622
I-countries have added fantasy sums
to build what they have today.

962
01:24:24,672 --> 01:24:30,086
It is difficult to abandon one billion
investment that you have paid off.

963
01:24:30,136 --> 01:24:32,004
That's what it's all about.

964
01:24:32,054 --> 01:24:36,784
Therefore, guidelines are required
and good collaborations.

965
01:24:37,477 --> 01:24:42,807
And that the public gets to know
that they have alternative

966
01:24:42,857 --> 01:24:46,585
-and that the world can change.

968
01:24:55,828 --> 01:25:01,492
The green economy creates
already millions of jobs.

969
01:25:01,542 --> 01:25:06,998
It will surpass the economy
from the fossil fuel industry.

970
01:25:07,048 --> 01:25:13,296
The challenge to reverse the climate crisis
provides new opportunities for everyone.

971
01:25:13,346 --> 01:25:18,451
It's now more profitable
than ever to be green.

972
01:25:21,354 --> 01:25:27,560
Until recently, more was earned
to create problems

973
01:25:27,610 --> 01:25:31,773
- even coming up with solutions.

974
01:25:31,823 --> 01:25:36,944
The solutions therefore required
subsidies that hardly existed.

975
01:25:36,994 --> 01:25:40,281
The alternatives were altruism or belief.

977
01:25:44,794 --> 01:25:50,166
Then a transition took place where the profit
from the solutions became bigger-

978
01:25:50,216 --> 01:25:54,796
- than the benefits of the problems,
which is not so easy to understand.

979
01:25:54,846 --> 01:25:58,591
It does not mean altruism
Not needed, it's something great.

980
01:25:58,641 --> 01:26:03,763
But altruism will not be required
to take the step towards a world-

981
01:26:03,813 --> 01:26:09,018
- where we turn the heating,
because it is cheaper.

982
01:26:09,068 --> 01:26:12,480
It's more profitable, more affordable
and creates more jobs.

983
01:26:12,530 --> 01:26:16,567
It's the most amazing
which has happened for several years.

984
01:26:16,617 --> 01:26:20,405
And it will only grow
as the years go by

985
01:26:20,455 --> 01:26:22,907
- Because engineers
and designers

986
01:26:22,957 --> 01:26:28,413
- which are largely unknown,
works diligently to develop

987
01:26:28,463 --> 01:26:34,819
- a new way for man
to relate to the planet.

988
01:26:44,896 --> 01:26:52,503
ORKNEY ISLANDS
SCOTLAND

989
01:26:53,446 --> 01:26:57,150
Here at Orkney we have
a very strong maritime tradition.

990
01:26:57,200 --> 01:27:01,237
Ever since the 70's has
the oil and gas industry in Aberdeen

991
01:27:01,287 --> 01:27:05,742
- been important to the economy
and created tens of thousands of jobs.

992
01:27:05,792 --> 01:27:08,703
But in recent years we have seen
a large turnaround

993
01:27:08,753 --> 01:27:12,123
- concerning the oil and gas industry
and the oil price.

994
01:27:12,173 --> 01:27:17,462
But we have many experienced people
from offshore jobs on the way in.

995
01:27:17,512 --> 01:27:20,173
They find new jobs
within renewable energy

996
01:27:20,223 --> 01:27:22,283
-hos company like us.

997
01:27:25,394 --> 01:27:29,390
Tides are almost
a completely unused energy source.

998
01:27:29,440 --> 01:27:34,854
We believe we have the potential to achieve
a capacity of at least 100 gigawatts.

999
01:27:34,904 --> 01:27:41,844
That means low-carbon energy
to millions of households.

1000
01:27:43,079 --> 01:27:48,242
Here we see the world's most powerful,
floating tidal generator.

1001
01:27:48,292 --> 01:27:53,230
It is a floating platform
with two fixed rotors.

1002
01:27:57,218 --> 01:28:01,047
When the rotors spin
electricity is produced

1003
01:28:01,097 --> 01:28:04,217
- brought up to the machine,
where it is conditioned.

1004
01:28:04,267 --> 01:28:11,265
Then the electricity is transformed
and carried out into the power grid.

1005
01:28:11,315 --> 01:28:15,878
It's like a wind turbine,
fixed with two rotors instead of one.

1006
01:28:17,113 --> 01:28:19,941
A few weeks ago
we made great progress.

1007
01:28:19,991 --> 01:28:24,070
We had our first 24 hours
with uninterrupted electricity production.

1008
01:28:24,120 --> 01:28:27,365
It actually worked
far better than expected.

1009
01:28:27,415 --> 01:28:33,287
The device itself generated over
18 megawatt hours during the day.

1010
01:28:33,337 --> 01:28:38,209
We are moving towards more traditional ones
methods in renewable energy.

1011
01:28:38,259 --> 01:28:42,547
We put the tide on the map as
a competitive alternative

1012
01:28:42,597 --> 01:28:45,574
- Worldwide,
and the world needs.

1013
01:28:47,518 --> 01:28:51,139
The turbine is 63 meters in total.

1014
01:28:51,189 --> 01:28:54,726
We convert the energy on board
so that it is completely clear-

1015
01:28:54,776 --> 01:28:58,021
- to be exported straight out
in the UK electricity grid.

