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Early Modern Spain (Atlantic History)

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  1. Introduction
  2. During the early modern period, the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were unique in many ways. For centuries, they had struggled with significant Islamic and Jewish populations both inside and just beyond their borders. Long after the conquest of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews, the presence of newly converted and assimilated peoples informed Spanish culture. Columbus’s voyages to the Caribbean made Castile the head of an expanding American empire that transformed the kingdom politically, socially, and economically. With the succession of Charles to the thrones of Castile and Aragon and his subsequent election as Holy Roman Emperor, that empire grew to include much of northern and central Europe. Charles’s successors would add Portugal and parts of Asia to its possessions. As a result, Spain’s monarchs, institutions, policies, and social norms became critical in the formation of the early modern world.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. A variety of general surveys and textbooks provide good overviews of early modern Spanish history. Originally published in 1963, Imperial Spain (Elliott 2002) still provides the best basic introduction to early modern Spain and is frequently used as a college textbook. Lynch 1981, the two-volume Spain under the Habsburgs, offers a basic political and economic history. Domínguez Ortiz 1971 is the first of a number of works that focus on the economic and social history of the period. Both Casey 1999 and Ruiz 2001 offer up-to-date, readable syntheses of the recent social and economic history.
  6.  
  7. Casey, James. Early Modern Spain: A Social History. London: Routledge, 1999.
  8.  
  9. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  10.  
  11. Casey brings together the extensive social and economic history research of the past few decades. A very large and useful bibliography.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
  14.  
  15.  
  16. Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio. The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659. New York: Basic Books, 1971.
  17.  
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19.  
  20. A very readable synthesis of the social and economic history up to that point.
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
  23.  
  24.  
  25. Elliott, J. H. Imperial Spain 1469–1716. 2d ed. New York: Penguin, 2002.
  26.  
  27. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  28.  
  29. Formulated largely around political and economic history, this survey of Spanish history from the succession of Isabel to the end of the War of Spanish Succession offers a good, clear introduction to the people, ideas, and institutions of early modern Spain.
  30.  
  31. Find this resource:
  32.  
  33.  
  34. Lynch, John. Spain under the Habsburgs. 2 vols. 2d ed. New York: New York University Press, 1981.
  35.  
  36. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  37.  
  38. A basic political and economic history. Volume 1 covers the reigns of Charles V and Philip II. Volume 2 covers the 17th-century kings.
  39.  
  40. Find this resource:
  41.  
  42.  
  43. Ruiz, Teófilo F. Spanish Society, 1400–1600. Harlow, UK: Longman, 2001.
  44.  
  45. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  46.  
  47. Ruiz takes a different perspective on periodization, emphasizing the connections between the late middle ages and the early modern period. Focuses on aspects of daily life, festivals, and violence.
  48.  
  49. Find this resource:
  50.  
  51.  
  52. Journals
  53. No single journal is dedicated solely to the history of early modern Spain. However, the Sixteenth Century Journal, the Journal of Early Modern History, and Renaissance Quarterly all publish articles on early modern Spain. Dieciocho, although mostly a literary journal, also publishes historical studies. Hispania is one of the premier historical journals in Spain.
  54.  
  55. Dieciocho: Hispanic Enlightenment.
  56.  
  57. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  58.  
  59. Multidisciplinary journal dedicated to the “Hispanic Enlightenment.”
  60.  
  61. Find this resource:
  62.  
  63.  
  64. Hispania: Revista Española de Historia.
  65.  
  66. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  67.  
  68. Journal of dedicated to all periods of Spanish history published by Spain’s premier research institution.
  69.  
  70. Find this resource:
  71.  
  72.  
  73. Journal of Early Modern History.
  74.  
  75. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  76.  
  77. Focused on the global interactions of the early modern period, the journal frequently publishes works on Spain and its empire.
  78.  
  79. Find this resource:
  80.  
  81.  
  82. Renaissance Quarterly.
  83.  
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85.  
  86. Interdisciplinary journal that defines Renaissance studies quite broadly. Often publishes articles on Spanish religion, literature, and art history.
  87.  
  88. Find this resource:
  89.  
  90.  
  91. Sixteenth Century Journal.
  92.  
  93. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  94.  
  95. Founded as a Reformation journal, it now publishes articles from a wide array of disciplines on a full range of early modern topics, including early modern Spain and its empire. Extensive book review section.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99.  
  100. Primary Sources
  101. Most of the famous works of literature of the Spanish Golden Age, such as Lazarillo de Tormes and Don Quixote, have long been available in print in both Spanish and English translation. With new websites like the Cervantes Project and the WWW-VL History Central Catalogue, students and scholars have access to early facsimile editions of Don Quixote and other critical texts, information on treasure fleets, and exhibition websites. EuroDocs History of Spain: Primary Documents includes a variety of texts relating to Columbus’s interactions with the Castilian crown and Philip II’s letters. In addition, the University of Chicago Press’s series The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe is making available a growing number of works by Spanish women authors, some in English translation, including the autobiography of Ana de San Bartolomé (San Bartolomé 2008), an associate of Teresa of Avila. The swashbuckling life story of Catalina de Erauso (Erauso 1996) acts as an interesting counterpoint to these more traditional texts. Less well-known, the few Relaciones histórico-geográficos that are available in print (Viñas y Mey and Remolar 1949–1971) offer scholars a unique opportunity to hear ordinary Spaniards of the 16th century describe their communities.
