# no callstack, we directly crash through to the intepreter
>>> raise ValueError()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError

# we raise in a function, we crash to line two, which called the function
>>> def a():
...     raise ValueError()
...
>>> a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<input>", line 2, in d
ValueError

# now the long (but not much more complicated) version, if we crash we just go to the most recent call site
>>> def d():
...     raise ValueError()
... def c():
...     d()
... def b():
...     c()
... def a():
...     b()
...
>>> a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<input>", line 8, in a
  File "<input>", line 6, in b
  File "<input>", line 4, in c
  File "<input>", line 2, in d
ValueError