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Poland (Medieval Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Scholars usually date the medieval history of Poland as starting in the mid-10th century, when the first written information about the Piast state was recorded in written sources. However, the emergence of the Western Slavic state of Polanie can be safely dated to an earlier period, which is confirmed by archeological excavations in Greater Poland, at least to the end of the 9th century. Mieszko I (d. 992), duke of the Polanie state, is the first well-recorded historical monarch. His baptism in 966 marked a turning point in the early medieval history of the Polish state and became a symbol of Poland’s entrance into the recorded history of Europe. The end of the medieval period in the history of Poland is still under discussion. It is hard to point to a particular date or historical event that might symbolically mark the closing of the Polish Middle Ages. Nevertheless, such attempts have been made proposing various political, military, or cultural events as the final dates of a medieval Polish state—for example, the Thirteen Year War against the Teutonic Knights (1454–1466), which yielded Eastern Pomerania with Gdańsk back to Poland and made the Teutonic state in Prussia vassal to the Polish state; the first session of the Polish parliament, the Seym, in 1493; the unfortunate campaign in the Duchy of Moldavia in 1497; the death of King Jan Olbracht and coronation of his brother Alexander I in 1501; or the death of the latter and the 1506 coronation of Sigismund I, widely considered the first Renaissance monarch on the Polish throne.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. There is not a single comprehensive textbook on the medieval history of Poland available in English; however, there are some in German. The best introduction to the medieval history of Poland in English is offered in The New Cambridge Medieval History (see Abulafia, et al. 1995–2005). Separate chapters address the major developments of the Polish state, society, and culture in the Middle Ages, starting with the emergence of the first political organizations of Western Slavs in the present-day territory of Poland to the formation of the Renaissance monarchy of the Jagiellons at the beginning of the 16th century. General textbooks of Polish history in English, German, or French include sections devoted to the medieval period. Some of them were written by Polish historians working in Poland (Gieysztor 1979) or abroad (Halecki 1992), whereas others were produced by international scholars (Davies 1982). There is a good selection of textbooks on medieval Polish history in Polish. Along with classic works that still have high scholarly value (Grodecki, et al. 1926), there are two volumes devoted to the medieval period of Poland that were published as part of the Great History of Poland series (Wyrozumski 1999 and Baczkowski 1999) as well as a new textbook of medieval Polish history for Polish students (Szczur 2002). In addition, monographs on Polish medieval monarchs are readily available.
  8.  
  9. Abulafia, David, et al., eds. The New Cambridge Medieval History. 7 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995–2005.
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  11. A recent comprehensive history of Europe from 500 to 1500 CE, written by a group of leading international scholars and incorporating the latest research. A history of medieval Poland is presented in separate chapters in Volumes 3–7.
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  13. Baczkowski, Krzysztof. Dzieje Polski późnośredniowiecznej (1370–1506). Wielka Historia Polski 3. Krakow: Fogra, 1999.
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  15. Third volume of the recent History of Poland series, examining the rule of Anjou and Jagiellonian dynasty to 1506. A general compendium of the late medieval history of Poland, with numerous maps, tables, and illustrations supplied.
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  17. Davies, Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
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  19. Best known and highly popular textbook of Polish history in English; well written and offers a general picture of political, social, and cultural developments. Reprinted in 1983, 1984, 2002, and 2005.
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  21. Gieysztor, Aleksander, ed. History of Poland. Warsaw: PWN, 1979.
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  23. Basic textbook of Polish history published by leading Polish historians for non-Polish readers. First chapters offer a general overview of medieval history. Unfortunately, no new edition is available as of 2010.
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  25. Grodecki, Roman, Stanisław Zachorowski, and Jan Dąbrowski. Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej. 2 vols. Krakow: Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1926.
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  27. Classic textbook of medieval history of Poland written by leading Polish historians in 1920s, focusing mostly on political developments. Reprinted in 1995.
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  29. Halecki, Oskar. A History of Poland; with Additional Material by A. Polonsky. New York: Dorset, 1992.
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  31. The great work of a Polish historian who emigrated to the United States after World War II. Offers a refreshing analysis of the main trends of Polish history.
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  33. Szczur, Stanisław. Historia Polski: Średniowiecze. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002.
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  35. A basic textbook on Polish medieval history for students, well structured and concise. Offers updated information on the political, social, and religious developments in the medieval history of Poland.
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  37. Wyrozumski, Jerzy. Dzieje Polski Piastowskiej (VIII w.–1370). Wielka Historia Polski II. Krakow: Fogra, 1999.
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  39. Second volume of the recent History of Poland series, covering the rise and growth of the Polish monarchy, from the emergence of the first tribal states on the present-day territory of Poland to the death of Kazimierz the Great, the last Piast king. A general compendium of the early medieval history of Poland, with numerous maps, tables, and illustrations supplied.
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  41. Reference Works
  42.  
  43. There are a number of international and Polish encyclopedias and dictionaries that are indispensable for a historian researching medieval Poland. Among the larger international encyclopedias worth consulting are Lexikon des Mittelalters and Dictionnaire d’histoire et géographie ecclésiastiques, both of which comprise biographical and geographical entries related to the medieval history of Poland. The best way to obtain biographical information on historical figures who contributed to Polish medieval history is to browse the immense dictionary of Polish biography (Polski Słownik Biograficzny). Keep in mind that the first volumes of this great scholarly work were published in 1930s, so some biographical information needs to be updated; the next edition is still in progress. For information on geographical locations in medieval Poland (towns, villages), consult Słownik historyczno-geograficzny ziem polskich w średniowieczu (Dictionary of history and geography of Polish lands in the Middle Ages). To find an appropriate entry, you must first check the location of a place (town or village) within one of the historical provinces of Poland (Rzeczpospolita), and then find the volume related to that province. For any textual analysis of Latin sources produced in medieval Poland, you may need to consult the dictionary of medieval Latin in Poland (Lexicon Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis Polonorum). Detailed information on the history and culture of Slavs who lived in the Polish territories is collected in the immense encyclopedia Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich; the last volume offers updates to the main corpus of the encyclopedia, which was published in the 1960s. For church history and Christian culture, see the Encyklopedia Katolicka.
  44.  
  45. Buczek, Karol et al., ed. Słownik historyczno-geograficzny ziem polskich w średniowieczu. Warsaw and Wroclaw, Poland: Instytut Historii PAN and Ossolineum, 1963–.
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  47. A basic dictionary on the historical geography of medieval Poland, published by the Insititute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, and divided into separate series covering the historical provinces of medieval Poland.
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  49. Dictionnaire d’histoire et géographie ecclésiastiques. 28 vols. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1912–2008.
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  51. Immense encyclopedia of ecclesiastical geography and biography in French, edited by an international team of contributors; contains biographical articles on Polish saints, churchmen, and Catholic intellectuals, as well as geographical and ecclesiastical organization: provinces, dioceses, archdeaconries, parishes, monasteries; recent fascicule on the letter “La.”
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  53. Encyklopedia Katolicka. 12 vols. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 1973–2008.
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  55. Interdisciplinary encyclopedia on the Catholic Church published by the Catholic University of Lublin; entries on other Christian churches and communities as well as non-Christian religions are also included. Provides basic information on the history of Christianity, ecclesiastical organization, and the religious culture of medieval Poland. The final volume contains entries on letters “Ma–Mo.”
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  57. Kowalenko, Władysław, Gerard Labuda, and Tadeusz Lepr-Spławiński, eds. Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich: encyklopedyczny zarys kultury Słowian od czasów najdawniejszych. 8 vols. Warsaw: PWN, 1961–1996.
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  59. Fundamental and most detailed encyclopedia on the history and culture of Slavs, covering the vast territories of central and eastern Europe, from ancient times to 1200.
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  61. Lexicon Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis Polonorum. 68 vols. Krakow: PAN, 1953–2009.
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  63. Exhaustive and one of the most advanced modern dictionaries of medieval Latin. Records and analyzes the use of Latin words and phrases. An indispensable tool for any critical analysis of medieval texts produced in medieval Poland. Began publication in 1953 and incomplete as of 2010; the latest volume comprises entries from “scrinium” to “septimana.”
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  65. Lexikon des Mittelalters. 9 vols. Munich: Artemis and Vinkler Verlag, 1980–1998.
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  67. Basic international encyclopedia of medieval history; includes biographical and geographical entries related to Polish medieval history with a select bibliography. Accompanying CD-ROM produced by Ausgabe in 2000.
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  69. Michałowska, Teresa, ed. Słownik literatury staropolskiej: Średniowiecze, Renesans, Barok. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1990.
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  71. A useful dictionary offering information on literary genres, trends, and concepts in the Polish medieval and early modern literature; does not offer entries on Polish authors and book titles. Reprinted in 1998 and 2002.
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  73. Polski Słownik Biograficzny. 46 vols. Warsaw and Krakow: Polska Akademia Nauk and Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1935–2009.
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  75. Immense dictionary of Polish biography, published by the Historical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences since 1935; includes extensive biographical articles on persons, Polish and international, whose lives and activities contributed to the history of Poland (rulers, officials, intellectuals, churchmen, etc.). Recent fascicule no. 188 comprises entries on letters “Su–Sw.”
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  77. Bibliographies
  78.  
  79. Although no separate bibliography of Polish medieval studies exists, there are a few methods of collecting bibliographical information on source editions and publications related to the medieval history of Poland. The best international bibliography to consult is, of course, the International Medieval Bibliography (IMB), which records the most important Polish and international publications on medieval Poland. A complete and current bibliographical survey of Polish and international studies is published once a year in Bibliografia historii polskiej. Their online site includes bibliographical records for the years 1988–2007 that are regularly updated. To get information on the crucial studies of Polish medieval history, it is worth looking at the “Book Notices” section in the periodical Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae.
  80.  
  81. Bibliografia historii Polski. 1944–.
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  83. Periodical published annually by the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, in recent years in cooperation with the Institute of National Remembrance. Basic bibliography of Polish history; divided into several sections; chronological sections devoted to medieval history list general histories, periodicals, source materials, and secondary works. No annotations; contains an alphabetical index of authors. Available online for the years 1988–2007.
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  85. Bibliografia literatury polskiej Nowy Korbut. 3 vols. Piśmiennictwo staropolskie. Warsaw: Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, 1963–1965.
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  87. General bibliography of Polish literature; these first three volumes comprise articles on Polish medieval authors and their works, organized in alphabetical order; anonymous works are listed in the first section. Each entry consists of a short biography, list of works, and selection of secondary literature. For the years 1988–1998, the records of a new digital database, Polska Bibliografia Literacka (Bibliography of Polish literature), are available online.
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  89. International Medieval Bibliography. 1967–.
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  91. International and interdisciplinary bibliography of medieval studies produced at the University of Leeds that offers a selection of studies on medieval Poland. The printed version appears twice a year.
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  93. Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. 1996–.
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  95. The “Book Notices” section offers concise information on recent publications, Polish and international, on medieval history; the “Current Research” section provides information on various Polish and international research projects under way. See website for more information on the contents of each volume.
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  97. Journals
  98.  
  99. There are dozens of Polish journals that publish articles and book reviews and even edit sources related to Polish medieval history. The leading historical journal, published in English, French, and German, is Acta Poloniae Historica. Its primary objective is to popularize abroad the most important studies on Polish history. In the field of Polish medieval studies, a prominent role is played by Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, published once a year, mostly in English. Articles on medieval Poland are currently published in Polish periodicals devoted either to the general history of Poland (Kwartalnik Historyczny, Przegląd Historyczny, Roczniki Historyczne) or exclusively to medieval studies. In the latter group there are special periodicals focusing on textual studies and source editions (Studia Źródłoznawcze), medieval archeology (Archeologica Polona), Polish medieval theology and philosophy (Mediaevalia Philosophica Polonorum), and so forth.
