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Scotland (Renaissance and Reformation)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. There is a case for seeing Scotland as a Renaissance invention. In the early Middle Ages, the northern and southern Pictish kingdoms mentioned by Bede came under pressure from three directions: from Northumbrians and Britons pushing northwards, from northern Irish settlers on the west coast, and from colonization by Scandinavian pirates moving south. By the 12th century, the Picts had disappeared as an identifiable polity, and there was a king of “Alba,” with a power base in southern Scotland, who was the most important ruler north of Hadrian’s Wall, though the western islands (with the Isle of Man) were still ruled by a succession of Celto-Norse kings, and there were other significant powers in the north, such as the independent rulers of Moray. From Malcolm Canmore onwards, these Scots kings mostly took English or Anglo-Norman brides, and by the 14th century, the principal language of elite culture was Scots, not Gaelic, and Scottish nobles beguiled their leisure with the same mix of chivalric romance, chronicles, and moralizing literature as their coevals in England. The first king to rule something like the geographical area now defined as “Scotland” was James IV, who successfully subdued both the Lords of the Isles and the unruly chiefs along the English border in the later 15th century. He was a cultivated monarch who sponsored the introduction of printing to Scotland in 1507, but since his son James V, his granddaughter Mary, Queen of Scots, and his great-grandson James VI each came to the throne as an infant, even before James VI left for England in 1603, Scotland’s culture was less court-centered than England’s. After the Reformation of 1560, the Kirk was in a position to exercise censorship over printed literature, which was consequently mostly practical or religious, but there was a lively culture of scribally circulated verse (and music) among Scotland’s educated elite, and a genuine taste for neo-Latin poetry and prose.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. There have been many general histories of Scotland, its culture(s), and its literature(s). Devine and Wormald 2012 balances consideration of the facts of Scottish history with an exposition of its governing myths. Smout 1969 is a classic history of Scottish society, and Jack 1988 is a basic survey of the various literary traditions, Scots, Latin, and Gaelic. Scots showed a keen interest in their own history from the 14th century onwards, witnessed by a variety of chronicles and histories. After the Reformation, the Protestant George Buchanan and the Catholic John Leslie offered competing versions of Scotland’s past. Thomas Innes’s Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of Britain or Scotland (1729) is the first Scottish history to be governed by a modern sense of what constitutes evidence. However, 19th-century Scottish historiography tended to be biased by religious agendas of one kind or another. Additionally, Sir Walter Scott’s oeuvre had positive and negative consequences: it fostered a resurgence of antiquarian interest in the actual documents of Scottish history (resulting in the many publications of the Bannatyne and Abbotsford Clubs, among others), but also encouraged a superficial perception of Scotland’s past as picturesque, lawless, and romantic. Wormald 1981 (cited under Scottish Government) was among the first to argue that Scotland was effectively governed in the late Middle Ages, and this theme is revisited in Wormald 2005. A number of more recent writers have also been concerned to demonstrate the participation of Scots in international culture, surveyed in Brown 2013.
  8.  
  9. Brown, Keith M. “Early Modern Scottish History: A Survey.” Scottish Historical Review 92.234 (2013): 5–24.
  10. DOI: 10.3366/shr.2013.0164Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11. An audit of recent developments in Scottish historiography: the questions which are currently being asked by professional historians.
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  13. Devine, T. M., and J. Wormald, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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  15. This is aimed at both scholars and undergraduates, and presents a synthesis of current thinking on the facts and myths of Scottish history. Part 1 considers general issues such as environment and demography. Part 2 covers the period from 1500 to 1680.
  16. Find this resource:
  17. Jack, R. D. S., ed. The History of Scottish Literature I. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1988.
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  19. Essays by various hands on specific aspects of Scottish literature from the early Middle Ages to the late 17th century, including chapters on Scottish Latin literature and classical Gaelic. The most useful and accessible starting point for studying Scots, Gaelic, or Scoto-Latin literature.
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  21. Smout, T. C. A History of the Scottish People, 1560–1830. London: Collins, 1969.