  102.  
  103. Cervantes Project.
  104.  
  105. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  106.  
  107. This website includes searchable electronic editions of Cervantes’s works, bibliographies, and an image collection.
  108.  
  109. Find this resource:
  110.  
  111.  
  112. Erauso, Catalina de. Lieutenant Nun: Memoir of a Basque Transvestite in the New World. Translated by Michele Stepto and Gabriel Stepto. Boston: Beacon, 1996.
  113.  
  114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115.  
  116. This remarkable true story of a Spanish girl who traveled to the Americas and lived as a man provides insight into early modern Spanish conceptions of sex and gender.
  117.  
  118. Find this resource:
  119.  
  120.  
  121. EuroDocs. History of Spain: Primary Documents.
  122.  
  123. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  124.  
  125. This website includes links to a variety of early modern Spanish texts, including documents relating to Christopher Columbus and some letters of Philip II.
  126.  
  127. Find this resource:
  128.  
  129.  
  130. Rico, Francisco, ed. Lazarillo de Tormes. 17th ed. Madrid: Cátedra, 2003.
  131.  
  132. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  133.  
  134. The classic picaresque novel of the 16th century from an anonymous author opens a window into life at the bottom of society and offers harsh criticisms of the Church and the aristocracy.
  135.  
  136. Find this resource:
  137.  
  138.  
  139. San Bartolomé, Ana de. Autobiography and Other Writings. Edited and translated by Darcy Donahue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
  140.  
  141. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  142.  
  143. This autobiography of one of Teresa of Avila’s closest associates and a leader in the Carmelite reform movement is one of a number of lesser-known works by women now available in English translation. It provides a firsthand account of the conflict between Ana and her male superiors.
  144.  
  145. Find this resource:
  146.  
  147.  
  148. Viñas y Mey, Carmelo, and Ramón Paz Remolar. Relaciones histórico-geográfico-estadísticas de los pueblos de España hechas por iniciativa de Felipe II. 5 vols. Madrid, spain: Instituto Balmes de Sociología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1949–1971.
  149.  
  150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  151.  
  152. In 1575 Philip II sent questionnaires throughout his kingdom asking for information on the history, geography, customs, and more of each town. The authors have published the questionnaires from the provinces of Madrid, Ciudad Real, and Toledo. The surveys offer a wealth of information on early modern Spanish society from a local perspective.
  153.  
  154. Find this resource:
  155.  
  156.  
  157. WWW-VL History Central Catalogue.
  158.  
  159. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  160.  
  161. This website provides links to a wide array of online primary and secondary sources in both Spanish and English. Access to texts on topics as diverse as the Spanish Armada, Bourbon weddings, emblematica, and the treasure fleets.
  162.  
  163. Find this resource:
  164.  
  165.  
  166. Document Collections
  167. For many years, only the best-known Spanish literary texts were readily available in published form. However, recently a growing number of document collections have appeared both in print and online. The Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes is an excellent source for primary and secondary texts in Spanish. The Association for Hispanic Classical Theater has full-text editions in Spanish of a large number of Golden Age dramas. Spain’s Ministry of Culture has developed a website, Portal de Archivos Españoles, that allows scholars to search multiple archives and view an ever-expanding array of digitized documents. Cowans 2003 is a document collection designed for classroom use, as is Homza 2006, a collection of Inquisition texts. Arenal and Schlau 1989 has proven useful for both scholars and students interested in religious women’s writings.
  168.  
  169. Arenal, Electa, and Stacey Schlau, eds. Untold Sisters: Hispanic Nuns in their Own Works. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989.
  170.  
  171. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  172.  
  173. This collection of writings by women in both Spain and Spanish America introduces readers to the variety of texts composed by religious women and the issues they struggled with from inside convent walls. Texts in modern Spanish and English translation.
  174.  
  175. Find this resource:
  176.  
  177.  
  178. Association for Hispanic Classical Theater.
  179.  
  180. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  181.  
  182. This website provides free access to a large collection of Golden Age plays in Spanish, and some in English translation as well.
  183.  
  184. Find this resource:
  185.  
  186.  
  187. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
  188.  
  189. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  190.  
  191. A large collection of primary and secondary works in Spanish on all aspects of Spanish history and culture. Includes links to other digitized collections
  192.  
  193. Find this resource:
  194.  
  195.  
  196. Cowans, Jon, ed. Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
  197.  
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199.  
  200. A very student-friendly collection of documents for classroom use.
  201.  
  202. Find this resource:
  203.  
  204.  
  205. Homza, Lu Ann, ed. and trans. The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614: An Anthology of Sources. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2006.
  206.  
  207. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  208.  
  209. Created for classroom use, includes English translations of trials of conversos, moriscos, and alumbrados.
  210.  
  211. Find this resource:
  212.  
  213.  
  214. Portal de Archivos Españoles.
  215.  
  216. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  217.  
  218. The Spanish Ministry of Culture’s searchable site for the main Spanish archives includes a sizeable (and growing) collection of digitized documents on all aspects of early modern Spanish history from Spain’s most important archives.
  219.  