  100.  
  101. Acta Poloniae Historica. 1958–.
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  103. General periodical of Polish history published by the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, mostly in English and German; presents the results of recent research on the history of Poland. The review section includes short notes on current Polish publications.
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  105. Archaeologia Polona. 1958–.
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  107. Archaeological journal published in English annually by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw; its main purpose is to popularize the most important findings of Polish archaeology abroad. Most articles are English versions of papers published earlier in the Polish periodical Archeologia Polska.
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  109. Kwartalnik Historyczny. 1887–.
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  111. General quarterly of historical sciences published by the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences.
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  113. Mediaevalia Philosophica Polonorum. 1958–.
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  115. Periodical published by the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw; presents studies on Polish medieval philosophy and minor works of philosophers from the University of Kraków.
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  117. Przegląd Historyczny. 1905–.
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  119. General quarterly of historical sciences published by the Polish Historical Society in Warsaw and the Historical Institute of the University of Warsaw.
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  121. Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. 1996–.
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  123. Leading Polish periodical on medieval studies, published mostly in English and German; focuses on the medieval history of countries located east of the Carolingian Empire. Each volume comprises a collection of studies on a given aspect of medieval history. See website for more information on the contents of each volume.
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  125. Roczniki Historyczne. 1925–.
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  127. General periodical of Polish sciences, published by the Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences.
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  129. Studia Źródłoznawcze. 1957–.
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  131. Periodical published by the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, focusing on source editions and auxiliary sciences of history and methodology.
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  133. Regions
  134.  
  135. The history of almost all the provinces of medieval Poland is presented in a series of regional monographs: Greater Poland (Topolski 1969), Pomerania (Labuda 1969–2002, Piskorski 1999), Silesia (Maleczyński 1960–1964, Petry, et al. 1988, Czapliński, et al. 2002), Mazovia (Gieysztor 1994), Lublin (Mendel 1974). These are mostly larger collective works discussing various historical and cultural developments of each region from their prehistory to the present day. In addition, it is worth keeping in mind that there are numerous periodicals focusing on the history of major regions/provinces or minor administration units.
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  137. Czapliński, Marek, Elżbieta Kaszuba, Gabriela Wąs, and Rościsław Żerelik. Historia Śląska. Wroclaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2002.
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  139. Well-written overview of the history of Silesia; presents the history of the region from a wider central European perspective. Reprinted in 2007.
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  141. Gieysztor, Aleksander, ed. Dzieje Mazowsza do 1526 roku. Warsaw: PWN, 1994.
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  143. Collective work on the history of Mazovia in the Middle Ages.
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  145. Labuda, Gerard, ed. Historia Pomorza. 3 vols. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1969–2002.
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  147. Immense, collective study of the history of Pomerania.
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  149. Maleczyński, Karol, ed. Historia Śląska. 4 vols. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960–1964.
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  151. The largest history of Silesia in Polish, covering all aspects of the historical and cultural development of that province.
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  153. Mendel, Tadeusz, ed. Dzieje Lubelszczyzny. Vol. 1. Warsaw: PWN, 1974.
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  155. Collective work on the history of Lublin province in the Middle Ages and early modern period. Reprinted in 1983.
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  157. Petry, Ludwig, Joseph J. Menzel, and Winfried Irgang. Geschichte Schlesiens. Vol. 1, Von der Urzeit bis zum Jahre 1526. Sigmaringen, Germany: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1988.
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  159. Recent textbook on the medieval history of Silesia written by German historians.
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  161. Piskorski, Jan M., ed. Pommern durch die Jahrhunderte. Szczecin, Poland: Zamek Książąt Pomorskich, 1999.
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  163. Collection of studies on the history of Pomerania.
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  165. Topolski, Jerzy, ed. Dzieje Wielkopolski. Vol 1, Do roku 1793. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1969.
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  167. Classic collective work on the history of Greater Poland. The first part is focused on the medieval period and analyzes political, social, economic, and cultural developments in this province, which was the cradle of the early medieval Polish state.
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  169. Methodological Approaches
  170.  
  171. There are a number of studies summarizing Polish and international research on medieval Polish history and proposing new research areas and methods to be applied. Fałkowski 2001 and Fałkowski 2004 should be consulted first to find updated information on the developments in research on Polish medieval history in particular areas (state, society, religion, culture, etc.). Apart from a general overview, each paper offers a thorough bibliographical review of basic literature.
  172.  
  173. Fałkowski, Wojciech, ed. Pytania o średniowiecze: Potrzeby i perspektywy badawcze polskiej mediewistyki. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Neriton, 2001.
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  175. Collection of conference papers presenting research achievements in and perspectives on Polish medieval studies.
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  177. Fałkowski, Wojciech, ed. Kolory i struktury średniowiecza. Warsaw: DiG, 2004.
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  179. A selected collection of papers presented at the first Polish Medieval Congress in Toruń in 2002. Divided into five sections: the world of the medieval university, churchmen, geographical horizon of east central Europe, the origins of early medieval states and social elites in late medieval Poland.
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  181. Sources
  182.  
  183. It is difficult to list all crucial editions of sources related to the medieval history of Poland in a selective bibliography. A selection of sources always depends on a research area. Almost all sources related to the medieval history of Poland until c. 1300 have been published; however, some editions do not match modern editorial standards. A useful bibliographical guide to printed sources produced from 1386 to 1506 is available in Węcowski 1999. One of the first editions of medieval sources is the collection on Polish royal privileges and constitutions of parliament published in the 18th century as Volumina legum by the Piarist Order (reprinted in the 1860s by Jozafat Ohryzko). Among the classic and still indispensable editions of medieval materials, there are two major series published by the (Polish) Academy of Learning in Kraków. The first, Monumenta Poloniae Historica (MPH), modeled on Monumenta Germaniae Historica, was started by August Bielowski in Lviv in 1864 and then continued in Kraków by the Academy of Learning. It comprises medieval Polish narratives (annals, chronicles, saints’ lives, poems, inscriptions, etc.). In 1948 the Polish Academy of Learning, and subsequently the Polish Academy of Sciences, launched a critical edition of medieval narrative sources with a new series: Monumenta Poloniae Historica Series Nova. The second series, Monumenta Medii Aevi Historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia, is an edition of medieval documents and correspondence produced by or addressed to Polish and foreign monarchs, churchmen, royal officials, and public institutions. Polish medieval narratives were published either within one of the classic editorial series (Monumenta Poloniae Historica or Monumenta Poloniae Historica Series Nova) or separately (Maurice and Smith 1997). Medieval documents are usually published separately for each historical province of Poland or for the chancelleries/institutions in which they were produced (see Monumenta Medii Aevi Historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia, Kuraś and Sułkowska-Kurasiowa 1982–2006).
  184.  
  185. Dąbrowski, Joannes, Wyrozumski Georgius, et al., eds. Ioannis Dlugossi Annales seu cronicae inclii Regni Poloniae XII libri. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo PWN, 1964–2006.
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  187. Critical Latin edition of the monumental Polish medieval chronicle by Jan Długosz (1415–1480). Indispensable for any research on the medieval Polish history.
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  189. Gallus Anonymus. Gesta principum Polonorum: The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles. Translated and edited by Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2003.
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  191. New Latin and English edition of the oldest Polish medieval chronicle written by Gallus the Anonymous in the second decade of the 12th century. Together with the critical edition by K. Maleczyński for the new series of MPH, it is a standard edition of that crucial source to study the early medieval history of the Piast monarchy.
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  193. Kuraś, Stanisław, and Irena Sułkowska-Kurasiowa, eds. Bullarium Poloniae litteras apostolicas aliaque monumenta Poloniae Vaticana continens. 7 vols. Rome and Lublin, Poland: Fundacja Jana Pawła II and Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, 1982–2006.
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  195. Fundamental edition of papal documents addressed to Polish kings, churchmen, and secular officials; covers almost the whole medieval period. A recent volume comprises documents from the pontificate of Pope Paul II (1464–1471).
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  197. Maurice, Michel and Paul Smith, eds. The Annals by Jan Długosz: Annales seu cronicae inclyti Regni Polonia—an English abridgement. Chichester, UK: IM Publications, 1997.
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  199. An abridged English version of the immense 15th-century chronicle of Jan Długosz, covering the history of Poland from the legendary period to 1480.
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  201. Monumenta Medii Aevi Historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia. 19 vols. Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności/Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1874–1927.
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  203. A series of classic editions of documents related to the medieval history of Poland published by the Polish Academy of Learning.
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  205. Monumenta Poloniae Historica. 6 vols. Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, 1864–1893.
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  207. Classic edition of narrative sources produced in medieval Poland or related to Polish history. Modeled on Monumenta Germaniae Historica. The first two volumes were published by August Bielowski in Lviv, the next four in Kraków. Reprinted in 1960–1961.
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  209. Monumenta Poloniae Historica Series Nova. 14 vols. Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1946–2008.
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  211. New critical reissued edition of narrative sources of the Polish Middle Ages, which were first published in the 19th-century series Monumenta Poloniae Historica. Comprises important medieval chronicles by Gallus Anonymous or Master Vincentius Kadłubek, author of the Chronicle of Great Poland, as well as the oldest annals, saints’ lives, and other texts.
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  213. Węcowski, Piotr, ed. Bibliografia źródeł drukowanych do dziejów Polski późnośredniowiecznej (1386–1506). Fasciculi Historii Novi 3. Warsaw: DiG and Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1999.
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  215. A useful bibliography of printed sources from the Jagiellonian period (1386–1506). Makes it easier to get access to the information on various editions of late medieval sources, published within a series or separately.
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  217. Auxiliary Sciences
  218.  
  219. Polish studies on the auxiliary sciences of medieval history have made great progress. Begun at the end of the 19th century and focusing first on medieval paleography, sfragistics, numismatics, and heraldry, in recent decades, these studies developed in various directions and now cover all research areas of Polish medieval history. Their methods and findings are indispensable for a critical analysis of Polish medieval sources. The leading Polish textbook on the auxiliary sciences of history is Szymański 2001, which offers updated information on the methods, objectives, and results of almost all auxiliary sciences of medieval history, combining international and Polish scholarship. A good overview of recent Polish research in the auxiliary sciences of history is presented in Rokosz 1995. There are a number of textbooks devoted to particular auxiliary sciences: paleography (Semkowicz 1951), diplomatics (Krzyżanowski 1934, Jurek 2004), chronology (Włodarski 1957), heraldry (Szymański 2001), numismatics (Kiersnowski 1964), or historical geography (Tyszkiewicz 2003). Listed here is a selection of classic and standard studies that should be consulted first.
  220.  
  221. Jurek, Tomasz. “Die Rechtskraft von Urkunden im mittelaterlichen Polen.” In The Development of Literate Mentalities in East Central Europe. Edited by Anna Adamska and Marco Mostert, 59–92. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2004.
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223. Recent reexamination of the functions of charters in medieval Poland.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Kiersnowski, Ryszard. Wstęp do numizmatyki polskiej wieków średnich, Warsaw: PWN, 1964.
  226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. Textbook on Polish numismatics in the Middle Ages.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Krzyżanowski, Stanisław. Zarys nauki o dokumencie polskim wieków średnich. Warsaw: Skł. gł. w Kasie im. Mianowskiego, 1934.
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. First and still the most extensive study on the chancellaries and documents in medieval Poland. Reprinted in 2008 (Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie).
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Rokosz, Mieczysław, ed. Tradycje i perspektywy nauk pomocniczych historii. Krakow: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1995.
  234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235. Collection of conference papers discussing the traditions and perspectives of auxilliary sciences of history in Poland and worldwide.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Semkowicz, Władysław. Paleografia łacińska. Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1951.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. Classic textbook on Latin paleography with extensive comments on the Polish medieval materials. Reprinted in 2002.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Szymański, Józef. Nauki pomocnicze historii.Warsaw: PWN, 2001.