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  23. A classic study, emphasizing society rather than politics, and combining economic, social, and cultural history. The first half describes the shape and organization of Scottish society before 1690.
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  25. Wormald, Jenny, ed. Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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  27. The chapters are arranged chronologically, and there is also a chapter on historiography.
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  29. Reference Works
  30.  
  31. One of the specific problems with studying early modern Scotland is linguistic. Most sources are in Latin, Scots, or Gaelic: before King James VI’s removal to England, only some Protestant theologians wrote in English. Whereas many Latin and some Gaelic texts have now been translated, texts in Scots have not: the essential aid to comprehension is the online Dictionary of the Scots Language, while Jones 1997 offers orientation on the distinctive grammar and orthography of Scots for newcomers. For any study of Scotland’s early printed literature, Scottish Books 1505–1640 needs to be combined with Shaaber 1975. Scans of almost everything in the former (but not the latter), can be found in Early English Books Online. For those studying manuscript material, Simpson 1973 and Scottish Handwriting are the recommended guides to Scottish paleography. The majority of the individuals important to early modern Scottish history have entries in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, a project which interprets the word “national” very liberally.
  32.  
  33. Dictionary of the Scots Language.
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  35. A historical dictionary, like the Oxford English Dictionary: it gives citations in chronological order, and combines material from The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue and Scottish National Dictionary, brought together in a searchable format.
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  37. Early English Books Online.
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  39. This resource gives access to complete scans of Scottish as well as English imprints before 1700, mostly those published in the British Isles, though some foreign publications, such as the output of the St Omers and Richt Right presses (in France and The Netherlands, respectively), are also included.
  40. Find this resource:
  41. Jones, Charles, ed. The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997.
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  43. The first full-scale attempt to record the development of Scots over time and a guide to its distinctive features: the first of its three sections covers “the beginnings to 1700.”
  44. Find this resource:
  45. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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  47. This gives up-to-date biographies of individuals, and includes the biographies of Scots before the Union: included are “people who shaped the history of the British Isles and beyond.” Each entry includes a guide to archival and printed source material for that life.
  48. Find this resource:
  49. Scottish Books 1505–1640 (Aldis Updated). Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland.
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  51. Based on H. G. Aldis, List of Books Printed in Scotland (Edinburgh: for the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 1904), a year-by-year listing of the books printed in Scotland, and outwith Scotland for Scottish booksellers, up to 1700. In either form, it is a basic tool for understanding Scotland’s print culture and the Scottish book trade. Note that the electronic version goes up to 1640, and the printed text to 1700.
  52. Find this resource:
  53. Scottish Handwriting.
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  55. This useful site provides online tuition in the paleography of Scottish manuscripts, and information about specialist glossaries and other aids to understanding.
  56. Find this resource:
  57. Shaaber, Matthias. Books Published Abroad: Checklist of Works of British Authors Printed Abroad in Languages Other Than English. New York: Bibliographical Society of America, 1975.
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  59. This is a short-title catalogue covering both England and Scotland; since many Scots published abroad, it is particularly important for understanding Scotland’s literary culture.
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  61. Simpson, Grant G. Scottish Handwriting, 1150–1650. Edinburgh: Bratton, 1973.
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  63. Written to facilitate paleographic study, it remains the only published aid to transcribing Scottish manuscripts.
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  65. Webster, Bruce. Scotland from the Eleventh Century to 1603. Cambridge, UK: Sources of History, 1975.
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  67. A guide to the sources for Scottish history and where to find them, with chapters on narrative, charters, archaeology, government records, Scots law, and foreign sources, and a chapter on the 16th century.
  68. Find this resource:
  69. Textbooks
  70.  