  220. Find this resource:
  221.  
  222.  
  223. Politics
  224. Studies of early modern Spain usually begin with the successions of Isabel and Ferdinand to the thrones of Castile and Aragon. Scholars have demonstrated considerably less interest in Charles I’s (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) rule in Spain than in the rest of his empire. In contrast, considerable attention has been paid to the reign of his son, Philip II. Recently, the study of the 17th-century Habsburgs has undergone a revival. After the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the Bourbon dynasty brought French ideas of governance to the Peninsula.
  225.  
  226. Isabel and Ferdinand
  227. Since the quincentenary celebrations of 1992, the study of the reign of Isabel has experienced a renaissance. Ladero Quesada 1999 offers a well-crafted synthesis of the Catholic kings and their reigns. Liss 2004, a biography of Isabel, reveals a much more authoritative, autonomous ruler than earlier scholarship. Using gender analysis, Lehfeldt 2000 and Weissberger 2003 explore how the queen, her gender, and her authority were portrayed in contemporary texts. As Aram 2005 shows, gender also had serious implications for the succession of Isabel and Ferdinand’s daughter Juana.
  228.  
  229. Aram, Bethany. Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
  230.  
  231. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  232.  
  233. An examination of the context of Juana’s succession to the throne of Castile, focused on the attempts by Ferdinand and Philip of Burgundy to prevent her from acquiring power.
  234.  
  235. Find this resource:
  236.  
  237.  
  238. Ladero Quesada, Miguel Angel. La España de los Reyes Católicos. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1999.
  239.  
  240. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  241.  
  242. An excellent synthesis of the changes that took places during the reign of Isabel and Ferdinand. Better on Castile than on Aragon.
  243.  
  244. Find this resource:
  245.  
  246.  
  247. Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. “Ruling Sexuality: The Political Legitimacy of Isabel of Castile.” Renaissance Quarterly 53 (2000): 31–56.
  248.  
  249. DOI: 10.2307/2901532Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  250.  
  251. Lehfeldt explores how Isabel’s supporters carefully constructed her image to contrast with the sexual shortcomings of her brother and to avoid the misogyny of her era.
  252.  
  253. Find this resource:
  254.  
  255.  
  256. Liss, Peggy K. Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  257.  
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259.  
  260. A fairly straightforward biography of Isabel.
  261.  
  262. Find this resource:
  263.  
  264.  
  265. Weissberger, Barbara F. Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
  266.  
  267. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  268.  
  269. Weissberger deftly analyzes the way that contemporaries fashioned Isabel’s rule as they contended with a powerful woman in a traditionally masculine position of power.
  270.  
  271. Find this resource:
  272.  
  273.  
  274. Charles V and Philip II
  275. Chaunu and Escamilla 2000 and Geoffrey Parker’s classic study (Parker 1979) are the best biographies of these important monarchs. Rodríguez Salgado 1988 and Parker 1998 explore their imperial entanglements. In terms of domestic policies, Pérez 1970, a study of the Comunero revolt, and Nader 1990, a study of the sale of towns, forced scholars to rethink the substance of Habsburg absolutism.
  276.  
  277. Chaunu, Pierre, and Michèle Escamilla. Charles Quint. Paris: Fayard, 2000.
  278.  
  279. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  280.  
  281. This very long biography of Charles was completed as part of the celebration of the five hundredth anniversary of his birth. The first half is devoted to politics, especially the conflict with France, and the second half covers the two years between his abdication and his death.
  282.  
  283. Find this resource:
  284.  
  285.  
  286. Kamen, Henry. Philip of Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
  287.  
  288. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  289.  
  290. Kamen presents a sympathetic portrayal of Philip from birth to death with considerable biographical detail.
  291.  
  292. Find this resource:
  293.  
  294.  
  295. Nader, Helen. Liberty in Absolutist Spain: The Habsburg Sale of Towns, 1516–1700. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.
  296.  
  297. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298.  
  299. This study of the monarchy’s sale of townships to subject villages provides a dynamic look at the relationship between the monarchy and its subjects and the decentralization of authority.
  300.  
  301. Find this resource:
  302.  
  303.  
  304. Parker, Geoffrey. Philip II. London: Hutchinson, 1979.
  305.  
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307.  
  308. This classic biography of Philip details his micromanaging style and his character flaws, which contributed to his problems.
  309.  
  310. Find this resource:
  311.  
  312.  
  313. Parker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
  314.  
  315. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  316.  
  317. Countering a view that Philip had no foreign policy strategy, Parker examines his policies toward the Netherlands and England. Shows that Philip’s unwillingness to delegate and his micromanaging were more to blame for his foreign policy failures than lack of a coherent policy. Large bibliography.
  318.  
  319. Find this resource:
  320.  
  321.  
  322. Pérez, Joseph. La Révolution des “Comunidades”des Castille (1520–1521). Bordeaux, France: Féret, 1970.
  323.  
  324. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  325.  
  326. This detailed study of the revolt against Charles V argues that the rebel cities challenged the monarchy for different reasons. Also available in Spanish as La Revolución des las comunidades de Castilla (1520–1521), 6th ed. (Madrid: Siglo veintiuno, 1998).
  327.  
  328. Find this resource:
  329.  
  330.  