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  243. Basic Polish textbook on the auxiliary sciences of history, offering general overviews of particular ones (paleography, chronology, diplomatics, etc.), their objectives and research methods, both in Poland and worldwide.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Tyszkiewicz, Jan. Geografia historyczna średniowiecznej Polski. Warsaw: DiG, 2003.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Recent study on the historical geography of medieval Poland.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Włodarski, Bronisław, ed. Chronologia polska. Warsaw: PWN, 1957.
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  251. Classic textbook on historical chronology. Along with providing general information, discusses how to apply research problems of chronology to Polish sources. Chronological tables supplied. Reprinted in 2007.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Western Slavs
  254.  
  255. The history of Western Slavs who formed the early medieval Polish state is presented in a number of extensive classic works such as Kmieciński 1989, Wachowski 1950, and Hensel 1965. Historical, archeological, and linguistic findings on the formation of Western Slavic states are discussed in Leciejewicz 1989 and Kurnatowska 1996. The best reexamination of sources is Labuda 1999.
  256.  
  257. Hensel, Witold. Słowiańszczyzna wczesnośredniowieczna. Warsaw: PWN, 1965.
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Historical and archeological study on the expansion and culture of Slavs in the early Middle Ages.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Kmieciński, Jerzy, ed. Pradzieje ziem polskich. 2 vols. Warsaw: PWN, 1989.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Classic textbook on the prehistory of Polish lands, from the Old Stone Age to the Neolithic Period.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Kurnatowska, Zofia, ed. Słowiańszczyzna w Europie średniowiecznej. 2 vols. Wroclaw, Poland: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, 1996.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Collective work on the place and role of Slavs in the medieval history of Europe.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Labuda, Gerard. Słowiańszczyzna starożytna i wczesnośredniowieczna. Poznan, Poland: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, 1999.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Reexamination of ancient and early medieval sources related to the history of Slavs.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Leciejewicz, Lech. Słowianie Zachodni. Z dziejów tworzenia się średniowiecznej Europy. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1989.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. A history of Western Slavs’ formation and organization of the first tribal states in the territory of present-day Poland.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Wachowski, Kazimierz. Słowiańszczyzna Zachodnia. Poznan, Poland: Instytut Zachodni, 1950.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Classic study on the history and culture of Western Slavs. Reprinted in 2000.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Piast Monarchy
  282.  
  283. A great interest in the history of the Piast monarchy (10th–14th centuries) resulted in numerous historical and archeological studies written after World War II. The best general overview of the early Piast monarchy in English is Knoll 1972. The beginnings of the Polish state are thoroughly discussed in the exhaustive works Łowmiański 1963–1986 and Labuda 1987–1988. Any later studies on that issue refer to the concepts and conclusions presented in these two works. The whole Piast period of Polish history is analazyed in Grodecki 1969. Two collections of studies written by the best Polish experts, Manteuffel 1968 and Gieysztor 1972, present various aspects of historical and cultural developments of Piast Poland. Recent research on the rise of the early Piast monarchy and its role in Europe is thoroughly examined in Samsonowicz 2000, whereas the scholarly debate on the reunification of the Polish monarchy under the last Piast kings is presented in Kurtyka 2001. A short English overview of Piast Poland is given in Wyrozumski 1995–2005.
  284.  
  285. Gieysztor, Aleksander, ed. Polska dzielnicowa i zjednoczona: Państwo, społeczeństwo, kultura. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1972.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Classic collection of studies on the history, society, and culture of Poland in the period of fragmentation (1138–1320).
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Grodecki, Roman. Polska piastowska. Warsaw: PWN, 1969.
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  291. Classic book on the history of Piast Poland. Analyzes the social and economic transformations of the country from the 10th to the 14th centuries.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Knoll, Paul. Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East-Central Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Classic study on the rise of the early medieval Polish state. Still the best analysis of the origins of the Piast monarchy in English.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Kurtyka, Janusz. Odrodzone Królestwo: Monarchia Władysława Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego w świetle nowszych badań. Krakow: Tow. Nauk. Societas Vistulana, 2001.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. A good overview of the present research on the monarchy of the last Piast kings: Władysław I the Elbow-High (1306–1333) and his son Casimir the Great. Analyzes various concepts of political reunification of the Polish states and parallel socioeconomical processes.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Labuda, Gerard. Studia na początkami państwa polskiego. 2 vols. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza, 1987–1988.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. A thorough interdisciplinary study on the rise of the Polish state. Offers critical analysis of all available sources and presents historical events in a broad international perspective. Most of the author’s interpretations and conlcusions have been widely accepted.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Łowmiański, Henryk. Początki Polski: Z dziejów Słowian w pierwszym tysiącleciu naszej ery. 5 vols. Warsaw: PWN, 1963–1986.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. Exhaustive work, reflecting author’s encyclopedic knowledge. Offers a detailed analysis of the rise of the early Piast state.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Manteuffel, Tadeusz, ed. Polska pierwszych Piastów: Państwo, społeczeństwo, kultura. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1968.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Collection of studies on early Piast Poland. Discusses the formation of the Polish state, and the composition of early medieval Polish society and its cultural achievements.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Samsonowicz, Henryk, ed. Ziemie polskie w X wieku i ich znaczenie w kształtowaniu się mapy Europy. Krakow: Universitas, 2000.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. A collection of studies on the early Polish state in the 10th century. Presentation and discussion of recent historical and archeological findings by the best Polish experts.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Wyrozumski, Jerzy. “Poland in the Eleventh and Twelth Centuries.” In The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 4: c. 1024–1198, Part 2. Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith, 277–289. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995–2005.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. A short English overview of Piast Poland.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Biographies
  322.  
  323. A modern biography has appeared in print for almost every king or duke of the Piast dynasty. A genalogical survey of the members of the Piast dynasty is given in Balzer 1895 and revised in Jasiński 1992 in reference to the early Piasts (to the end of the 12th century). The collection of biographies appearing in Szczur and Ożóg 1999 should be consulted first to find information on Piast rulers and members of their families. Strzelczyk 1992 and Fried 2001 offer a good introduction to the rise of the Piast state and its place in Western Christianity. Labuda 1992 on Mieszko II is a groundbreaking study of the crisis of the early Piast monarchy in the 1030s. Zientara 1975 and Wyrozumski 1982 are two good examples of popular books on the Piast rulers published after World War II.
  324.  
  325. Balzer, Oswald. Genealogia Piastów. Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, 1895.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Classic genealogical survey on the members of the Piast dynasty; some information needs to be updated and reconciled with new genealogical studies (that is, those by K. Jasiński). Reprinted in 2005.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Fried, Johannes. Otto III. und Boleslaw Chrobry: Das Widmungsbild des Aachener Evangeliars, der “Akt von Gnesen” und das frühe polnische und hungarische Königtum. 2d ed. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2001.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Stimulating study on the rise of the early Piast state offering a new interpretation of the visit of Emperor Otto III to Gniezno in 1000 and the circumstances surrounding the coronation of King Boleslaw I Chrobry (992–1025).
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Jasiński, Kazimierz. Rodowód pierwszych Piastów. Wroclaw and Warsaw: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, 1992.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Critical genealogical survey of the first Piast rulers and members of their families (to the end of the 12th century).
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Labuda, Gerard, Mieszko II Król Polski (1025–1034): Czasy przełomu w dziejach państwa polskiego. Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1992.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. A stimulating book on a rather neglected period of the early medieval history of the Piast state; reexamines and revises earlier research, offering a new explanation of the fall of the early Piast monarchy and pagan rebellion that followed it.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Strzelczyk, Jerzy. Mieszko Pierwszy. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Wielkopolskiej Biblioteki Publicznej w Poznaniu, 1992.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Popular biography of Mieszko I, first historical ruler of the Polish state (d. 992). Reprinted in 1999.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Szczur, Stanisław, and Krzysztof Ożóg, eds. Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1999.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. Comprehensive collection of biographical articles on members of the Piast dynasty (kings and dukes, their wives and children); an important handbook for any study of the Piasts.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Wyrozumski, Jerzy. Kazimierz Wielki. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1982.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Standard biography of Casimir the Great (b. 1333–d. 1370), the last Piast ruler on the Polish throne. Reprinted in 1986 and 2004.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Zientara, Benedykt. Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy. Warsaw: PIW, 1975.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Classic biography of Henry I the Bearded (b. 1165/1170–d. 1238), Piast duke of Silesia, who attempted to stop the process of fragmentation of the Polish state. Paints a colorful picture of the entire epoch. Reprinted in 1997 and 2006.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Anjou Dynasty
  358.  
  359. The short rule of the Anjou dynasty (1370–1399) was a transitory period in the late medieval history of Poland. The twelve-year rule of Louis of Anjou (called “the Great” in Hungarian or “the Hungarian” in Polish histiography) is discussed in the classic Dąbrowski 1918. The life of his younger daughter Jadwiga engendered much greater interest. Oskar Halecki, concerned with the origins and evolution of the union between Poland and Lithuania, devoted a number of his studies to the historical role of Jadwiga of Anjou (Halecki 1991). Wyrozumski 2006 is a collection of essays on the life and political activity of Jadwiga, combining great scholarship and a comparative perspective.
  360.  
  361. Dąbrowski, Jan. Ostatnie lata Ludwika Wielkiego 1370–1382. Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, 1918.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Classic study on the last years of Louis of Anjou, king of Hungary and Poland. A chronological narrative that offers a good backround of east central European history. Reprinted in 2009 (Krakow: Universitas).
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Halecki, Oskar. Jadwiga and the Rise of East Central Europe. Boulder: University of Colorado, 1991.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. The best English study on Jadwiga of Anjou (1384–1399) and her role in the history of east central Europe. Subtle analysis of the origins of the Polish-Lithuanian union.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Wyrozumski, Jerzy. Królowa Jadwiga między epoką piastowska i jagiellońską. Krakow: Universitas, 2006.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Collection of popular essays on Jadwiga of Anjou, Queen of Poland, and her family, education, piety, and role in the historical development of late-14th-century Poland.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Jagiellonian Monarchy
  374.  
  375. The best English overview of the history of Poland under the rule of the Jagiellonian dynasty is Gieszyor 1998. The crucial problem of Polish-Lithuanian union, first established in 1385, is thoroughly discussed in Halecki 1919 and Błaszczyk 1988–2007. Political developments of the period are addressed in Łowmiański 1999 and Kolankowski 1991. A collection of articles on the role of the Jagiellonian dynasty in European culture appears in Popp and Suckale 2002.
  376.  
  377. Błaszczyk, Grzegorz. Dzieje stosunków polsko-litewskich. 2 vols. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1998–2007.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Recent extensive study on the Polish-Lithuanian relations from the 13th to 15th century. Chronological narrative demonstrating immense knowledge and detailed analysis of sources.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Gieysztor, Aleksander. “The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1386–1506.” In The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 7, c. 1415–1500. Edited by Christopher Allmand, 727–747. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  382. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Brief overview of the political history of Poland and Lithuania under the rule of the Jagiellonian dynasty. A good starting point.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Halecki, Oskar. Dzieje Unii Jagiellońskiej. Vol. 1, W wiekach średnich. Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, 1919.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Classic study on the origins and history of Polish-Lithuanian relations in the Middle Ages. Presents a very optimistic evaluation of the union. Still a point of departure.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Kolankowski, Ludwik. Polska Jagiellonów. Olsztyn, Poland: Oficyna Warmińska, 1991.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Overview of the Jagiellonian period in Polish history. Mostly focused on political and dynastic issues.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Łowmiański, Henryk. Polityka Jagiellonów. Edited by Krzysztof Pietkiewicz. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1999.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Chronological narrative on the domestic and international policy of Jagiellonian monarchs. Discusses their objectives and strategies, as well as their successes and failures. Reprinted in 2006.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Popp, Dietrich, and Robert Suckale, eds. Die Jagiellonen: Kunst und Kultur einer europäischen Dynastie an der Wende zur Neuzeit. Nuremberg, Germany: Germanisches National Museum, 2002.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Collection of conference papers presented in 1999 at the first session on the culture and art of the Jagiellonian period organized by Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrum Geschichte and Kultur Ostmitteleuropa.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Biographies
  402.  