  71. Mitchison 1982 remains the most accessible introduction to Scottish history and culture, despite numerous attempts to supersede it. Lynch 1992 is more up to date, but because it is telling a more complex story, for those new to Scottish history, it is still worth starting with Mitchison. Dawson 2007 focuses specifically on the creation of the kingdom of Scotland in the late Middle Ages. For students of literature, Brown, et al. 2006 is a good recent introduction to the various literatures of medieval and early modern Scotland. Smith 2012, a Scots-language reader, is an important aid to understanding Scots-language texts. Cowan and Henderson 2011 introduces Scottish social history, as does Houston and Knox 2002.
  72.  
  73. Brown, Ian, Thomas Clancy, Susan Manning, and Murray Pittock, eds. The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
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  75. An introduction to Scottish literature from earliest times until the Union of 1707, covering the various histories of writing in Gaelic, Welsh, Old Norse, Old English, and Old French, as well as in Latin and Scots.
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Cowan, Edward J., and Lizanne Henderson, eds. A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
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  79. The book shows the distinctively Scottish aspects of daily life, how this differed from region to region, and how the lives of Scots were affected by contact with other cultures and nations through trading and migration.
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  81. Dawson, Jane. Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
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  83. The social and cultural transformation of late medieval Scotland into a Protestant country, with a focus on the different experiences of Scotland’s various regions and the complex relations of the Scots monarchy with the church.
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  85. Houston, R. A., and Michael Knox, eds. New Penguin History of Scotland. London: Penguin, 2002.
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  87. This comprises eight essays covering economic, social, cultural, and political life in Scotland, with extensive illustrations taken from artifacts held by the National Museums of Scotland.
  88. Find this resource:
  89. Lynch, Michael. Scotland: A New History. London: Pimlico, 1992.
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  91. A narrative history, chronologically structured, but with sections of summary and analysis designed to place Scottish developments with a wider historical context.
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  93. Mitchison, Rosalind. A History of Scotland. London and New York: Methuen, 1982.
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  95. An admirably lucid narrative history from the Dark Ages through to the 20th century.
  96. Find this resource:
  97. Smith, Jeremy J. Older Scots: A Linguistic Reader. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 2012.
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  99. A textbook for the study of writing in Scots before 1700, based on annotated texts from the period, with supporting analysis.
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  101. Anthologies
  102.  
  103. There is a wide variety of anthologies relevant to early modern Scotland. Some, such as Bateman, et al. 2000 and Clancy 1998, stress the linguistic diversity of Scottish writers; others, such as Bawcutt and Riddy 1987 and Ó Baoill and Bateman 1994, explore some aspect of one specific tradition. Jack and Rozendaal 2000 aims to cover the entire range of early Scottish literatures, and Jack 1971 focuses specifically on prose.
  104.  
  105. Bateman, Meg, Robert Crawford, and James McGonigal, eds. Scottish Religious Poetry from the Sixth Century to the Present. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 2000.
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  107. This offers religious verse in all Scotland’s languages: the preponderance of poetry on religious themes in 16th- and 17th-century Scotland makes this collection particularly useful to early modernists.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. Bawcutt, Priscilla, and Felicity Riddy, eds. Longer Scottish Poems. Vol. 1, 1375–1650. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic, 1987.
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  111. A selection which begins with parts of Barbour’s Brus, and ends with Drummond of Hawthornden’s lament for the death of Prince Henry. Where feasible poems are given in their entirety.
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  113. Clancy, Thomas Owen, ed. The Triumph Tree: Scotland’s Earliest Poetry AD 550–1250. Edinburgh: Canongate, 1998.
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  115. A collection of Gaelic, Latin, Norse, and Old English texts, with translations, which enriches the understanding of later medieval and Renaissance literatures by revealing the complexity of the medieval past.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. Jack, R. D. S., ed. Scottish Prose. London: Calder & Boyars, 1971.
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  119. A useful edited selection of early modern prose works, critical, religious, and historiographical.
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  121. Jack, R. D. S., and P. A. T. Rozendaal. The Mercat Anthology of Early Scottish Literature. Edinburgh: Mercat, 2000.
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  123. The most recent, comprehensive and critically helpful edition of Scottish writing. Originally published in 1997.
