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- PILGRIM AND PURITAN: A DELICATE DISTINCTION by Richard Howland Maxwell
- Near the end of his term as president of the United States, Ronald Reagan delivered an address in
- which he sought to call the American people back to the values of - in his words - "that old Pilgrim,
- John Winthrop." Reagan's successor in office, George Bush - who, according to some, ought to have
- known better because he is a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland - compounded the
- historical error in his 1992 Thanksgiving proclamation by saying, "This Thanksgiving… let us renew
- the solemn commitment that John Winthrop and his fellow Pilgrims made more than 100 years ago."
- Mr. Bush not only had the Pilgrims and Puritans confused; he missed their dates by more than two
- centuries! And a bit more recently, the November 1994 issue of the Daughters of the American
- Revolution Magazine suggested that we include in our Thanksgiving that year "the Puritans in
- Plymouth, Massachusetts from whom most of our traditions come." The same article later described
- the "first Thanksgiving" as "the 1621 feast to celebrate the first long winter the Puritans survived in the
- New World."
- These illustrations of the apparent ignorance of many Americans concerning at least some parts of
- our own history have produced among some of us Mayflower descendants an emotional reaction. We
- become highly incensed if someone refers to the Plymouth settlers as "Puritans," and we become
- downright angry at the thought that Winthrop might be called a "Pilgrim." The purpose of my
- presentation today is to examine with as little prejudice as possible the shared history, similarities,
- and differences between the two groups we commonly call Pilgrims and Puritans.
- Let's start with some basic definitions. The American Heritage Dictionary defines a Puritan as "A
- member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict
- religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England."
- The Puritans, in short, were people who wanted to reform or purify their church. A pilgrim (spelled
- with a lower-case "p"), is defined in that same dictionary as "A religious devotee who journeys to a
- shrine or sacred place, or one who embarks on a quest for something conceived of as sacred." A
- pilgrim is one who makes a journey for a religious purpose.
- In America, we've added specific references to those two terms. We apply the name Pilgrim (with a
- capital "P") to the small band of English people who came here in 1620 on a vessel called the
- Mayflower and settled in Plymouth. We use the name Puritan to refer to a much larger group of
- English immigrants, led by John Winthrop, who came here ten years later and started Massachusetts
- Bay Colony. Both groups were motivated by their religious convictions. Both groups wished to purify
- their church by applying the principles of the Protestant Reformation.
- In other words, the Pilgrims who settled Plymouth were puritans seeking to reform their church, and
- the Puritans who settled Massachusetts Bay were pilgrims (with that lower-case "p") who moved to a
- whole new land because of their religious convictions. Now you know why I call it a "delicate
- distinction!"
- What the two groups have most in common is Puritanism, so it seems appropriate that we take a few
- minutes to consider that movement: the issues which called it into being, its beliefs, and a bit of its
- history. In a biography of William Bradford entitled Bradford of Plymouth, Bradford Smith offered a
- concise description of the movement called Puritanism. He wrote:
- Puritanism in England was essentially a movement within the established church for the
- purifying of that church - for ministers godly and able to teach, for a simplifying of ritual, for a
- return to the virtues of primitive Christianity. There was nothing revolutionary about the main
- body of its doctrine. . Its innovating principle was in the idea that the Bible, rather than any
- established religious hierarchy, was the final authority. Therefore every man, every individual,
- had direct access to the word of God. It was the Puritan's aim to reconstruct and purify not only
- the church, but individual conduct and all the institutions men live by.
- The Protestant Reformation that had taken place in the sixteenth century in Germany, Switzerland,
- and elsewhere on the European continent had not really touched England nearly a century later. By
- the Act of Supremacy in 1534, King Henry VIII had taken control of the Church in his country away
- from the Pope, but little else had changed. The Church of England was the official and only church in
- England. Everybody belonged to it, whether they wanted to or not. Every resident of a given
- community was automatically a member of the parish in that community. Worship services were read
- from a Prayer Book. There was little or no teaching or preaching that went on in worship; therefore,
- there was little need for a trained clergy or for the clergy to make any effort at preparation for worship.
- Because it was an extension of the government, the English church was as subject to political abuse
- and favoritism as any other governmental agency. One result was that the office of the parish priest
- became a sinecure given as an expression of the favor of the hierarchy; many of the clergy were
- assigned to parishes but never went near them! The church members had nothing to say about all of
- this; they were expected to quietly accept whatever the hierarchy of the church thrust upon them. In
- his biography of John Robinson entitled The Pilgrim Way, Robert Merrill Bartlett summarized the
- problems which led to the rise of Puritanism in England as being "the tyranny of the hierarchy, the
- indolence of the clergy, and the lethargy of the laity."