  403. Duczmal 1996 offers a collection of comprehensive biographies of the Jagiellons and should be the first reference work consulted. A complete genealogical survey of the Jagiellons is presented in Wdowiszewski 1968. Popular biographies recount the lives of all the Jagiellonian monarchs. They are mostly chronological narratives and detail the political activity and contribution of each monarch to the late medieval history of Poland (and Lithuania). The best contemporary biography of Władysław II Jagiełło, the founder of the dynasty, is Krzyżaniakowa and Ochmański 1990. Separate studies are devoted to his sons Władysław III of Varna (Olejnik 1996) and Casimir IV Jagiellon (Bogucka 1981). The edicts of Casimir IV’s sons, John Olbracht and Alexander, are examined in the classic and rather concise biographies in Papée 1949a and Papée 1949b. The ecclesiastical and political career of Cardinal Friderick Jagiellon, son of Casimir IV, is considered in Nowakowska 2007. The latter work offers an interesting panorama of the Jagiellonian period from a broad European perspective.
  404.  
  405. Bogucka, Maria. Kazimierz, Jagiellończyk i jego czasy. Warsaw: PIW, 1981.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Classic biography of King Casimir the Jagiellon (1447–1492), younger son of Władysław Jagiełło. Reprinted in 1998 and 2009 (Krakow: Universitas).
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Duczmal, Małgorzata. Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1996.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. Biographical dictionary of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Offers general overviews of the public and private life of Jagiellonian rulers and members of their families. Each article supplies a selection of quotations from late medieval and early modern sources (chronicles, biographies, speeches, letters, etc.) related to particular rulers
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Krzyżaniakowa, Jadwiga, and Jerzy Ochmański. Władysław II Jagiełło. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich 1990.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Popular biography of Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland (r. 1386–1434) and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty on the Polish throne.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Nowakowska, Natalia. Church, State, and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland: The Career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468–1503). Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. Recent biography of Fryderyk Jagiellon, youngest son of King Casimir Jagiellon, primate of all Poland, archbishop of Gniezno and bishop of Kraków; details of his life, ecclesiastical career, and political activity in the period considered the end of the medieval period and the beginning of the Renaissance. Offers a short but well-structured history of the Jagiellonian dynasty and its struggle for political supremacy, and reveals the mechanism of Polish policy making in the second half of the 15th century.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Olejnik, Karol. Władysłąw III Wareńczyk (1424–1444). Szczecin, Poland: Archiwum Panstwowe w Szczecinie, 1996.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. Biography of the older son of Władysław Jagiełło, King of Poland and Hungary. Reprinted in 2007 (Krakow: Universitas).
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Papée, Fryderyk. Aleksander Jagiellończyk. Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1949a.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Concise biography of King Alexander the Jagiellon (r. 1501–1506). Reprinted in 1999 (Krakow: Universitas).
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Papée, Fryderyk. Jan Olbracht. Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1949b.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. First biography of King John Olbracht (r. 1492–1501). Reprinted in 1999 (Krakow: Universitas).
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Wdowiszewski, Zygmunt. Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, 1968.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Thorough genealogical survey of the Jagiellonian and Vasa dynasties. Reprinted in 2005.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Poland and Neighboring Countries
  438.  
  439. The best general overviews of the Polish state’s international standing and its policies in the Middle Ages are Biskup 1980 (in Polish) and Labuda 2005 (in English). A comprehensive discussion of Poland’s role in medieval Europe may be found in Dowiat 1968 and Samsonowicz 1995. Urbańczyk 2000 and Urbańczyk 2002 address relations between the early Piast state and its neighbors. The contacts between Piast Poland and the Holy Roman Empire are examined in Borgolte 2002 and Wünsch 2003.
  440.  
  441. Biskup, Marian, ed. Historia dyplomacji polskiej. Vol. 1. Warsaw: PWN, 1980.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Standard textbook on the history of Polish diplomacy. Provides a good overview of Poland’s foreign policy and its relations with neighboring and other countries. The first volume covers the medieval period.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Borgolte, Michael, ed. Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den “Akt von Gnesen.” Berlin: Akademie Verlag 2002.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. A collection of conference papers on the relationship between Germany and the early Piast state as it relates to the meeting of Emperor Otto III and King Bolesław I the Brave in Genizno in 1000.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Dowiat, Jerzy. Polska państwem średniowiecznej Europy. Warsaw: PWN, 1968.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. A popular overview of the Polish history from the 9th to the mid-15th century, focusing on the medieval development of the Polish state and society.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Labuda, Gerard, ed. The History of Polish Diplomacy, X–XX c. Warsaw: Seym, 2005.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Popular historical study of Polish diplomacy. Best used to acquire a general overview.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Samsonowicz, Henryk. Miejsce Polski w Europie. Warsaw: Bellona, 1995.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Describes Poland’s place in medieval Europe with a stimulating analysis of the historical evolution that transformed it from the backward peripheries of Europe into a haven of Renaissance culture.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Urbańczyk, Przemysław, ed. The Neighbours of Poland in the 10th Century. Warsaw: Naukowa Oficyna Wydawnicza Scientia, 2000.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. Collection of papers on the rise of the Polish state and its relations with neighbors. Follows a comparative approach and proposes new interpretations of the political climate, particularly in relation to the Holy Roman Empire.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Urbańczyk, Przemysław, ed. The Neighbours of Poland in the 11th Century. Warsaw: DiG, 2002.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. A collection of studies on the the political and cultural relations between the early Piast monarchy and neighboring states.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Wünsch, Thomas, ed. Das Reich und Polen: Parallelen, Interaktionen, und Formen der Akkulturation im hohen und später Mittelalter. Vorträge und Forschungen 59. Sigmaringen, Germany: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2003.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Collection of studies on political, social, and cutural relations between the German Empire and Poland in the high and late Middle Ages. Presents recent research of Polish and German historians and raises new questions.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Religious History
  474.  
  475. The best English overview of the religious history of Poland is Kłoczowski 2000. Kłoczowski 1966 and Kłoczowski 1981 provide additional information on the spread of Christianity in medieval Poland and the development of ecclesiastical structures and forms of piety in the Middle Ages. Kumor and Obertyński 1974 serves as a textbook of Church history in medieval Poland. Kłoczowski 1992 remains an authoritative description of religious developments that took place in medieval Poland. A recent outline of the medieval history of Polish Christianity may be found in Mayer, et al. 1995. Bylina 2001 outlines the achievements of Polish historiography and discusses further research areas.
  476.  
  477. Bylina, Stanisław. “Badania nad dziejami chrześcijaństwa i Kościoła późnego średniowiecza.” In Pytania o średniowiecze: Potrzeby i perspektywy badawcze polskiej mediewistyki. Edited by Wojciech Fałkowski, 51–66. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Neriton, 2001.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Overview of Polish research on the history of Christianity and the church in the late Middle Ages.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Kłoczowski, Jerzy, ed. Kościół w Polsce. Vol. 1, Średniowiecze. Krakow: Znak, 1966.
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  483. A collection of studies presented by historians from the Catholic University of Lublin. Still a starting point for research on various issues of church history, including structure of dioceses, parishes, monasteries, and religious houses.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Kłoczowski, Jerzy, ed. The Christian Community of Medieval Poland: Anthologies. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1981.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. A collection of classic studies on socio-religious history of medieval Polish Christianity, written by a leading Polish scholar of church history.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Kłoczowski, Jerzy, ed. Chrześcijaństwo w Polsce. Zarys przemian 966–1979. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1992.
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  491. A collection of essays written by historians from the Catholic University of Lublin. Offers general overviews on the rise and spread of Christianity in Poland in the millennium since its introduction in 966. Sections devoted to medieval developments were produced by Zygmunt Sułowski (“First Polish Church,” pp. 17–52), Urszula Borkowska (“Restoration and Growth from the Middle of the Eleventh Century to the End of the Twelfth Century,” pp. 53–88), Aleksandra Witkowska (“Transformations of the Thirteenth Century,” 1198–1320,” pp. 89–114), Jerzy Kłoczowski (“Period of the Greatest Growth, 1320–1450,” pp. 115–150) and Eugeniusz Wiśniowski (“Closing of the Middle Ages, 1450–1525,” pp. 151–188).
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Kłoczowski, Jerzy. A History of Polish Christianity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
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  495. A basic English-language study on Polish Christianity by a leading expert. Presents its history starting from the first missions to Poland and the baptism of Mieszko I in 966 until events of the 20th century—all set against a panorama of the political and socio-religious history of medieval Europe. Sections devoted to the rise of Christianity and its spread in medieval Poland are located in the first three chapters.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Kumor, Bolesław, and Obertyński, Zdzisław, eds. Historia Kościoła w Polsce. Vol. 1. Poznan and Warsaw: Pallotinum, 1974.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. A textbook on church history in Poland. Well-structured and chronological narrative.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Mayer, Jean-Marie, Charles Pietri, Luce Pietra, André Vauchez, and Marc Venard, eds. Histoire du christianisme des origines à nos jours. Vols. 4–6. Paris: Declée, 1995.
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. The chapters written by Jerzy Kłoczowski offer good overviews of the expansion of Christianity in medieval Poland.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Pagan Religion
  506.  
  507. Łowmiański 1979 remains a classic study on the pagan religion of the Slavs. Based on careful examination of available archeological, linguistic, and historical sources, it offers a coherent picture of the rise and fall of the system of pagan beliefs in the territory of medieval Poland and neigboring Slavic states. Gieysztor 2006 is another seminal work on the pagan mythology of Slavs, reconstructing the system of pagan beliefs and rituals. A comprehesive reexamination of pagan cults and traditions in the Polish lands may be found in Szafrański 1979 and Urbańczyk 1991. A comparative study of the Slavic pagan temples, organization of religious cults, and functioning of pagan priests is offered in Słupecki 1994.
  508.  
  509. Gieysztor, Aleksander. Mitologia Słowian. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2006
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. Still-classic study on the pagan religion of Slavs and their gods, rituals, and customs. Offers a new complete version with extensive footnotes, supplied with a preface by Karol Modzelewski and commentary on the two recent decades of research on Slavic religion by Leszek Słupecki.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Łowmiański, Henryk. Religia Słowian i jej upadek (w. VI–XII). Warsaw: PWN, 1979.
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  515. Complex historical and anthropological study of Slavic pagan religion. Reconstructs Slavic beliefs and forms of religious cult from the 6th to the 12th centuries, based on historical, linguistic, and archeological sources. Traces the origins and development of religious rituals, offering an alternative interpretation to that of G. Dumézil and his school. Reprinted in 1987.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Słupecki, Leszek P. Slavonic Pagan Sanctuaries. Warsaw: Institute of Archeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Comparative and interdisciplinary study on the organization and functions of pagan sanctuaries in pre-Christian polities of Slavs.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Strzelczyk, Jerzy. Mity, podania i wierzenia dawnych Słowian. Poznan, Poland: Rebis, 1998.