  331. Rodríguez Salgado, M. J. The Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II, and Habsburg Authority, 1551–1559. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  332.  
  333. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  334.  
  335. Rodríguez Salgado explores the complicated imperial conflicts that Charles V left to his son, as well as Philip’s responses.
  336.  
  337. Find this resource:
  338.  
  339.  
  340. Later Habsburgs
  341. The scholarship on the 17th-century kings has undergone significant changes in recent years. Feros 2000 has revisited the relationship between Philip III and his favorite, the Duke of Lerma, while Sánchez 1998 has placed Philip’s female relations squarely in the middle of court factions and international policy making. Corteguera 2002 moves away from the court to analyze popular politics in Catalonia in the decades leading up to the Catalan revolt. Elliott 1986 and Elliott 1963 continue to be the standard texts on the reign of Philip IV.
  342.  
  343. Corteguera, Luis R. For the Common Good: Popular Politics in Barcelona, 1580–1640. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.
  344.  
  345. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  346.  
  347. Corteguera looks at the notion of the “common good” in Catalan politics in the interactions between artisans, urban officials, townspeople, and the monarchy.
  348.  
  349. Find this resource:
  350.  
  351.  
  352. Elliott, J. H. Revolt of the Catalans: A Study in the Decline of Spain, 1598–1640. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1963.
  353.  
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355.  
  356. A very important work, considered by some a masterpiece. Elliott explains how relations between Catalonia and the Spanish crown deteriorated into open revolt.
  357.  
  358. Find this resource:
  359.  
  360.  
  361. Elliott, J. H. The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
  362.  
  363. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  364.  
  365. A political biography of Philip IV’s influential favorite. Elliott explores Olivares’s role in the formulation of royal policy and the subsequent decline of the monarchy.
  366.  
  367. Find this resource:
  368.  
  369.  
  370. Feros, Antonio. Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  371.  
  372. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  373.  
  374. Feros’s reexamination of the reign of Philip III has done much to rehabilitate the monarch and his favorite, the Duke of Lerma, in the eyes of scholars.
  375.  
  376. Find this resource:
  377.  
  378.  
  379. Kamen, Henry. Spain in the Later Seventeenth Century, 1665–1700. London: Longman, 1980.
  380.  
  381. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  382.  
  383. A good basic study of the reign of Charles II and the crises that plagued him. A lot of social and economic data.
  384.  
  385. Find this resource:
  386.  
  387.  
  388. Sánchez, Magdalena S. The Empress, the Queen, and the Nun: Women and Power at the Court of Philip III of Spain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
  389.  
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391.  
  392. This study of the dynamics at the court of Philip III analyzes the roles of Philip’s wife, grandmother, and aunt in informing both domestic policy and relations between Philip and the Austrian Habsburgs.
  393.  
  394. Find this resource:
  395.  
  396.  
  397. Religion
  398. The scholarship on the Catholic Church in early modern Spain is extensive, but few works on key topics go far toward providing those interested in Atlantic history with the peninsular religious context. The Catholic (or Counter-) Reformation has been the subject of extensive study, as has the Inquisition. More recent works focus on Spanish parishioners, whether analyzing their sexual behaviors or examining their knowledge of prayers and theological concepts. The study of religious women has been particularly dynamic in recent years.
  399.  
  400. Catholic Reformation
  401. The study of the Catholic Reformation in Spain has undergone major transformations in recent decades. Homza 2000 shows how Spanish intellectual life was less constrained and more dynamic than previously thought. After Christian 1981 brought the issue of popular religion to the attention of Spanish historians, Nalle 1992, Kamen 1993, and Poska 1998 examined the impact of the Catholic Reformation on Spanish parishioners. Nalle finds the reforms to have been successful, while Poska and Kamen, working on the periphery of Spain, find little evidence that parishioners changed their behaviors. Perry 1990 was the first to apply a gendered perspective to the reforms.
  402.  
  403. Christian, William A., Jr. Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.
  404.  
  405. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  406.  
  407. Using responses to the questionnaire sent by Philip II to towns throughout his kingdoms, Christian uncovers the spectrum of beliefs that made up popular religious practice.
  408.  
  409. Find this resource:
  410.  
  411.  
  412. Homza, Lu Ann. Religious Authority in the Spanish Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
  413.  
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415.  
  416. Reconsiders earlier scholarship that portrayed Spanish intellectual culture as stagnant and monolithic.
  417.  
  418. Find this resource:
  419.  
  420.  
  421. Kamen, Henry. The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter Reformation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
  422.  
  423. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  424.  
  425. This study of the Catholic Reformation in Catalonia argues that the reform was significantly less successful than scholars had previously thought.
  426.  
  427. Find this resource:
  428.  
  429.  
  430. Nalle, Sara T. God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500–1650. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
  431.  
  432. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  433.  
  434. Nalle’s social history of the Catholic Reformation demonstrates how the reforms successfully transformed Cuenca’s parishioners into orthodox Catholics. Available online.
  435.  
  436. Find this resource:
  437.  
  438.  
  439. Perry, Mary Elizabeth. Gender and Disorder in Early Modern Seville. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  440.  
  441. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  442.  
  443. A study of the impact of the Catholic Reformation on the women of Seville. Perry shows that women did not easily acquiesce to the attempts to constrain their behavior.