- The initial impetus for the Puritan movement came from a highly enlightened area of England, and the
- movement was noted from the beginning for its intellectual substance. Dr. Bartlett wrote of the
- Puritans:
- They were part of the intellectual and cultural ferment of the Elizabethan period. They were
- close to the amenities of Lincoln, Boston, York, and within the arc of influence that emanated
- from Cambridge [University]. . They were substantial thinkers, and their contribution was not
- only religious and intellectual but of literary significance as well. . These Puritans marshaled a
- mighty brain trust. Their movement was one of the intellectually best equipped in history; and
- they prevailed in their reformation through the force of their logic expressed in dynamic
- Elizabethan English.
- As in any movement bent on major social change, Puritans differed among themselves about the
- degree of change that was necessary and what it would take to effect that change. They were all
- radical, of course; that's the nature of any movement that seeks change. But some were more radical
- than others.
- The least radical of the Puritans were committed to purifying their church from within, with as little
- upheaval as possible. They were content with the idea of a state church and very aware that to
- challenge that church could be construed as an act of treason. They therefore sought to bring about
- within the structure of the Church of England the changes they most wanted: the Bible, not the church
- hierarchy, to be the ultimate authority; membership by choice and therefore limited to those who had
- at least some degree of religious motivation; and an active clergy who carried out some teaching as
- well as purely liturgical functions.
- Then there was a group who wished to retain the Anglican Church identity but reform its polity - its
- form of organization - to give each local congregation control over its own affairs. These people were
- a small minority in the Church in England and were known as congregationalists.
- A major dividing line comes between the two groups that I've just described and the next: the
- Separatists. Most simply stated, these were people who had given up on any possibility of real reform
- within the Anglican Church and sought to separate from it and start their own churches. Again, there
- were differing points of view among the Separatists. They are often lumped together under the name
- Brownist because the first vocal Separatist was a minister named Robert Browne. But Browne was
- extremely radical, and not all Separatists agreed with him either theologically or on church polity.
- Most of the Separatists who stayed in England favored a structured form of church organization
- called presbyterianism, which was already strong in Scotland. Those Separatists who came to New
- England favored the congregational approach to church polity but rejected Browne's extremism.
- And that brings us to these shores. The Pilgrims at Plymouth were Separatists; the Puritans at
- Massachusetts Bay were not. As a matter of fact, one of the deepest concerns for Governor Winthrop
- was the fear that, in New England, his followers would be drawn to the Separatism that was already
- here because of the presence of Plymouth Colony. And that, in effect, is what ultimately happened.
- Both Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth perceived themselves as purely English colonies, subject to
- English law and loyal to the English monarch. But with England an ocean away, the colonists in New
- England - just as much at Massachusetts as at Plymouth - had to make decisions and devise the
- systems by which their society and its institutions would operate. Even though the Church of England
- continued to be the official church in Massachusetts Bay Colony, there were no bishops or other
- hierarchy present to sustain its bureaucracy. The act of moving from old to New England had brought
- about a kind of de facto separatism, and in time the Congregational form of church polity became the
- accepted way throughout the colony.
- That system had undergone much development by the Plymouth group during their exile in Holland
- and under the leadership of their beloved pastor, John Robinson. Of Robinson's thoughts on the
- matter, Bartlett wrote:
- Robinson drew a distinction between the faith and order of the Church of England. He could
- accept its faith, but not its order. . Robinson believed that church polity was an essential part of
- church doctrine. The order of the church was of basic importance. Its principles had been
- instituted by Jesus and his early followers, and there was no place in this system for an
- ecclesiastical hierarchy. The English parish system, which included people without regard to
- character, was also alien to a communion of saints. . The church should be composed of those
- who had separated themselves from the world, that is, those who were dedicated Christians.
- They were "gathered" into organized companies for communion and mutual service. They
- were bound through a covenant with God and as a consequence the power which Jesus gave
- to the church was lodged in them. The congregation had the power to choose and ordain its
- own minister, to choose its own officers, to receive and dismiss members.