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  523. Popular historical survey of pagan beliefs and myths of Slavs. Critical and well-balanced, presenting various interpretations with disputable problems left open.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Szafrański, Włodzimierz. Pradzieje religii w Polsce. Warsaw: Iskry, 1979.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. An archeological and anthropological study on the pagan religion of the Polish lands with some controversial hypotheses on the places of pagan worship in Poland.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Urbańczyk, Stanisław. Dawni Słowianie: Wiara i kult. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1991.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. Classic study on Slavic religion that reconstructs the pantheon of pagan Gods, places of worship, and religious ceremonies. A well-structured and compelling account.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Introduction and Expansion of Christianity
  534.  
  535. Concise overviews of the Christianization of Poland in the 10th and 11th centuries are offered in Sułowski 1990 (in English), Kłoczowski 1993 (in French), and Urbańczyk and Rosik 2007 (in English). All thoroughly discuss recent research on the political and religious circumstances that accompanied the baptism of Mieszko I in 966. The classic Polish work on that problem remains Dowiat 1997. Małecki 1994 reexamines the beginnings of Christianity in the southern provinces of Poland, and discusses the establishment of the ecclesiastical organization of the Roman Church and construction of early churches, as well as the possible influence of Byzantine missionaries. Michałowski 2005 summarizes recent research on the impact of Christianity on the political culture of early medieval Poland.
  536.  
  537. Dowiat, Jerzy. Chrzest Polski. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1997.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. A comprehensive study on the baptism of Duke Mieszko I in 966. A thorough analysis of all available written sources. A classic work; however, some interpreatation on the place of Mieszko’s baptism are out of date.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Kłoczowski, Jerzy. “La Nouvelle Chrétienté du monde occidental: la christianisation des Slaves, des Sacandinaves, et des Hongrois entre le IXe et le XIe siécles.” In Histoire du Christianisme des origines á nos jours. Vol. 4, Êvéques, moines et empereurs (610–1054). Edited by Georges Dagron, et al., 869–908. Paris: Desclée, 1993.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Basic overview of the introduction and expansion of Christianity in the eastern parts of Europe. The Christianization of Poland is presented within a broader perspective of the early medieval history of east-central Europe and Scandinavia. A necessary starting point for research.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Małecki, Jan M., ed. Chrystianizacja Polski południowej: Materiały z sesji naukowej odbytej 29 czerwca 1993 roku. Rola Krakowa w dziejach narodu 13. Krakow: Secesja, 1994.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. A collection of studies on the Christianization of the southern territories of Poland, mostly Little Poland. An overview and reexamination of various concepts related to the 9th-century Christianization of Kraków and the surrounding area by missionaries from Great Moravia, construction of the oldest churches on the Wawel Hill, the emergence and organization of the Kraków diocese, etc.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Michałowski, Roman. “Christianization of Political Culture in Poland in the 10th and Early 11th Century.” In Political Culture in Central Europe (10th–20th Century). Part 1, Middle Ages and Early Modern Era. Edited by Halina Manikowska, and Jaroslav Pánek, 31–46. Prague: Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2005.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Concise reevalution of the influence of Christianity on the state organization of and power relations in the early Piast monarchy.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Sułowski, Zygmunt. “The Christianization of Poland.” In Nation, Church, Culture: Essays on Polish History. Edited by Adam Chruszczewski, et al., 27–36. Lublin, Poland: Catholic University of Lublin, 1990.
  554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555. A popular overview of the Christianization of the early Piast state. Discusses the historical circumstance of Mieszko I’s baptism in 966 and the emergence of the oldest church structure.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Urbańczyk, Przemysław, ed. Early Christianity in Central and East Europe. Papers presnted at the Congress of the Commission Internationale d’Histoire Ecclésiastiques Comparée, Lublin, Poland, 2–6 September 1996. Warsaw: Semper, 1997.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Collection of studies presented at the CIHEC Congress in 1996. Covers various aspects of the Christianization of Poland and neighboring countries from the 10th through the 13th centuries.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Urbańczyk, Przemysław, and Stanisław Rosik. “The Kingdom of Poland.” In Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Rus’, c. 900–1200. Edited by Nora Berend, 263–300. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. Recent overview of the expansion of Christianity in early medieval Poland. Offers a new interpretation based on written and archeological sources.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Church Structures
  566.  
  567. A good overview of research on the structures in medieval Poland is presented in Radzimiński 2001. The rise and development of the parish network in medieval Poland were discussed in a number of studies by Eugeniusz Wiśniowski. Wiśniowski 1990 offers a thorough presentation of such findings, whereas Wiśniowski 2004 gives a more recent account of that problem. Górecki 1993 discusses the functioning of medieval parishes in the social and economic system of early medieval Poland. Interesting comparative studies on medieval parishes in Poland and other countries of east-central Europe appear in Kruppa and Zygner 2008. The role of Polish rulers and landlords in the development of Church structures is analyzed in Dobosz 2002. Gregorian reform in Poland is discussed in Skwierczyński 2005.
  568.  
  569. Dobosz, Józef. Monarcha i możni wobec Kościoła w Polsce do początku XIII wieku. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2002.
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. A thorough study on the relations of Polish rulers and landlords with the church to the beginning of the 13th century. Discusses the rise and structure of the oldest cathedrals, chapterhouses, and monasteries as well as parish churches on the territory of the early medieval Piast state. Examines the religious policy of Piast monarchs and various functions played by the church in the early Polish state.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Górecki, Piotr S. Parishes, Tithes, and Society in Earlier Medieval Poland, c. 1100–c. 1250. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 83.2. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1993.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. Basic study on the rise of parishes in early medieval Poland and their organization and socioeconomic functions.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Kruppa, Nathalie, and Leszek Zygner, eds. Pfarreien im Mittelalter: Deutschland, Polen; Tschechien und Ungarn im Vergleich. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2008.
  578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. Recent collective work offering a general comparative overview of the rise and development of parishes in central and eastern Europe.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Radzimiński, Andrzej. “Badania nad strukturami kościelnymi i duchowieństwem w Polsce średniowiecznej. Zarys problematyki.” In Pytania o średniowiecze: Potrzeby i perspektywy badawcze polskiej mediewistyki. Edited by Wojciech Fałkowski, 67–98. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Neriton, 2001.
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. Short and useful summary of research on ecclesiastical structures and clergy in medieval Poland. Presents the achievements and perspectives of further research.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Skwierczyński, Krzysztof. Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XII wieku. Wroclaw, Poland: Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej, 2005.
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  587. First complete study of the reception of Gregorian reforms in Poland. Offers an interdisciplinary and comparative overview of political and ecclesiastical developments associated with the Gregorian Reformation. Pioneering and inspiring.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Wiśniowski, Eugeniusz. “La structure du clergé diocésain en Pologne au moyen âge.” Questiones Medii Aevi 4 (1990): 149–186.
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591. Classic overview of the rise and organization of the parish network in medieval Poland.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Wiśniowski, Eugeniusz. Parafie w średniowiecznej Polsce: Struktura i funkcje społeczne. Lublin, Poland: Wydawnictwo KUL, 2004.
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  595. Recent complex study on parishes in medieval Poland summarizing the author’s long-term research on that subject.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Monasticism
  598.  
  599. A number of early-21st-century studies are devoted to the implementation and growth of various religious orders in medieval Poland. A recent overview of the history of religious orders in medieval Poland is Kłoczowski 2009. The founding of Benedictine monasteries became Marek Derwich’s topic of study. Derwich 1998 reexamines reseach on the beginnings of the Benedictine Order in Poland: the networks of its monasteries and its contribution to Polish medieval culture. Żurowska 1995 examines various aspects of the history and religious culture of the Tyniec Abbey, one of the oldest Benedictine monasteries in Poland. Kaczmarek, et al. 1999 remains an exemplary lexicon of Cistercian houses in Poland, which, together with a detailed decription of all monasteries on Polish lands, discusses the historical circumstances of their construction and their role in the history of medieval Polish Christianity. The history of medieval Franciscans and Dominicans is presented in Kłoczowski 1975–1976 and Kłoczowski 1983–1989. Since the late 1990s a number of analytical studies have been devoted to the history of particular orders or their houses in medieval Poland. Good examples of that scholarship are the works on the Reformed Franciscans (Maciszewska 2001) and military orders (Starnawska 1999).
  600.  
  601. Derwich, Marek. Monastycyzm benedyktyński w średniowiecznej Europie i Polsce. Wroclaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1998.
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  603. A comparative study of the origins and growth of the Benedictine Order in Poland and Western Christianity, its spirituality and culture. Summarizes and reexamines research models and the recent findings of international and Polish scholarship.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Kaczmarek, Krzysztof, et al., ed. Monasticon cisterciense Poloniae: Dzieje i kultura męskich klasztorów cysterskich na ziemiach polskich i dawnej Rzeczypospolitej od średniowiecza do czasów najnowszych. 2 vols. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1999.
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  607. A thorough interdisciplinary study on the history and culture of the Cistercians in Poland. Gives a good overview of the arrival and growth of the Cistercian Order, its spirituality and book production, and the architecture of its churches and monasteries. Comprises a catalogue of all Cistercian houses in Polish territory with a detailed description of their history and architecture. Indispensable for any research on the Cistercians in Poland.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Kłoczowski, Jerzy, ed. Studia nad historią dominikanów w Polsce, 1222–1972. 2 vols. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Prowincji Dominikanów, 1975–1976.
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  611. A pioneering collection of studies on the history of Dominicans in Poland. Presents the results of research and offers a good overview of the history, spirituality, and culture of the Polish Dominican province in the Middle Ages.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Kłoczowski, Jerzy, ed. Franciszkanie w Polsce średniowiecznej: Zakony franciszkańskie w Polsce I. 3 vols. Krakow: Prowincjalat Generalny Franciszkanów Konwentualnych Prowincji św. Antoniego i bł. Jakuba Strepy, 1983–1989.
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  615. A classic collection of studies on the Franciscans in medieval Poland, recounting their history, organization of convents, spirituality, and pastoral activity.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Kłoczowski, Jerzy. Wspólnoty zakonne w średniowiecznej Polsce. Lublin, Poland: KUL, 2009.
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  619. Overview of the history of religious orders in medieval Poland; reexamines a half century of research on the establishment, spread, and functioning of orders in Poland. Useful maps and tables supplied.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Maciszewska, Małgorzata. Klasztor bernardyni w społeczeństwie polskim, 1453–1530. Warsaw: DiG, 2001.
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  623. A crucial study on the installment and development of Franciscan Observants in late medieval and early modern Poland. Analyzes the socio-religious circumstances of their fast growth and great popularity in Polish society. Examines recruitment to the Order, location of its convents in Polish towns, and forms of pastoral activity.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Starnawska, Maria. Między Jerozolimą a Łukowem: Zakony krzyżowe na ziemiach polskich w średniowieczu. Warsaw: DiG, 1999.
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  627. A thorough survey of the history of military orders in medieval Poland, based on a careful examination of available written sources. Describes the arrival and growth of Joannites, Templars, Teutonic Knights, and other military orders; their organization; network of houses; culture and spirituality.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Żurowska, Klementyna., ed. Benedyktyni tynieccy w średniowieczu. Tyniec, Poland: Wydawnictwo, 1995.
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  631. A collection of conference papers on the history of one of the oldest Benedictine monasteries in Tyniec, near Kraków.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Religious Culture
  634.  
  635. The religious culture of medieval Poland has recently engendered great interest among Polish and international historians. Classic studies on the Christianization of Polish and east-central European societies are collected in L’École française de Rome 1990, which summarizes historiographical achievements and is a starting point for further research. Case studies on the Christian culture of east-central Europe appear in Kłoczowski, et al. 1999. Important findings related to the forms of religious life in medieval Poland, its regularity, and social functions are provided in two studies by Izabela Skierska. The earlier one (Skierska 2003) analyzes the obligation of Holy Mass; the later one (Skierska 2008) examines the celebration of liturgical feasts in medieval Poland. Manikowska and Zaremska 2002 is a valuable collection of studies on urban piety in medieval Poland. Piety and the religious life of Polish pesants are analyzed in Bylina 2002. Starnawska 2008 offers a thorough presentation of the cult of relics in medieval Poland. Research on the forms and functions of religious culture in medieval Poland has been reexamined in Manikowska and Brojer 2008.