  444.  
  445. Find this resource:
  446.  
  447.  
  448. Poska, Allyson M. Regulating the People: The Catholic Reformation in Seventeenth-Century Spain. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1998.
  449.  
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451.  
  452. Focusing on the diocese of Ourense in Galicia, Poska examines how the attempts at reform had little impact on peasant parishioners in this poor, peripheral region.
  453.  
  454. Find this resource:
  455.  
  456.  
  457. Inquisition
  458. Institutional studies of the Inquisition and its evolution, like Kamen 1997 and those of Pérez Villanueva, have been complemented by Contreras and Henningsen 1986, a statistical work, and by studies of individual tribunals, including Dedieu 1989, a look at the tribunal of Toledo, and Monter 1990, a study of the Aragonese tribunals. The scholars in the Giles 1999 collection focus on individuals and their interactions with tribunals, as does Kagan 1990, a study of Lucretia de León.
  459.  
  460. Contreras, Jaime, and Gustav Henningsen. “Forty-four Thousand Cases of the Spanish Inquisition (1540–1700): Analysis of a Historical Data Bank.” In The Inquisition in Early Modern Europe: Studies on Sources and Methods. Edited by Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi in association with Charles Amiel, 100–129. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986.
  461.  
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463.  
  464. In this important article, the authors provide the results of their quantitative analysis of most extant Inquisition cases.
  465.  
  466. Find this resource:
  467.  
  468.  
  469. Dedieu, Jean-Pierre. L’administration de la foi: L’Inquisition de Tolède, XVIe–XVIIIe siècle. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 1989.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. In this detailed study of the Toledan tribunal, Dedieu argues that the Inquisition was not a monolithic institution but a product of local circumstances. Moreover, the tribunal had little interaction with rural people. Important detail on finances and familiars.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477.  
  478. Giles, Mary E., ed. Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
  479.  
  480. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  481.  
  482. This collection of essays explores the experiences of mystics, bigamists, alumbradas, and other women who were prosecuted by the Inquisition. Includes essays on Africans, moriscas, and conversas.
  483.  
  484. Find this resource:
  485.  
  486.  
  487. Henningsen, Gustav. The Witches’ Advocate: Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition (1609–1614). Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1980.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. Henningsen’s account of the only major witch panic in Spain shows how the skepticism of the Inquisition, the empiricism of its procedures, and the inquisitor Alonso Salazar Frias stopped the panic.
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495.  
  496. Kagan, Richard L. Lucrecia’s Dreams: Politics and Prophecy in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  497.  
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499.  
  500. Kagan shows how the political dreams of an ordinary woman brought her into politics and how this woman challenged the institutional misogyny of the Inquisition.
  501.  
  502. Find this resource:
  503.  
  504.  
  505. Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
  506.  
  507. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  508.  
  509. A good introduction to the procedures and functioning of the Inquisition.
  510.  
  511. Find this resource:
  512.  
  513.  
  514. Monter, William. Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  515.  
  516. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  517.  
  518. Monter argues that the Aragonese tribunals were more highly politicized and harsher in their prosecution of foreigners than Castilian tribunals.
  519.  
  520. Find this resource:
  521.  
  522.  
  523. Villanueva, Joaquín Pérez, and Bartolomé Escandell Bonet, eds. Historia de la Inquisición en España y América. 3 vols. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1984–2000.
  524.  
  525. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  526.  
  527. A extensive study of the institution, its functionaries, and its tribunals on both sides of the Atlantic.
  528.  
  529. Find this resource:
  530.  
  531.  
  532. Female Religious
  533. In the past few decades, scholars have devoted considerably more energy to the study of female religious than to the male orders. Bilinkoff 1989, a study of Teresa of Avila, was one of the first to place the Carmelite reformer in the context of urban and religious life at the time. Weber 1996 subsequently explores how gender expectations framed her writings. Lehfeldt 2005 moves into the broader religious community, showing how female religious rejected pre-Tridentine reform efforts.
  534.  
  535. Bilinkoff, Jodi. The Avila of Saint Teresa: Religious Reform in a Sixteenth-Century City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.
  536.  
  537. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  538.  
  539. More than a typical biography, this study of Teresa examines the reformer of the Carmelites in the context of the social, economic, and religious history of the city of Avila.
  540.  
  541. Find this resource:
  542.  
  543.  
  544. Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. Religious Women in Golden Age Spain: The Permeable Cloister. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005.
  545.  
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547.  
  548. Starting from the premise that convent reform predated the mid-16th-century Council of Trent, Lehfeldt examines resistance to claustration and other reforms in the convents of Valladolid.
  549.  
  550. Find this resource:
  551.  
  552.  
  553. Weber, Alison. Teresa of Avila and the Rhetoric of Femininity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.
  554.  
  555. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  556.  
  557. A prolific writer, Teresa learned quickly how to manipulate gender expectations in pursuit of her reform efforts.
  558.  
  559. Find this resource:
  560.  
  561.  