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  125. Ó Baoill, Colm, and Meg Bateman, eds. Gàir nan Clarsach: The Harp’s Cry; an Anthology of 17th Century Gaelic Poetry. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1994.
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  127. Gives a conspectus of the types of verse practiced by early modern Gaelic-speakers, and sketches the social context of its production.
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  129. Bibliographies
  130.  
  131. Aitken 1982 brings together comprehensive sources for Scots and Anglo-Scots literature up to that year. More recent bibliography for literary studies can be found in The Annual Bibliography of Scottish Literature, issued annually as a supplement to The Bibliotheck from 1969 onwards; and The Year’s Work in Scottish Literary Studies (1969–1973), after 1973 called The Year’s Work in Scottish Literary and Linguistic Studies, has also been annually published as a supplement to Scottish Literary News and subsequently to its successor, the Scottish Literary Review. Journal articles relating to Renaissance and early modern Scotland, together with articles in book collections, can be located through the International Medieval Bibliography, or, for British and Irish history, in the Bibliography of British and Irish History. Forbes-Leith 1911 is useful in calendaring mostly Latin and French books not covered by Aitken, and Green, et al. 2012 is specifically devoted to Scoto-Latin. Glen 1991 gives the sources for Gaelic. Durkan and Ross 1961 lists surviving books known to have been in Scotland before 1560, and this is complemented by Higgitt 2006, which gives booklists for known libraries. Kellas Johnstone 1929–1930 is a chronological treatment of northeastern writers.
  132.  
  133. Aitken, W. R. Scottish Literature in English and Scots: A Guide to Information Sources. Detroit: Gale, 1982.
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  135. This finding guide lists nearly 4000 items, including bibliographies, creative work, and criticism covering writers from Barbour to the 20th century, and including a section on popular and folk literature.
  136. Find this resource:
  137. Durkan, John, and Anthony Ross. Early Scottish Libraries. Glasgow: John S. Burns, 1961.
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  139. This is a listing of books known to have been owned by Scots before 1560: occasional supplements have appeared in the Innes Review (see Innes Review indices).
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  141. Forbes-Leith, W., SJ. Bibliographie des livres publiés à Paris et à Lyon par les savants écossais réfugiés en France au XVIe siècle. Extrait de la Revue des Bibliothèques, nos. 7–9 (otherwise described as Vol. 21), 1911. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1912.
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  143. Many early modern Catholics made their careers abroad, and published extensively, mostly in Latin or French. Paris and Lyon were both major centers for publication.
  144. Find this resource:
  145. Glen, Duncan. The Poetry of the Scots: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide to Poetry in Gaelic, Scots, Latin and English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.
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  147. The book is chronologically organized and lists the standard editions of all the major and many minor Scottish poets from antiquity to the 20th century, with an introduction and commentaries on individual poets.
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Green, R. P. H., P. H. Burton, and D. J. Ford, eds. Scottish Latin Authors in Print up to 1700. Supplementa Humanistica Lovaniensia 30. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2012.
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  151. Covers neo-Latin books, but not occasional or congratulatory verse, and gives a finding guide for copies. Useful for locating works by Scottish writers published on the continent.
  152. Find this resource:
  153. Higgitt, John, ed. Scottish Libraries. Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues XII. London: British Library, 2006.
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  155. Contains information on the libraries of monastic houses, friaries, secular cathedrals, university colleges, and royal collections, together with an essay on the 16th century by John Durkan.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Kellas Johnstone, J. F. Bibliographia Aberdonensis: Being an Account of Books Relating to or Printed in the Shires of Aberdeen, Banff, Kincardine, or Written by Natives or Residents or by Officers, Graduates, or Alumni of the Universities of Aberdeen. 2 vols. Aberdeen, Scotland: Third Spalding Club, 1929–1930.
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  159. A study in considerable detail of early books and writers with an Aberdeen connection; particularly useful for taking cognizance of the many northeastern writers who published outside Britain.
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  161. Journals
  162.  