- Those hallmarks of the Congregational way came, in time, to be accepted in both colonies and were
- to undergo further development as New England matured. Despite their differences concerning
- separation from the Anglican Church, Puritanism was a shared commitment that did more to draw the
- two New England colonies together than to force them apart. They did, however, have differences.
- Some were subtle; most were significant.
- An obvious difference between the two groups is their size. When the Mayflower arrived at Plymouth
- in December of 1620, it brought 102 passengers, half of whom were to die in that first terrible winter.
- Ten years later, no fewer than 17 ships, headed by the Arbella, made port at Salem, bringing with
- them a thousand settlers for Massachusetts Bay. After another decade had gone by, the population of
- Plymouth Colony was a mere 2,500, while that of Massachusetts Bay had risen to 20,000.
- Another less-than-subtle difference between the two groups is the economic and social status of their
- people. The Pilgrims at Plymouth were, for the most part, yeomen - working people. There were
- some among them successful enough to merit the title "Master," but none who appended to his name
- the title "Gent." There was not even an ordained minister in the group. The colonists of
- Massachusetts Bay, by contrast, were better educated, more economically and socially successful,
- and brought with them educated clergy to give leadership to both the church and the community.
- William Bradford, the governor whose leadership shaped the Plymouth colony, had been a fustian
- worker (fustian is a corduroy-like cloth); his counterpart in Massachusetts, John Winthrop, was a
- trained lawyer who had worked in the English government service.
- These differences in size and the social class of the members of the two colonies may be the reason
- that many have confused the two groups and underestimated the importance of the smaller of them.
- Indeed, the English historian Arthur Percival Newton wrote:
- The Massachusetts migration was an event entirely without precedent in the modern world; Virginia,
- Newfoundland, and Guiana had attracted merely the adventurers and the needy; the Mayflower
- pilgrims, though later ages have glorified them, were too few in number, too humble in station, and
- too far removed from the main currents of English life to be of importance; but now sober, well-to-do
- men of middle age, to whom the spirit of adventure was entirely foreign, were contemplating a
- transfer of themselves, their families, and their goods to new homes across the seas, there to found
- not a colony, but a commonwealth.
- The more subtle differences between our two groups of colonists were largely the product of the
- years that the Pilgrims had spent in Holland. There, they had been influenced by Dutch ways of doing
- things and by the deep and generous spirituality of their pastor, John Robinson. Under these
- influences, the Pilgrims had further developed the Puritan concept of covenant, the voluntary but
- sacred agreements by which they understood themselves bound together in church and community.
- This highly developed idea of covenant tends to separate the Pilgrims of Plymouth from the Puritans
- of Massachusetts Bay in at least three ways.
- The first is in the colony's government. The members of both colonies had a voice in selecting their
- leaders, but once that choice was made there was a subtle but significant difference in attitude about
- those leaders.
- Plymouth's Mayflower Compact was viewed by the members of that colony as a covenant. Those
- who were elected to office were bound by the terms of the covenant just as were all members of the
- community; they were in that sense equals. Philosophically, therefore, Plymouth's government came
- close to being a true democracy; its elected officers derived their powers by the consent of the
- governed within the terms of their shared covenant.
- In Massachusetts Bay, a more English philosophy prevailed. The Governor, Deputy Governor,
- Assistants, and other officers were chosen by the people. Once chosen, however, they understood
- themselves to be ruling with divine authority. Edmund Morgan, in his book The Puritan Dilemma; The
- Story of John Winthrop, put it this way: "Rulers, however selected, received their authority from God,
- not from the people, and were accountable to God, not to the people."
- Although it is not really an accurate use of the word, Massachusetts Bay has been described as a
- theocracy , and that for two reasons. The colony was founded on motivations that were primarily
- religious, so for the governing officials to be under divine authority meant they were also answerable
- to God. In keeping with that point of view, the clergy - the most educated men in the community -
- were often consulted and played a significant, though unofficial, role in the making of government
- decisions.
- The relationship of church and state is the second area in which the colonies differed significantly, if
- subtly. Morgan describes the situation in Massachusetts Bay:
- The relationship between church and state was one of the things that the Puritans knew they
- must get right. They were certain that God had prescribed the terms of it, and they had thought
- much about it before leaving England, where church and state were confounded at every level
- from parish to Crown. In Massachusetts the Puritans drew a firmer dividing line between the
- two than existed anywhere in Europe. The state was still responsible for supporting and
- protecting the church: as guardian of the divine commission the state must punish heresy like
- any other sin. And it did so, inflicting loss of civil and political rights as well as other penalties.