  562. Eighteenth-Century Spain
  563. The War of Spanish Succession brought the Bourbon dynasty to the Spanish throne, and with them new enlightenment ideas about government, economy, and society. Domínguez Ortiz 1976 provides a good overview of those changes. Richard Herr was formative in placing 18th-century Spain in a broader European context (Herr 1958). The three hundredth anniversary of Philip V’s accession to the throne prompted new scholarship, including Serrano 2004, a collection of essays on his reign, and Kamen 2001, a biography. Scholars continue to debate the rule of Charles III, with Sánchez-Blanco 2002 asserting that he was not particularly enlightened. Smith 2006 makes women and gender central to Enlightenment debates.
  564.  
  565. Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio. Sociedad y estado en el siglo XVIII español. Barcelona, Spain: Ariel, 1976.
  566.  
  567. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  568.  
  569. An excellent study of the period, with special attention to regional differences.
  570.  
  571. Find this resource:
  572.  
  573.  
  574. Herr, Richard. The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958.
  575.  
  576. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  577.  
  578. This study of the last half of the 18th century is a positive assessment of the social, economic, and political reforms of Charles III and the subsequent impact of the French Revolution.
  579.  
  580. Find this resource:
  581.  
  582.  
  583. Kamen, Henry. Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
  584.  
  585. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  586.  
  587. The best scholarly biography of Philip V in English.
  588.  
  589. Find this resource:
  590.  
  591.  
  592. Sánchez-Blanco, Francisco. El Absolutismo y las luces en el reinado de Carlos III. Madrid: Marcel Pons, 2002.
  593.  
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595.  
  596. The author argues that, far from being an enlightened ruler, Charles III was an absolute monarch out of touch with his times.
  597.  
  598. Find this resource:
  599.  
  600.  
  601. Serrano, Eliseo. Felipe V y su tiempo: Congreso internacional. 2 vols. Zaragoza, Spain: Institución Fernando el Católico, 2004.
  602.  
  603. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  604.  
  605. Put together for the three hundredth anniversary of Philip V’s succession to the throne, this diverse collection of essays gives a good introduction to his reign. A lot of essays on Aragon.
  606.  
  607. Find this resource:
  608.  
  609.  
  610. Smith, Theresa Ann. The Emerging Female Citizen: Gender and Enlightenment in Spain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
  611.  
  612. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  613.  
  614. Smith places women at the center of the Spanish Enlightenment, exploring views on women as well as female intellectuals’ participation in the expanding discourse on gender.
  615.  
  616. Find this resource:
  617.  
  618.  
  619. Society
  620. Early modern Spanish society was stratified by class, religious heritage, occupation, and region, and Spanish social history reflects that diversity. Indeed, from a societal perspective, there was not one Spain but many Spains.
  621.  
  622. Demography and Family History
  623. Influenced by social science methodologies, demographic and family histories formed the center of Spanish social history. Reher 1990 and Pérez Moreda and Reher 1988 present and analyze a remarkable amount of demographic data on issues like marriage and mortality. Poder, familia y consanguinidad (Chacón Jiménez 1992) is one of several useful collections on family history edited by Francisco Chacón Jiménez.
  624.  
  625. Chacón Jiménez, Francisco, and Juan Hernández Franco, eds. Poder, familia y consanguinidad en la España del antiguo régimen. Barcelona, Spain: Anthropos, 1992.
  626.  
  627. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  628.  
  629. Chacón Jiménez has edited a number of collections that explore different aspects of family history during the early modern period. This one includes valuable essays on inheritance, marriage, and kinship.
  630.  
  631. Find this resource:
  632.  
  633.  
  634. Pérez Moreda, Vicente, and David-Sven Reher, eds. Demografía histórica en España. Madrid: Ediciones el Arquero, 1988.
  635.  
  636. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. This critical collection of articles includes Robert Rowland’s important essay on marriage systems as well as a number of detailed regional studies.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642.  
  643. Reher, David Sven. Town and Country in pre-Industrial Spain: Cuenca, 1550–1870. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. A demographic and family history of Cuenca and its environs, with data on marriage and kinship structures,
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Reher, David S. Perspectives on the Family in Spain, Past and Present. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
  653.  
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655.  
  656. This detailed study of the Spanish family between 1700 and 1970 pulls together Reher’s own research and much of the demographic work completed by both Spanish and North American scholars. A lot of useful data and a large bibliography.
  657.  
  658. Find this resource:
  659.  
  660.  
  661. Social Class and Social Groups
  662. Social class and social groups further differentiated Spaniards. Amelang 1986 explores the formation of an urban elite, while Vassberg 1996 introduces readers to the dynamism of rural life. Kagan 1974 and Kagan 1981 take on the creation of an educated bureaucratic elite and the development of a very litigious society.
  663.  
  664. Amelang, James S. Honored Citizens of Barcelona: Patrician Culture and Class Relations, 1490–1714. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.
  665.  
  666. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  667.  
  668. This study first looks at the formation and evolution of Barcelona’s ruling class and then analyzes the culture through which they defined themselves. Available online.
  669.  
  670. Find this resource:
  671.  
  672.  
  673. Kagan, Richard L. Students and Society in Early Modern Spain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
  674.  
  675. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  676.  
  677. Kagan describes Spain’s educational institutions and discusses the creation of a Spanish bureaucracy staffed by university-trained men. Available online.
  678.  
  679. Find this resource:
  680.  
  681.  
  682. Kagan, Richard L. Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile: 1500–1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
  683.  
  684. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  685.  