  163. While many important articles relating to Scotland have been published in journals of general interest, there is a variety of journals specifically relevant to the study of Scotland’s history, literature, and culture. The Scottish Historical Review is the central journal for Scottish history, supported by the Journal of Scottish Historical Studies for social history, and the Innes Review for Catholic history. The Bibliotheck: A Scottish Journal of Bibliography and Allied Topics and the Journal of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society are both dedicated to book history. The Journal of the Northern Renaissance covers both historical and literary studies. The Scottish Literary Review is the major literary studies journal published in Scotland, supported by the American Studies in Scottish Literature. Some but not all now issue online versions, though the pre-electronic backlist has not always been digitized.
  164.  
  165. Bibliotheck: A Scottish Journal of Bibliography and Allied Topics. 1956–.
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  167. Covers all aspects of Scottish bibliography, including articles on Scottish books, collectors, authors, the book trade, and bindings.
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  169. Innes Review. 1950–.
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  171. The journal’s particular remit is Catholic history: it covers both Scottish history before the Reformation, with a particular focus on church history, and specifically Catholic material post-1560.
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  173. Journal of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society. 2006–.
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  175. Dedicated to the study of books, printing, libraries, collection, and the book trade in Scotland.
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  177. Journal of the Northern Renaissance. 2009–.
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  179. This is an online journal concerned with both literature and history, not specific to Scotland but strongly aware of its distinct political and cultural identity.
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  181. Journal of Scottish Historical Studies. 1981–.
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  183. This is the organ of the Economic and Social History Society of Scotland, and its specific concern is social, economic, and cultural history, historical geography and anthropology, and historical theory. Formerly Scottish Economic and Social History.
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  185. Scottish Historical Review. 1921–.
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  187. This covers all periods of Scottish history; includes extensive book reviews and an annual compilation of List of Articles in Scottish History and List of Essays on Scottish History in Books, which covers the articles published in the preceding year.
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  189. Scottish Literary Review. 2009–.
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  191. This was formerly the Scottish Literary Journal from 1974 to 2000, then from 2000 to 2008, the Scottish Studies Review. It is the principal journal for the study of Scottish literature of all periods, whether critical or scholarly.
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  193. Studies in Scottish Literature. 1963–.
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  195. Founded in 1963 and based at the University of South Carolina since 1965, it is the principal American forum for work on Scottish literature of all periods, and is published in both print and digital formats. SSL has also digitized the contents of all its volumes.
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  197. Primary Sources
  198.  
  199. Many of the literary and historical sources for medieval and early modern Scottish history have been published by private clubs and societies. There is a useful online guide to most of these on the Royal Historical Society website Scottish Regional and National History and Record Societies, which calendars the societies and describes the contents of their volumes. Some societies have, or had, a specific remit: the publications of the Stair Society, for example, are focused on legal history, and the Wodrow and Spottiswode Societies on Protestant church history. However, most of these series are highly miscellaneous, with Scotland as the only common ground. In almost all cases, the works edited are printed in the original languages, though many Latin texts have English translations. One society which is not calendared by the RHS is the Gaelic Society of Inverness. This is the principal forum for the publication and study of Scottish Gaelic literature and culture in all periods: its Transactions, and also Scottish Gaelic Studies, are searchable in the Gaelic Resource Database. A distinct aspect of early modern Scottish historiography which is well covered in these volumes is family history. In a society in which the great noble families played a major role, family histories, though they are partisan, tendentious, and frequently uncritical, also often record important information, and some are based on private archive material which has not otherwise reached print. The principal publisher of scholarly editions of late medieval and early modern Scottish literature is the Scottish Text Society, though the Abbotsford, Bannatyne, and Maitland Clubs, in particular, also published many literary texts. Others have been printed by university presses, notably those of Edinburgh and Oxford. With respect to official publications, the publications of the Scottish Record Office (1867–1970) are also calendared. Among the most useful for the study of early modern history and literature is Burton and Masson 1877–1898, a mine of information about how Scotland was governed. Dickson, et al. 1877–1978 illuminates the life of the royal household itself. Official government enactments are accessible in the online, searchable Records of the Parliament of Scotland to 1707, under the general editorship of Keith Brown. Bain, et al. 1898–1969 is the essential source for Anglo-Scottish relations. Private papers such as wills and letters can be searched for in the online Scottish Archive Network and National Register of Archives for Scotland. Donaldson 1978 is a useful survey.