  636.  
  637. Bylina, Stanisław. Chrystianizacja wsi polskiej u schyłku średniowiecza. Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN, 2002.
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  639. Collection of case studies on the religious rituals and culture of Polish peasants in the late Middle Ages. A successful attempt to present how and by what means Christianity spread in the countryside and its impact on the folk culture and everyday life of Polish peasants. Discusses the catechization and evangelization of peasants, duties and obligations of good Christians at the end of the Middle Ages, penance and church penalties, calendar of peasant parishioners, the Christianization of space, and encounters between Christianity and folk culture.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. L’École française de Rome. L’Église et le peuple chrétien dans les pays de l’Europe du Centre-Est et du Nord (XIVe–XVe s.): Actes du Colloque organisé par l’École française de Rome avec la participation de l’Instituto Polacco di Cultura Cristiana (Rome) et du Centre Européen de Recherches sur les Congrégations et Ordres Religieux (CERCOR), Rome, 27–29 janvier 1986. Rome: L’École française de Rome, 1990.
  642. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643. Classic collection of papers in French on the development of ecclesiastical structures and institutions as well as religious culture and life in east central European societies.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Kłoczowski, Jerzy, Paweł Kras, and Wojciech Polak, eds. La Chretienté en Europe du Centre-Est: Le Bas Moyen Age. Congress of the Commission Internationale d’Histoire Ecclésiastiques Comparée, Part 2. Lublin, Poland: Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 1999.
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  647. Collection of papers presented at the CIHEC Congress in 1996, mostly summarizing recent historical research on church history and Christianity in the countries of east central Europe. Some of the papers are good overviews of the subjects under discussion and remain useful.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Manikowska, Halina, and Wojciech Brojer. Animarum cultura: Studia nad kulturą religijną na ziemiach polskich w średniowieczu. Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN, 2008.
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  651. Recent collection of studies on various aspects of the Christianization and religious culture of medieval Poland, presented by historians representing leading Polish academic centers. However, the work does not give a coherent picture of all religious and cultural developments that took place in medieval Poland, although it does offer recent findings and perspectives for further research. Some papers discuss how to construct a new questionnaire and apply updated methods to well-known sources. Provides a good introduction to the current state of research on the religious culture of medieval Poland.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Manikowska, Halina, and Hanna Zaremska, eds. Ecclesia et civitas: Życie religijne w średniowiecznym mieście. Colloquia mediaevalia Varsoviensia 2. Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN, 2002.
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  655. Collection of studies on religious life and urban piety in medieval Polish towns: sacred space within medieval towns; parish organization and its role in Christianization of townspeople; parish churches: their location, founders, and architecture; brotherhoods; dissidents; and Jews and their relations with the Christian population. A good overview of Polish and international research in medieval urban piety is offered by H. Manikowska in the introduction to the volume.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Skierska, Izabela. Obowiązek mszalny w Polsce średniowiecznej. Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN, 2003.
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  659. Thorough study on the Christianization of Polish society in the late Middle Ages, based on vast source materials. Shows how the obligation of Holy Mass was introduced in Poland, analyzes the legislation of provincial and diocesean councils of the Polish Church, and, by means of available ecclesiastical registers, reveals the extent and regularity with which the Polish population participated in Mass on feast days. Focused on the spread of the sacraments of penance and the Eucharist in medieval Poland. Summary in German.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Skierska, Izabela. Sabbatha sanctifices: Dzień święty w średniowiecznej Polsce. Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN, 2008.
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  663. A very recent study on the place and functions of the liturgical calendar in medieval Polish society. Reconstructs the calendar of feast days, and their liturgical veneration as well as their impact on the public and economic activity of various social groups.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Starnawska, Maria. Świętych życie po życiu: Relikwie w kulturze religijnej na ziemiach polskich w średniowieczu. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo DiG, 2008.
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  667. Thorough study examining the rise and spread of the cult of relics in medieval Poland. Presents a systematic typology for and the geographic location of relics venerated in medieval Poland, liturgical rituals and forms of popular devotion, miracles associated with relics, and various social and religious roles attributed to relics.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Heresy and Inquisition
  670.  
  671. Medieval heresy and the Inquisition in Poland have not been discussed in international textbooks. Mikulka 1969 (in Czech) and Marinelli 1993 (in Italian) are the only comprehensive studies written by international scholars on the impact of religious dissent on Poland in the pre-Reformation period. A recent Polish reexamination of that problem is Kras 2004b. Heretical movements in Silesia in the 13th and 14th centuries are studied in Szymański 2007. A new account of the dissemination of Hussite ideas appears in Kras 1998. A new complete treatment of the Inquisition in medieval Poland is provided in Kras 2004a.
  672.  
  673. Kras, Paweł. Husyci w piętnastowiecznej Polsce. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo KUL, 1998.
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  675. Complex study on the reception and circulation of Hussite doctrine in 15th-century Poland. Analyzes Polish-Bohemian contacts in the pre-Hussite and Hussite period, the activity of Polish Hussites, their social origins and doctrine, and the repression of heresy in 15th-century Poland.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Kras, Paweł. “Dominican Inquisitors in Medieval Poland (14th–15th c.).” In Praedicatores, Inquisitores: I. The Dominicans and the Medieval Inquisition. Acts of the 1st International Seminar on the Dominicans and the Inquisition, Rome, 23–25 February 2002. Edited by Walther Hoyer, 249–310. Rome: Dominican Historical Institute, 2004a.
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  679. Reexamination of the role of Polish Dominicans in the medieval Inquisition. Contains a catalogue of Polish Dominican inquisitors in the 14th and 15th centuries.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Kras, Paweł. “‘Pro fidei defensione contra modernos haereticos.’ Hérétiques et inquisiteurs en Pologtne au Moyen Âge.” In L’inquisition et la répression des dissidences religieuses au Moyen Âge = Heresis 40. Edited by Laurent Albaret, 69–94. Carcassonne, France: Centre d’études cathares, 2004b.
  682. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683. Overview of Polish and international research on heresy and the Inquisition in medieval Poland.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Marinelli, Luigi. “Su valdismo, husitismo e inquisizione nelle terre polacche.” In La Valdesia di Novgorod: “Giudaizzanti” e prima reforma (sec. XV). Edited by Cesare G. De Michelis, 173–203. Turin, Italy: Claudiana 1993.
  686. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687. A good overview of the problems related to heresy and the Inquisition in medieval Poland.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Mikulka, Jaromir. Polské země a herese v dobĕ před reformaci. Prague: Československa Akademia Věd, 1969.
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691. Chronological narrative of the history of heresy in medieval Poland with extensive coverage of the spread of Hussite ideas.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Szymański, Jarosław. Ruchy heretyckie na Śląsku w XIII i XIV wieku. Katowice, Poland: Fundacja Zamek Chudów, 2007.
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  695. Recent study on the heretical movements of Beguines, Free Spirit, and Waldensians in Silesia, the only former province of the Polish states where the presence of medieval dissent is so well recorded.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Society and Economy
  698.  
  699. The evolution of Polish society in the Middle Ages is examined in Ihnatowicz, et al. 1996. A classic work on the medieval Polish economy that provided stimulus for intensive research is Rutkowski 1946. It inspired later studies on the forms and organization of the Polish economy, among which the most prominent are Buczek 1958 and Modzelewski 1975. The formation of Polish medieval society is thoroughly examined in the classic Tymieniecki 1921. The best English-language study on the Polish medieval economy and society is Górecki 1992. Case studies on the society of medieval Poland and its structure, elites, and group relations appear in Kuczyński 1981–1992 and Kuczyński 1994–2001.
  700.  
  701. Buczek, Karol. Książęca ludność służebna w Polsce wczesnofeudalnej. Wroclaw, Poland: Ossolineum, 1958.
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  703. Groundbreaking study on the structure of the ducal economy in the early Piast monarchy, with a particular examination of the structure and role of the servant population.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Górecki, Piotr S. Economy, Society, and Lordship in Medieval Poland, 1100–1250. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1992.
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707. The best study on economical and social structure of early medieval Poland in English.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. Ihnatowicz, Ireneusz, Zbigniew Landau, Antoni Mączak, and Benedykt Zientara. Dzieje gospodarcze Polski do roku 1939. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1965.
  710. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  711. Popular study on the economic history of Poland. Conatins articles written by Benedykt Zientara on prefeudal society and the rise and spread of the feudal system (pp. 17–134), which offer a good overview of the Polish medieval economy. Reprinted in 1988.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Ihnatowicz, Ireneusz, Antoni Mączak, Benedykt Zientara, and Janusz Żarnowski. Społeczeństwo polskie od X do XX wieku. 3d ed. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1996.
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715. The articles by Benedykt Zientara give a good overview of the social structure of the Polish medieval state. Analyzes the formation of particular social groups, and their legal status and functions in medieval society. Reprinted in 1988.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Kuczyński, Stefan M., ed. Społeczeństwo Polski średniowiecznej: zbiór studiów. Vols. 1–5. Warsaw: PWN, 1981–1992.
  718. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. A series of case studies on Polish medieval society.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Kuczyński, Stefan M., ed. Społeczeństwo Polski średniowiecznej: zbiór studiów. Vols. 6–9. Warsaw: DiG, 1994–2001.
  722. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. More helpful case studies on Polish medieval society.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Modzelewski, Karol. Organizacja gospodarcza pańśtwa piastowskiego X–XIII wiek. Wroclaw, Poland: Ossolineum, 1975.
  726. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  727. A reexamination of the economic organization of the Piast monarchy breaking with the traditional “feudal” concept of the Piast economy. Exemplary analysis of sources and stimulating interpretation. Reprinted in 2000 (Poznan, Poland: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk).
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Rutkowski, Jan. Historia gospodarcza Polski. Vol. 1. Poznan, Poland: Księgarnia Akademicka, 1946.
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. Classic textbook on the economic history of Poland. First thorough historical analysis of economical processes. This work inspired further research on the medieval Polish economy.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Tymieniecki, Kazimierz. Procesy twórcze formowania się społeczeństwa polskiego w wiekach średnich. Warsaw: E. Wende i ska (L. Fiszer), 1921.
  734. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  735. Originally published in 1921, a classic work on the formation of Polish society in the Middle Ages. Most of its concepts regarding the rise of Polish nobility or emergence of towns are still accepted with some modifications. Reprinted in 1996 (Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie).
  736. Find this resource:
  737. Knighthood and Nobility
  738.  
  739. Updated information on Polish medieval coats of arms is collected and analyzed in Szymański 1993. Gąsiorowski 1984 is a good introduction in English to the research on Polish medieval nobility. The origins of the Polish nobility and their rise to power have been among the most frequently debated issues in Polish historiography. Recent reexamination of that research with new interpretations is presented in Jurek 2007. Since the 1990s a number of works have been devoted to the history of Polish noble families. Kurtyka 1997 on the Tęczyński family remains an exemplary study, providing new research methods and questions for further studies. A separate group of studies deals with elite groups within Polish medieval society, tracing their origins and formation. One of the first such works is Fałkowski 1992, on the political elites during the monarchy of Casimir IV the Jagiellon. A more recent study is Marzec 2006, on officials in the service of the last Polish Paist kings.
  740.  
  741. Fałkowski, Wojciech. Elita władzy w Polsce za panowania Kazimierza Jagiellończyka (1447–1492). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo “Historia pro Futuro,” 1992.