1016
01:28:58,071 --> 01:29:04,193
We aim for
tens of thousands of tidal turbines.

1017
01:29:04,243 --> 01:29:06,237
It's a complete system

1018
01:29:06,287 --> 01:29:08,973
- for production
of low carbon energy.

1019
01:29:12,085 --> 01:29:15,038
EMEC was built as a test lab

1020
01:29:15,088 --> 01:29:20,543
- because we know there are huge
amounts of energy in the world's oceans.

1021
01:29:20,593 --> 01:29:23,171
We try to find a way
to extract it.

1022
01:29:23,221 --> 01:29:27,300
We realized that it was important
to have a test center

1023
01:29:27,350 --> 01:29:30,470
- where we could find out
how this would happen.

1024
01:29:30,520 --> 01:29:35,058
From the test center we have cables
leading straight to the sea

1025
01:29:35,108 --> 01:29:40,229
- like the developers of the machines
can connect.

1026
01:29:40,279 --> 01:29:42,673
Then the electricity is brought in

1027
01:29:43,783 --> 01:29:46,486
- and straight out
in our national electricity grid.

1028
01:29:46,536 --> 01:29:50,806
They create electricity from seawater.

1029
01:29:51,916 --> 01:29:56,496
Now we have the Penguin device here,
made by the company Wello Oy.

1030
01:29:56,546 --> 01:30:01,334
Their machine basically consists of
a large pendulum inside the ship.

1031
01:30:01,384 --> 01:30:04,712
As the ship moves
spins the pendulum horizontally.

1032
01:30:04,762 --> 01:30:06,756
It generates energy.

1033
01:30:06,806 --> 01:30:10,593
The sea is ruthless and
always trying to damage the equipment

1034
01:30:10,643 --> 01:30:15,473
- so to bring out equipment that is
reliable, robust, efficient, profitable ...

1035
01:30:15,523 --> 01:30:17,767
All the developers wrestle with that.

1036
01:30:17,817 --> 01:30:21,062
But we have already managed to create gold.

1037
01:30:21,112 --> 01:30:23,898
We've actually transformed
sea   water for energy.

1038
01:30:23,948 --> 01:30:27,944
It's huge, because people
has questioned it for years.

1040
01:30:55,271 --> 01:30:58,850
No one can claim that the researchers
have not warned us-

1041
01:30:58,900 --> 01:31:03,187
- and said that we must reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

1042
01:31:03,237 --> 01:31:04,939
It should be crystal clear.

1043
01:31:04,989 --> 01:31:07,734
How many breakpoints can we pass-

1045
01:31:13,164 --> 01:31:18,703
- or that most of life
on the planet does not manage?

1046
01:31:18,753 --> 01:31:23,207
It must not go so far.
And we're so fucking close now.

1047
01:31:23,257 --> 01:31:29,005
Either we hold the course
and drowning, burning up

1048
01:31:29,055 --> 01:31:32,675
- and starve to death
as a result of the climate crisis.

1051
01:31:40,942 --> 01:31:43,561
Or has the game just begun?

1052
01:31:43,611 --> 01:31:50,151
After all, we have the knowledge and solutions that
can turn global warming.

1053
01:31:50,201 --> 01:31:54,489
Don't mitigate or reduce it.
We can turn it around.

1054
01:31:54,539 --> 01:31:57,784
When setting high goals
new opportunities are opened.

1055
01:31:57,834 --> 01:32:01,662
It opens the imagination
and opens for innovations.

1056
01:32:01,712 --> 01:32:04,749
It does not exclude anything,
rather the opposite.

1057
01:32:04,799 --> 01:32:08,002
It's not that it exists
a single solution

1058
01:32:08,052 --> 01:32:15,134
- but in collaboration one can achieve
results with 80% of the solutions.

1059
01:32:15,184 --> 01:32:20,848
Each solution has great advantages
that makes the world better for everyone.

1060
01:32:20,898 --> 01:32:27,063
We lose nothing to realize
that climate change is going on-

1061
01:32:27,113 --> 01:32:31,383
- and that we are affected.
So what's the problem?

1062
01:32:37,749 --> 01:32:42,370
We are the first generation
who see climate change -

1063
01:32:42,420 --> 01:32:45,873
- and the last one
with a chance to fix it.

1064
01:32:45,923 --> 01:32:47,834
Despite all the evidence

1065
01:32:47,884 --> 01:32:53,047
- fossil fuels are still used
at an ever increasing rate.

1066
01:32:53,097 --> 01:32:59,804
Science has given us the truth,
based on real research.

1067
01:32:59,854 --> 01:33:06,936
It's time to start listening and
apply the solutions available.

1068
01:33:06,986 --> 01:33:11,524
Time is out soon. Ice melts.

1069
01:33:11,574 --> 01:33:18,031
Resolution measures must be taken now.
There is no other option.

1070
01:33:18,081 --> 01:33:23,661
The opportunity is within our reach.
Now we take it.

1071
01:33:23,711 --> 01:33:26,998
It's up to each of us -

1072
01:33:27,048 --> 01:33:32,778
- to save our unique blue planet
for future generations.

1073
01:33:41,395 --> 01:33:55,916
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