  200.  
  201. Bain, Joseph, William K. Boyd, Annie Cameron, M. S. Guiseppi, and J. D. Mackie. The Calendar of State Papers (Scotland). 13 vols. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1898–1969.
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  203. These cover from 1547 to the union of the crowns in 1603. Volumes 1–3 edited by Joseph Bain, volumes 4–10 edited by William K. Boyd, volume 11 edited by Annie Cameron, volume 12 edited by M. S. Guiseppi, volume 13 edited by J. D. Mackie.
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  205. Burton, John Hill, and David Masson. The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, First Series. Edinburgh: HM General Register House, 1877–1898.
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  207. The first series covers the years 1545–1625, and reveals the basic governance of Scotland and how its political, administrative, economic, and social affairs were conducted.
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  209. Dickson, Thomas, James Balfour Paul, C. T. McInnes, et al. Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. 13 vols. Edinburgh: General Register House, 1877–1978.
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  211. The early volumes are particularly useful for court culture, since they detail the king’s purchases, including books, textiles, and items relating to plays, pageants, and tournaments.
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  213. Donaldson, Gordon. The Sources of Scottish History. Edinburgh: n.p., 1978.
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  215. A comprehensive guide to both records and works of reference. It also describes bibliographical, biographical, topographical, chronological, and other publications and contemporary narrative sources.
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  217. Gaelic Resource Database.
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  219. This covers a wide range of sources, contemporary and historical, but includes details of the publications of Scottish Gaelic Studies and the Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness.
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  221. National Register of Archives for Scotland.
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  223. An online catalogue of papers of historical significance in private hands in Scotland, some but not all of which are on deposit in public institutions. Contact may be made with private owners via the NRAS.
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  225. Records of the Parliament of Scotland to 1707.
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  227. A fully searchable database containing the proceedings of the Scottish parliament from the first surviving act of 1235 to the union of 1707.
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  229. Scottish Archive Network.
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  231. This is a single online electronic database and catalogue for the holdings of more than fifty Scottish archives: much of the material thus catalogued is also digitized.
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  233. Scottish Regional and National History and Record Societies. Royal Historical Society.
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  235. Lists the volumes of the numerous special-interest historical societies which arose in Scotland.
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  237. Scottish Text Society.
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  239. The Society’s website includes a full list of titles, and for more recent publications, a short synopsis of the contents of the volume.
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  241. Historiography
  242.  
  243. Scotland’s history is complex and tendentious: apart from the obvious linguistic and cultural division between Lowland and Highland, the northeast is in many ways culturally distinct from southern Scotland. Major events such as the Reformation, the deposition of Mary, Queen of Scots, the Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution each in turn provoked civil conflict between profoundly opposed groups within Scotland. The questions of how Scotland could define itself internally, and in opposition to England, and later, as part of Great Britain, are difficult ones, but essential to historical understanding.
  244.  
  245. The Stuarts
  246.  
  247. The Stuart monarchy is a major historical topic. The limitations of royal authority were much debated through the 16th and 17th centuries, while in fact, many of the essential decisions about matters such as foreign policy, religion, and culture were directly made by rulers. Burns 1996 surveys Scottish ideas about kingship. Though they were not invariably successful in imposing their wills, rulers’ opinions could rarely be ignored with impunity. Macdougall 2006 surveys the reign of James IV, the first king to rule over the whole of Scotland, and Fradenburg 1998 discusses his wife Margaret Tudor, the embodiment of the new relationship developing between England and Scotland. Cameron 1998 argues strongly for a reassessment of James V’s success as a king, but the Scots ruler who is most seriously controversial is Mary, Queen of Scots. Wormald 1988 argued for her total failure as a queen, a view which is challenged in Warnicke 2006. Her son James has also provoked a considerable historiography. Lee 1990 is a balanced survey of the different aspects of his achievement.