  742. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  743. First Polish study on the political elite under the reign of Casimir II Jagiellon; extensively analyzes formulas of testatio of royal documents, selecting the most influential offcials in the service of the Polish king.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Gąsiorowski, Antoni, ed. The Polish Nobility in the Middle Ages: Anthologies. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1984.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. A collection of classic Polish studies on the emergence, evolution, and standing of the Polish nobility in medieval Poland.
  748. Find this resource:
  749. Górecki, Piotr S. “Words, Concepts, and Phenomena: Knighthood, Lordship, and the Early Polish Nobility, circa 1100 to circa 1350.” In Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations. Edited by Anne Duggan, 115–155. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751. Basic English-language essay on the knighthood and nobility.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Jurek, Tomasz. “Geneza szlachty polskiej.” In Šlechta, moc a reprezentacje ve středověku. Edited by Martin Nodl and Martin Wyhoda, 63–140. Colloquia mediaevalia Pragensia 9. Prague, Czech Republic: Center for Medieval Studies, 2007.
  754. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  755. The most recent publication on the origins of the Polish nobility. Reexamines earlier concepts and proposes a new interpretation.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Koczerska, Maria. Rodzina szlachecka w Polsce późnego średniowiecza. Warsaw: PWN, 1975.
  758. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  759. A study of the noble family in late medieval Poland.
  760. Find this resource:
  761. Kurtyka, Janusz. Tęczyńscy: Studium z dziejów polskiej elity możnowładczej w średniowiecz. Krakow: Secesja, 1997.
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  763. Comprehensive study on one of the most powerful noble families in medieval Poland. Analyzes their origins, rise to political power, and economic prosperity. Still a model study for research on Polish political elites in the Middle Ages.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Marzec, Andrzej. Urzędnicy małopolscy w otoczeniu Władysława Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego (1305–1370). Krakow: Societas Vistulana, 2006.
  766. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  767. Recent comprehensive study on the entourages of the two last Piast kings. Analyzes a group of officials from Little Poland in the service of Władysław I the Elbow-High and Casimir the Great, their careers, and roles in the policy-making process.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Szymański, Józef. Herbarz średniowiecznego rycerstwa polskiego. Warsaw: PWN, 1993.
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  771. Armorial of the Polish medieval knighthood. The introduction offers an overview of the origins, elements, and functions of coats of arms used by Polish knights. Collects and analyzes all known coats of arms of Polish medieval knighthood.
  772. Find this resource:
  773. Towns and Townspeople
  774.  
  775. The classic study on Polish medieval towns is Ptaśnik 1934, which inspired later research in the field. In the early 21st century the best general overview of the history of towns in medieval and early modern Poland is Bogucka and Samsonowicz 1986. Moździoch 1994 gives a valuable and concise breakdown, in English, of various concepts, exploring the orgins of Polish towns with a good presentation of controversies. A new comparative approach to the founding of towns in Poland and other countries of east-central Europe is offered in Goliński 2006. Complex studies on the sociotopography of medieval Polish towns started with the work of Wiesiołowski 1982 on medieval Poznań and led to a number of case studies, such as Goliński 1997 on medieval Wrocław. The urbanization of particular provinces of medieval Poland became a topic of intensive research. The classic work within that area remains Kiryk 1985; it explores the development of towns in Little Poland. In recent years not only large Polish towns, such as Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, or Gdańsk, but also small towns have been busily studied. In Bartoszewicz 2003, a new area of research came to the fore: the intellectual culture of small urban communities in late medieval Poland.
  776.  
  777. Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka. Czas w małych miasteczkach: Studium z dziejów kultury umysłowej późnośredniowiecznej Polski. Warsaw: Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2003.
  778. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  779. An inspiring study on time perception in small and midsize Polish towns in the Middle Ages. Analyzes the various rythms of life of Polish townspeople and demonstrates, among other things, how the liturgical calendar affected their everyday activity.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Bogucka, Maria, and Henryk Samsonowicz. Dzieje miasta i mieszczaństwa w Polsce przedrozbiorowej. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1986.
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  783. Best study of the towns and townspeople in medieval and early modern Poland. Discusses the beginnings of medieval urbanization in Poland, the ethnic and social composition of townspeople, town institutions and their relations with feudal landlords, architecture and culture, etc.
  784. Find this resource:
  785. Goliński, Mateusz. Socjotopografia późnośredniowiecznego Wrocławia. Wroclaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1997.
  786. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  787. Comprehensive studies on the sociotopography of late medieval Wroclaw, the busiest center of trade and commerce in Silesia.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. Goliński, Mateusz. Procesy lokacyjne miast w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Wroclaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2006.
  790. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791. A recent study on the urbanization of east-central Europe. Analyzes the process of granting Polish, Bohemian, and Hungarian towns German city rights, starting in the first half of the 13th century.
  792. Find this resource:
  793. Kiryk, Feliks. Rozwój urbanizacji Małopolski XIII–XVI w: Województwo krakowskie (powiaty południowe). Krakow: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej, 1985.
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  795. Classic study on the urbanization of the province of Kraków from the 13th to 16th centuries.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Moździoch, Sławomir. “The Origins of the Medieval Polish Towns.” Archaeologia Polona 32 (1994): 129–153.
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  799. Overview, in English, of Polish research on the rise of Polish medieval towns. Presents various concepts and interpretations and examines them in light of archeological findings.
  800. Find this resource:
  801. Ptaśnik, Jan. Miasta i mieszczaństwo w dawnej Polsce. Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1934.
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  803. Pioneering work on the rise and growth of towns in medieval Poland. Reprinted in 1949 (Warsaw: PIW).
  804. Find this resource:
  805. Wiesiołowski, Jacek. Socjotopografia późnośredniowiecznego Poznania. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1982.
  806. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  807. First and still-relevant Polish work on the sociotopography of a late medieval town. Analyzes the organization and development of the urban space of Poznan, a busy town of Greater Poland. Reprinted in 1997 (Poznan, Poland: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk).
  808. Find this resource:
  809. Peasantry and Rural History
  810.  
  811. The seminal study on the history of Polish peasants is Grabski 2004. After World War II complex studies in the area were conducted by Kazimierz Tymieniecki and resulted in a three-volume work on Polish peasants (Tymieniecki 1965–1969). The best and most widely accepted interpretation of the origins of Polish peasants and their position in medieval Polish society is Modzelewski 1987. A slightly different exposition of the same problems is offered in Buczek 1974–1975. These two works, based on a careful examination of available sources, discuss the place of peasants in the economy of the Piast monarchy and their obligations and service to Polish rulers. Górecki 2007 is a good reexamination of Polish medieval peasants in English.
  812.  
  813. Buczek, Karol. “O chłopach w Polsce piastowskiej.” Roczniki Historyczne 40 (1974): 51–105.
  814. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  815. A slightly different approach to the early medieval history of Polish peasants than that presented in Tymieniecki 1965–1969. Continued in Roczniki Historyczne 41 (1975): 1–79.
  816. Find this resource:
  817. Górecki, Piotr S. “Medieval Peasants and Their World in Polish Historiography.” In The Rural History of Medieval European Societies: Trends and Perspectives. Edited by Isabel Alfonso, 253–296. The Medieval Countryside 1. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2007.
  818. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  819. Overview of Polish research on medieval peasants.
  820. Find this resource:
  821. Grabski, Władysław. Historia wsi w Polsce. Warsaw: Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego, 2004.
  822. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823. Classic study on the rural history of Poland. Originally published in 1929.
  824. Find this resource:
  825. Modzelewski, Karol. Chłopi w monarchii piastowskiej. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich-Polska Akademia Nauk, 1987.
  826. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  827. A new approach to the history of peasants in the Piast monarchy; analyzes the social and legal position of peasants, and their economical and fiscal obligations toward the monarch and feudal landlords.
  828. Find this resource:
  829. Podwińska, Zofia. Technika uprawy roli w Polsce średniowiecznej. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1962.
  830. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  831. Classic study on the development of agricultural techniques in medieval Poland.
  832. Find this resource:
  833. Tymieniecki, Kazimierz. Historia chłopów polskich. 3 vols. Warsaw: PWN, 1965–1969.
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  835. Immense multivolume work on the history of Polish peasants; a mine of information and well-structured account of the rise and development of peasantry in medieval Poland, stressing a slow evolution of that social group from the egalitarian society of Western Slavic tribes.
  836. Find this resource:
  837. Culture
  838.  
  839. The cultural growth of medieval Poland parallelled the expansion of Christianity that started with the baptism of Mieszko I in 966. Monasteries, cathedrals, chapterhouses, and parish schools became centers of learning and intellectual culture promoting education at various levels. By means of production and distribution of books, they contributed to the emergence and spread of written culture all across the country. Apart from general studies on Polish culture, including the classic Brückner 1939 or the popular Bogucka 1987, there are two major collections that discuss the growth of Polish medieval culture (Dowiat 1985, Geremek 1997). Furthermore, a few comprehensive works exist on the material culture of Western Slavs (Hensel 1951) and medieval Poland (Dembińska and Podwińska 1978).
  840.  
  841. Bogucka, Maria. Dzieje kultury polskiej do 1918 roku. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1987.
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  843. Popular overview of the history of Polish culture. A collection of well-written essays drawing attention to crucial historical phenomena. Treats cultural developments as a decisive element in the historical formation of the Polish national identity. Reprinted in 2008 (Warsaw: Trio).
  844. Find this resource:
  845. Brückner, Aleksander. Dzieje kultury polskiej. 3 vols. Warsaw: Przeworski, 1939.
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847. Classic study on the history of Polish culture. Extensive use of sources. Reprinted in 1991.
  848. Find this resource:
  849. Dembińska Maria and Podwińska, Zofia, eds. Historia kultury materialnej Polski w zarysie. 2 vols. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1978.
  850. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  851. General study on Polish material culture, with a section on the medieval period.
  852. Find this resource:
  853. Dowiat, Jerzy, ed. Kultura Polski średniowiecznej X–XIII w. Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1985.
  854. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  855. A collection of seminal studies by leading medieval historians from the Polish Academy of Sciences (Jerzy Dowiat, Bronisław Geremek, Tadeusz Lalik, and Stanisław Trawkowski). Presents various aspects of Polish culture in the early and high Middle Ages: everyday life, food, clothing, architecture, society, genealogy, geography, language, writing, education and schools, state and Church organization, rituals, social structure, law and morality, calendar. A groundbreaking work opening up new research areas.
  856. Find this resource:
  857. Geremek, Bronisław, ed. Kultura Polski średniowiecznej XIV–XV w. Warsaw: Semper, 1997.
  858. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  859. A continuation of the aforementioned studies devoted to Polish culture in the late Middle Ages. Contains important articles on social transformations, education and system of schools, forms of piety and everyday life, and the rituals of premodern Polish society.
  860. Find this resource:
  861. Hensel, Witold. Historia kultury materialnej dawnej Słowiańszczyzny. Warsaw: PWN, 1951.
  862. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  863. Archeological survey of material culture of Slavic tribes in the early Middle Ages.
  864. Find this resource:
  865. Schools and Education
  866.  
  867. The University of Kraków, founded by Casimir the Great in 1364, played a prominent role in the growth of medieval intellectual culture. Having overcome some difficulties following the death of its founder in 1370, Kraków University started to flourish under the reign of the Jagiellons. The collapse of Prague University in the turbulent period of Hussite wars made Kraków the leading center of learning in central Europe. In the 15th century the university grew in number, attracting international scholars and students, and played an important role in the intellectual development of the entire Polish state. General studies on the history of Kraków University in the Middle Ages include Lepszy 1964, Wyrozumski 1992, and Markowski 1996. In recent years a number of studies on Kraków scholars, their writings and public activity, have come to the fore, including Ożóg 1987, Ożóg 1995, and Ożóg 2004. The contribution of Kraków intellectuals to the conciliarist movement has drawn the particular interest of Polish and international scholarship and has resulted in ecclesiastical treatises and a number of analytical studies on Kraków theologians, philosophers, and their writings (Markowski 1996 and Wünsch 1998). The best account of the origins and development of medieval schools is Stopka 1994.