  686. This study explores the functioning of the judicial system from the perspectives of the courts, the lawyers, and the litigants. Available online.
  687.  
  688. Find this resource:
  689.  
  690.  
  691. Vassberg, David E. The Village and the Outside World in Golden Age Castile: Mobility and Migration in Everyday Rural Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  692.  
  693. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  694.  
  695. A vivid examination of rural life that emphasizes the mobility of Spanish peasants and the array of interactions that brought them into contact with others.
  696.  
  697. Find this resource:
  698.  
  699.  
  700. Conversos and Moriscos
  701. After the expulsion of the Jews and the conquest of the kingdom of Granada in 1492, the Spanish kingdoms were left with a large number of newly converted Jews and Muslims. Meyerson 1991 looks at the lives of Muslims and mudéjares in Valencia in the years just after the conquest of Granada. There has been significant scholarly debate over the formation of Christian identity in the wake of forced conversion and the maintenance of traditional religious customs and beliefs. Melammed 1999 and Perry 2005 emphasize the persistence of Jewish and Muslim beliefs after 1492. Martz 2003 and Graizbord 2004 see a more fluid sense of religious identity.
  702.  
  703. Domínguez Ortíz, Antonio. Los judeoconversos en la España y America. Madrid: ISTMO, 1971.
  704.  
  705. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  706.  
  707. This survey lays out the formation of a converso minority and explores their relationship with Spanish Christian society both on the peninsula and in the Americas.
  708.  
  709. Find this resource:
  710.  
  711.  
  712. Graizbord, David L. Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580–1700. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  713.  
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715.  
  716. Graizbord examines the meaning of religious identity, focusing on conversos who had fled the peninsula, lived as Jews in the Sephardi diaspora, and then returned to Spain and reconverted to Christianity.
  717.  
  718. Find this resource:
  719.  
  720.  
  721. Martz, Linda. A Network of Converso Families in Early Modern Toledo: Assimilating a Minority. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
  722.  
  723. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  724.  
  725. By focusing on a few Toledan families, Martz demonstrates the degree to which they assimilated into Christian society despite legal and other obstacles.
  726.  
  727. Find this resource:
  728.  
  729.  
  730. Melammed, Renée Levine. Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  731.  
  732. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  733.  
  734. Melammed uses Inquisition records to reconstruct the lives of conversas who attempted to secretly maintain their faith. Shows the importance of women’s domestic activities as Jewish life disappeared from the public sphere into the private sphere.
  735.  
  736. Find this resource:
  737.  
  738.  
  739. Meyerson, Mark D. The Muslims of Valencia in the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  740.  
  741. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  742.  
  743. Nearly one-third of unconverted Muslims lived in the kingdom of Valencia. Meyerson examines both royal policy toward this minority population and the lives of the mudejar population.
  744.  
  745. Find this resource:
  746.  
  747.  
  748. Perry, Mary Elizabeth. The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the Politics of Religion in Early Modern Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  749.  
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751.  
  752. Particularly good on women’s resistance to conversion and assimilation.
  753.  
  754. Find this resource:
  755.  
  756.  
  757. Honor and Sexuality
  758. For decades, anthropologists’ idea of the Mediterranean honor code dominated the literature; however, in recent years scholars have challenged the notion that sexuality in Spain was highly constrained. Barahona 2003 and Poska 2005 argue that honor did not rigidly define women’s lives. Taylor 2008 demonstrates that honor was a rhetorical device that could be manipulated during interpersonal conflicts. Berco 2007 uses Inquisition trials to uncover the complexities of homosexual relationships.
  759.  
  760. Barahona, Renato. Sex Crimes, Honour, and the Law in Early Modern Spain: Vizcaya, 1528–1735. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.
  761.  
  762. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  763.  
  764. Barahona finds that women’s lost honor was regularly redeemed through legal action rather than violence.
  765.  
  766. Find this resource:
  767.  
  768.  
  769. Berco, Cristian. Sexual Hierarchies, Public Status: Men, Sodomy, and Society in Spain’s Golden Age. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. Only in the Kingdom of Aragon did the Inquisition have jurisdiction over sodomy cases. Using those records, Berco looks at the dynamics of male-male relationships and Inquisitorial intervention in sodomy cases.
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777.  
  778. Poska, Allyson M. Women and Authority in Early Modern Spain: The Peasants of Galicia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  779.  
  780. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  781.  
  782. This study of gender norms in the region of Galicia demonstrates that in an area characterized by high rates of male migration, women acquired significant economic resources and demonstrated little interest in chastity.
  783.  
  784. Find this resource:
  785.  
  786.  
  787. Taylor, Scott K. Honor and Violence in Golden Age Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
  788.  
  789. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  790.  
  791. Using legal and other records, Taylor argues that honor did not define behavior but was a rhetorical strategy that Spaniards used during interpersonal conflict.
  792.  
  793. Find this resource:
  794.  
  795.  