- But in prosecuting heresy it did not operate as the agent of the churches. It formed its own
- judgments with the aid of a jury or in the General Court, where the representatives of the
- people sat in judgment with the magistrates. The church had no authority in the government
- and the government was particularly careful not to allow the actions of any church to affect civil
- and political rights. In England excommunication carried heavy civil disabilities, in
- Massachusetts none. The right to vote and hold office was not revoked by loss of church
- membership.
- Though the clergy had no political authority of any kind, they did enjoy a very powerful indirect
- influence. They were highly respected by their congregations, and when unpopular measures had to
- be adopted, the magistrates counted on their assistance in reconciling people to the necessity of
- obedience. When a difficult decision had to be made, the magistrates frequently consulted the
- ministers, who were learned men and wise in the laws of God. In this way, though they were barred
- from the exercise of authority, a back door was left open through which they could influence state
- policy.
- At Plymouth, church and state were even more markedly separated . Like all Puritans, both groups
- held that the Bible - as opposed to church leaders or their pronouncements - is the final authority. In
- Plymouth, they interpreted that to include the idea that what Scripture does not specifically claim as a
- religious function remains a civil one. The best-known result of this thinking was the belief in
- Plymouth that marriage was a civil rite, not a religious one. Governor Bradford himself explained that
- marriage is "a civill thing, upon which many questions aboute inheritances doe depende, with other
- things most proper to their cognizans… and no wher found in the gospell to be layed on the ministers
- as a part of their office." Bradford's biographer summarized the Pilgrim attitude this way:
- Whatever the elders had planned at Leyden, it is clear that Bradford and the younger
- generation wanted to create, under God and His guidance, a Christian commonwealth in which
- Scripture should be the guide but with civil and religious functions clearly separated.
- The third area in which I perceive a significant difference between the Pilgrims of Plymouth and the
- Puritans of Massachusetts Bay has to do with attitude. There was about the members of the Bay
- colony an arrogance which they brought with them from England. Using a kinder vocabulary, Edmund
- Morgan described it as "that unabashed assumption of superiority which was to carry English rule
- around the world." It's expressed in the belief that, even though they may have been chosen by the
- people, the autocratic leaders in Massachusetts ruled by divine right. And it's seen in the way that
- these colonists related to others, including members of other English colonies as well as the Native
- Americans.
- This difference in attitude is illustrated in an incident described by Robert Bartlett:
- In 1635 members of Pastor John Warham's church in Dorchester decided to move to the
- Connecticut River. They visited the Plimoth trading post at Windsor that was in charge of
- Jonathan Brewster. He extended them hospitality and helped them secure canoes and guides
- to explore the area. He was shocked when they announced that they were taking over
- Plimoth's land and building on it. Brewster pointed out that the Pilgrims had bought the land
- from the Indians in order to establish their fur trade, and that thousands of acres were available
- for their Dorchester colony. But the newcomers stuck to their purpose, assured that providence
- had so willed it. During these confrontations two shallops of Dorchester settlers set out from
- Boston for the Connecticut post. Their boats were wrecked on Brown's Island in Plimoth Bay.
- Plimothians rushed to the scene and gathered in the victims and their possessions. A third
- boat that was carrying cargo to the Windsor site for the migrants was blown ashore off
- Sandwich. Once again the people of Plimoth salvaged the goods and turned them over to the
- owners. Obviously the Dorchester colonists must have been somewhat chagrined by these
- demonstrations of brotherliness. In due time, as they reflected upon their haste and avarice,
- they decided to forego their claim on the Pilgrims' land and to move on into the wilderness.
- There are differences between the two groups of English immigrants who settled the area in which
- we now meet. Undoubtedly, the exile, the terrifying journey on the Mayflower, and the suffering in the
- first winter at Plymouth had much to do with the gentler attitude of the Pilgrims. So also had their
- years of living in Holland's more tolerant society and the influence on them of one deeply spiritual
- man, John Robinson.
- But our Pilgrims and Puritans also had many similarities. They had a shared history and experience of
- old England. They shared a commitment to God and the Biblical revelation so strong that, because of
- it, both groups were willing to cross an ocean and set up new homes on an unknown continent. As
- time went on, the two colonies came to depend more and more upon one another until finally both the
- boundary between their lands and the delicate distinction between their cultures faded into obscurity.
- 370-plus years later, we give thanks to God for both groups.
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