  868.  
  869. Lepszy, Kazimierz, ed. Dzieje Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach 1364–1764. 2 vols. Krakow: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 1964.
  870. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  871. A collection concerning the history of Kraków University. Presents the emergence and development of the first Polish university in chronological order.
  872. Find this resource:
  873. Markowski, Mieczysław. Dzieje Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w latach 1397–1525. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej, 1996.
  874. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  875. A historical study of Kraków University’s theology faculty; analyzes the historical circumstances of its establishment in 1397. Describes leading theological trends that developed at the university, their representatives and major works. Comprises an extensive biographical catalogue of medieval professors at Kraków University and their works.
  876. Find this resource:
  877. Ożóg, Krzysztof. Kultura umysłowa w Krakowie w XIV wieku. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1987.
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  879. A study on the intellectual culture in 14th-century Kraków, presenting its cultural centers: royal court, cathedral chapter, monasteries, and their book production.
  880. Find this resource:
  881. Ożóg, Krzysztof. Intelektualiści w służbie Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1306–1382. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 1995.
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  883. A thorough historical analysis of the place of intellectuals in 14th-century Poland and their service to the last two Piast kings and Louis of Anjou. Demonstrates how political concepts and ideas developed at intellectual centers were later implemented in the domestic and international policy of Polish kings.
  884. Find this resource:
  885. Ożóg, Krzysztof. Uczeni w monarchii Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej i Władysława Jagiełły (1384–1434). Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 2004.
  886. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  887. A complex study on the role of Kraków scholars during the reign of Jadwiga of Anjou and Władysław Jagiełło (1384–1484), analyzing the theological, philosophical, and political concepts disseminated at Kraków University.
  888. Find this resource:
  889. Stopka, Krzysztof. Szkoły metropolitalne archidiecezji gnieźnieńskiej w średniowieczu. Studia nad kształceniem kleru polskiego w wiekach średnich. Krakow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1994.
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  891. A thorough study on the system of education in medieval Poland, examining the emergence and development of a network of medieval schools, their organization, personnel and teaching programs. Obligatory reading for any research on Polish medieval schools.
  892. Find this resource:
  893. Wünsch, Thomas. Konziliarismu und Polen: Personen, Politik und Programme aus Polen zum Verfassungsfrage der Kirche in der Zeit der mittelalterlichen Reformkonzillien. Paderborn, Germany: Ferdynand Schöning, 1998.
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  895. Exhaustive study on the participation of Poles in the 15th-century general councils. Offers a thorough reexamination of concepts and ideas promoted by Polish intellectuals and diplomats to support conciliar reform.
  896. Find this resource:
  897. Wyrozumski, Jerzy, ed. The Jagiellonian University in the Evolution of the European Culture. Krakow: Secesja, 1992.
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  899. A collection of studies on the history of Kraków University, its emergence, and growth in the medieval period, as well as its role in European culture.
  900. Find this resource:
  901. Literature
  902.  
  903. Michałowska 1996 is a comprehensive work on Polish medieval literature, well-structured and full of great scholarship. Michałowska 1989 offers valuable insights into various aspects of medieval literature. Symbols and ideas present in Polish medieval literature are analyzed in Buchwald-Pelcowa and Pelc 1995. Potkowski 1984 discusses the production and circulation of books in medieval Poland.
  904.  
  905. Buchwald-Pelcowa, Paulina, and Janusz Pelc. Literatura i kultura polskiego średniowiecza: człowiek wobec znaków i symboli. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Fundacji “Historia pro Futuro,” 1995.
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  907. A comparative study on symbols and concepts in Polish medieval literature and culture.
  908. Find this resource:
  909. Michałowska, Teresa., ed. Pogranicza i konteksty literatury polskiego średniowiecza. Wroclaw, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1989.
  910. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  911. A collection of studies concerning the contexts of Polish medieval literature.
  912. Find this resource:
  913. Michałowska, Teresa. Średniowiecze. Wielka Historia Literatury Polskiej. Warsaw: PWN, 1996.
  914. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  915. Most comprehensive general study of Polish medieval literature. Every chapter includes bibliographical comments.
  916. Find this resource:
  917. Potkowski, Edward. Książka w kulturze staropolskiej. Warsaw: Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1984.
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  919. First comprehensive publication on the production and distribution of books, their owners, and reading circles. Collects all available information and raises crucial questions on the spread of written culture in medieval Polish society.
  920. Find this resource:
  921. Hagiography
  922.  
  923. Apart from two principal lexicons of Polish saints (Gustaw 1971–1972 and Witkowska 1995), there are numerous works on particular medieval saints. Good examples of such studies are Labuda 1997 and Labuda 2000 (on St. Wojciech [Adalbert]) and Plezia 1999 (on St. Stanislas). A recent bibliography of St. Wojciech is also available (Witkowska and Nastalska 2002). Manikowska 1999 remains a valuable account (in French) of the cult of saints in the medieval church province of Gniezno. Witkowska and Nastalska 2007 provides updated information about hagiographical production in medieval and early modern Poland, the writers and their works.
  924.  
  925. Gustaw, Roman, ed. Hagiografia polska: Słownik bio-biliograficzny. 2 vols. Lublin, Poznan, and Warsaw: Księgarnia św. Wojciecha, 1971–1972.
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  927. A complete biographical dictionary of Polish saints. Presents their lives and accomplishments by means of critical analysis of available sources; contains an extensive bibliography.
  928. Find this resource:
  929. Labuda, Gerard, ed. Święty Wojciech w polskiej tradycji historiograficznej. Warsaw: PAX, 1997.
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  931. New edition of Polish classic on St. Wojciech, with editorial comments.
  932. Find this resource:
  933. Labuda, Gerard. Święty Wojciech: Biskup-męczennik, patron Czech, Polski i Węgier. Wroclaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2000.
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  935. Recent biography of St. Wojciech (Adalbert) offering a critical overview of research and proposing new interpretations of his life and missionary activity. Reprinted in 2004.
  936. Find this resource:
  937. Manikowska, Halina. “Le culte des saints patrons de villes dans l’archiodiocèse de Gniezno au bas Moyen Âge.” In Fonctions sociales et politiques du culte des saints dans les sociétes de rite grec et latin au Moyen Âge et à l’époque moderne: Approche comparative. Edited by Marek Derwich and Michel Dmitriev, 161–177. Wroclaw, Poland: Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1999.
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  939. Overview of the cult of saints in medieval towns within the archdiocese of Gniezno. Summarizes and reassesses recent findings.
  940. Find this resource:
  941. Plezia, Stanisław. Dookoła spraw św. Stanisława: Studium źródłoznawcze. Bydgoszcz, Poland: Domini, 1999.
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  943. Collection of classic studies on the life, martyrdom, and cult of St. Stanisław, bishop of Kraków, killed in 1079, who became one of the most important Polish patron saints. Critical analysis of all available medieval sources that shed light on the circumstances of St. Stanisław’s death.
  944. Find this resource:
  945. Witkowska, Aleksandra, ed. Nasi świeci: Polski słownik hagiograficzny. Poznan, Poland: Księgarnia św. Wojciecha, 1995.
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  947. Standard dictionary of Polish hagiography. Comprises biographies of Polish medieval saints with a select bibliography. A good starting point for research on medieval Polish saints.
  948. Find this resource:
  949. Witkowska, Aleksandra, and Joanna Nastalska. Święty Wojciech. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 2002.
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  951. Bibliography on St. Wojciech (Adalbert), bishop of Prague and martyr, who was killed on his mission to convert pagan Prussians in 997.
  952. Find this resource:
  953. Witkowska, Aleksandra, and Joanna Nastalska. Staropolskie piśmiennictwo hagiograficzne. 2 vols. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 2007.
  954. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  955. Recent bio-bibliographical dictionary of medieval and early modern Polish hagiographers.
  956. Find this resource:
  957. Architecture and Fine Arts
  958.  
  959. The monuments and artistic objects of Polish medieval culture are recorded and described in the Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce. Romanesque art in Poland—its origins, forms, and functions—is discussed in Gieysztor, et al. 1971 (in Polish), Świętochowski 1983 (in English), and Świętochowski 2000 (in Polish). Polish Gothic architecture is described in Mroczko, et al. 1995, whereas Domasłowski, et al. 1984 examines Gothic wall paintings. Kajzer, et al. 2001 provides updated information on medieval castles in the territory of present-day Poland.
  960.  
  961. Chrzanowski, Tadeusz. Sztuka w Polsce Piastów i Jagiellonów: Zarys dziejów. Warsaw: PWN, 1993.
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  963. An overview of the history of Polish art during the Piast and Jagiellonian period, sketching the main trends and offering a general interpretation of cultural developments.
  964. Find this resource:
  965. Chudziakowa, Jadwiga. The Romanesque Churches of Mogilno, Trzemeszno and Strzelno. Torun, Poland: Wydawnictwo Mikołaja Kopernika, 2001.
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  967. Thorough examination of three important Romanesque churches in central Poland.
  968. Find this resource:
  969. Domaslowski, Jerzy, Alicja Karłowska-Kamzowa, Marian Kornecki, and Helena Małkiewiczówna. Gotyckie malarstwo ścienne w Polsce. Poznan, Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1984.
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  971. A complex study of Gothic wall paintings in late medieval Poland; includes a detailed catalogue of wall paintings. A pioneering work that provides primary data for further research.
  972. Find this resource:
  973. Gieszytor, Aleksander, Michał Walicki, and Jerzy Zachwatowicz. Sztuka polska przedromańska i romańska, do schyłku XIII w. Warsaw: PWN, 1971.
  974. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  975. A collection of studies on pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art in Poland. An interdisciplinary work by a historian and art historians, offering a new interpretation of the spread of western European arts in the early medieval Piast monarchy.
  976. Find this resource:
  977. Kajzer, Leszek, Stanisław Kołodziejski, and Jan Salm, eds. Leksykon zamków w Polsce. Warsaw: Arkady, 2001.
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  979. Complete lexicon of Polish medieval and early modern castles, providing information on their history, geographical location, architecture, and political role. Includes ancient drawings, modern pictures, reconstruction schemes, and a bibliography.
  980. Find this resource:
  981. Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce: Seria Nowa. 12 vols. Warsaw: Instytut Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1977–2005.
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  983. An immense catalogue of historical monuments in Poland. Each volume is devoted to a different province of Poland and offers a detailed description of historical monuments in topographical and chronological order. Information on private collections and museums is not included. For further information, see the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences (ISPAN) online.
  984. Find this resource:
  985. Mroczko, Teresa, Marian Arszyński, and Andrzej Włodarek. Architektura gotycka w Polsce. 3 vols. Warsaw: Instytut Historii Sztuki PAN, 1995.
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  987. A basic compendium of Gothic architecture in medieval Poland, it examines the arrival and spread of Gothic art, and lists and describes all Gothic monuments in Poland. An obligatory read for any historian or art historian dealing with late medieval Polish art.
  988. Find this resource:
  989. Święchowski, Zygmunt. Romanesque Art in Poland. Warsaw: Arkady, 1983.
  990. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  991. An earlier study, in English, on the origins and development of Romanesque art in Poland.
  992. Find this resource:
  993. Święchowski, Zygmunt. Architektura romańska w Polsce. Warsaw: DiG, 2000.
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995. An extensive compendium of information and analysis of Romaneque architecture in Poland; includes detailed historical and archeological descriptions of particular objects.
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