  796. Economy
  797. The expansion of the economy during the 16th century and an ongoing debate over the “decline” of Spain in the seventeenth have dominated the economic history of early modern Spain. Seventeenth-century authors struggled with a sense of economic and political decline in the face of demographic crises, declining gold imports from the Americas, and the loss of Portugal and the Netherlands. More recently, scholars have noted that economic decline was primarily a Castilian phenomenon, and that peripheral areas of Spain recovered from the crises of the late 16th century much more quickly. Phillips 1987 takes a Malthusian perspective on decline. Ringrose 1983, García Sanz 1977, and the essays in Thompson and Casalilla 1994 make Castile the focal point of economic transformations. Phillips and Phillips 1997 reconsiders the trajectory of the Spanish economy over more than three centuries. Chaunu and Chaunu 1955–1959 is a monumental study that provides a starting point for all analyses of the Atlantic trade.
  798.  
  799. Chaunu, Huguette, and Pierre Chaunu. Séville et l’Atlantique (1504–1650). 11 vols. Paris: A. Colin, 1955–1959.
  800.  
  801. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  802.  
  803. The earlier volumes detail methodology, shipping lists and other statistical data on the Atlantic trade. The last three volumes provide Pierre Chaunu’s extensive analysis of the formation of the Atlantic economy.
  804.  
  805. Find this resource:
  806.  
  807.  
  808. García Sanz, Angel. Desarrollo y crisis del Antiguo Régimen en Castilla la Vieja: Economía y sociedad en tierras de Segovia de 1500 a 1814. Madrid: Akal, 1977.
  809.  
  810. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  811.  
  812. This study of Segovia explores the relationship between demographic and economic decline in this textile city.
  813.  
  814. Find this resource:
  815.  
  816.  
  817. Phillips, Carla Rahn. “Time and Duration: A Model for the Economy of Early Modern Spain.” American Historical Review 92 (1987): 531–562.
  818.  
  819. DOI: 10.2307/1869909Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  820.  
  821. As part of the debate over the decline of Spain, Phillips offers a Malthusian analysis of the Spanish economy that argues for a closer analysis of the relationship of political and economic developments, as well as a more thoughtful consideration of regional variation.
  822.  
  823. Find this resource:
  824.  
  825.  
  826. Phillips, Carla Rahn, and William D. Phillips Jr. Spain’s Golden Fleece: Wool Production and the Wool Trade from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
  827.  
  828. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  829.  
  830. This massive study of the wool industry has made scholars rethink the role of the Mesta (the association of Castilian sheep holders), the Spanish bourgeoisie, and the course of the Spanish economy.
  831.  
  832. Find this resource:
  833.  
  834.  
  835. Ringrose, David R. Madrid and the Spanish Economy, 1560–1850. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
  836.  
  837. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  838.  
  839. Ringrose shows how Madrid’s economy negatively affected the rest of Spain. Available online.
  840.  
  841. Find this resource:
  842.  
  843.  
  844. Thompson, I. A. A., and Bartolomé Yun Casalilla, eds. The Castilian Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: New Perspectives on the Economic and Social History of Seventeenth-Century Spain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  845.  
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847.  
  848. This collection of articles by Spanish authors provides a broad spectrum of the debate over the Spanish economy and Spain’s supposed decline.
  849.  
  850. Find this resource:
  851.  
  852.  
  853. Imperial Rule
  854. Our understanding of Spain’s place at the center of a worldwide empire has also undergone significant changes. It is no longer considered a stagnant monolith as in past eras. The essays in Elliott 1989 examine the range of people and institutions involved in the imperial project. Pagden 1990 shows the vibrancy of the intellectual debate over empire. Kamen 2003 does much to decenter Spain from its empire, and Stein and Stein 2003 reconceptualizes the relationship between the mother country and its colonies. Altman 1989 and Pescador 2004 view the empire from the local level, showing how transatlantic migration transformed lives on both sides of the ocean.
  855.  
  856. Altman, Ida. Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and America in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
  857.  
  858. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  859.  
  860. A migration study that reveals the impact of the settlement of the Americas on local society in Spain.
  861.  
  862. Find this resource:
  863.  
  864.  
  865. Elliott, J. H. Spain and Its World: Selected Essays. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.
  866.  
  867. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  868.  
  869. The essays in this collection take a conservative, top-down look at the men and institutions through which Spain governed its empire, including Cortés, the aristocracy, and the court.
  870.  
  871. Find this resource:
  872.  
  873.  
  874. Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
  875.  
  876. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  877.  
  878. This work emphasizes Spain’s reliance on an international group of allies, from German technicians to Aztec allies, to manage its empire.
  879.  
  880. Find this resource:
  881.  
  882.  
  883. Pagden, Anthony. Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination: Studies in European and Spanish-American Social and Political Theory, 1513–1830. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.
  884.  
  885. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  886.  
  887. Six essays covering different Spanish and Italian thinkers and their ideas about Spain’s colonial ventures.
  888.  
  889. Find this resource:
  890.  
  891.  
  892. Pescador, Juan Javier. The New World Inside a Basque Village: The Oiartzun Valley and its Atlantic Emigrants, 1550–1800. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2004.
  893.  
  894. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  895.  
  896. Shows how migration to the Americas transformed families and village life in the Basque lands.
  897.  
  898. Find this resource:
  899.  
  900.  
  901. Stein, Stanley J., and Barbara H. Stein. Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
  902.  
  903. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  904.  
  905. An examination of 18th-century reforms, especially comercio libre. Reconsiders the economic relationship between Spain and New Spain at the end of the colonial period.
  906.  
  907. Find this resource:
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