  248.  
  249. Burns, J. H. The True Law of Kingship: Concepts of Monarchy in Early Modern Scotland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  250. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203841.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  251. A variety of Scottish writers and thinkers from the 15th century well into the 17th century devoted a great deal of attention to the office and responsibilities of kingship. One area of particular concern was whether the commonweal had the right to depose unsatisfactory rulers, which was tested in practice by ending the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Cameron, Jamie. James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. This biography argues that James V was a more effective Scottish king than his father, despite the latter’s reputation as a “Renaissance monarch,” and that he was not at odds with his nobility. It also highlights his patronage of architecture.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Fradenburg, Louise O. “Troubled Times: Margaret Tudor and the Historians.” In The Rose and the Thistle: Essays on the Culture of Late Medieval and Renaissance Scotland. Edited by Sally Mapstone and Juliette Wood, 38–58. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998.
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Margaret Tudor, wife of James IV, is historically important; Fradenburg argues that her image has suffered from historians’ unexamined assumptions about women, queenship, and colonialism.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Lee, Maurice. Great Britain’s Solomon: James VI and I in His Three Kingdoms. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. This is not a biography but a series of essays on aspects of James’ career from his assumption of the Scottish crown as an infant to the end of his reign over Scotland and England. It suggests that James was on balance a successful ruler, despite some conspicuous failures of policy.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Macdougall, Norman. James the Fourth. 3d ed. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2006.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. James IV’s reign is surprisingly poorly documented. There is no contemporary chronicle, only state papers and other official documents on the one hand, and literature, such as the writings of Dunbar, on the other. This biography focuses on the political and diplomatic dimensions of the reign, where objective evidence is strongest.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Warnicke, Retha M. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Routledge, 2006.
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  271. This biography considers Mary’s upbringing and education for rule, and how her actions were constrained by royal protocol and in particular, the specific problems of a female ruler.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Wormald, J. M. Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in Failure. London: George Phillip, 1988.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. A vigorous de-romanticization of the queen, which attributes her difficulties to straightforward incompetence.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Scottish Government
  278.  
  279. The romantic view of Scotland suggests that it was barely governed at all; but the consensus of modern historians is that the late medieval and early modern Scottish state was effectively ruled, and by no means lawless. Macfarlane 1995 examines the career of an important royal servant of the late 15th century, revealing that a machinery for effective rule had developed under James IV. Goodare 1999 examines the growth of state power. Brown 2004 assesses the political and cultural lives of the Scottish nobility; and Wormald 1981 argues that the kingdom was both stable and resilient.
  280.  
  281. Brown, Keith. Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from Reformation to Revolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Argues for the sophistication of the Scottish nobility, and probes their education, way of life, and role in governance at a local and national level.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Goodare, Julian. State and Society in Early Modern Scotland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  286. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207627.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. This is the first full study of state formation and the exercise of state power in Scotland. It sets the Scottish state in a British and European context, revealing that Scotland, like other countries, developed a more integrated governmental system in the 16th and 17th centuries.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Macfarlane, Leslie. William Elphinstone and the Kingdom of Scotland. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1995.
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  291. Elphinstone was a churchman, but he was also a royal servant and statesman. This biography considers the relations of church, king, and state from the angle of a principal figure in the political life of the late 15th century.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Wormald, Jenny. Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland 1470–1625. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. This book addresses issues and themes rather than offering a chronologically organized narrative history, and illustrates her view that Scotland was not lawless and under-governed but surprisingly politically stable.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Reformation and Religious Controversy
  298.  
  299. Scotland’s Reformation was achieved in 1560, and was particularly entangled with politics, because it occurred in the context of redrawing Scotland’s relations with Protestant England and Catholic France, and of the Scottish nobility’s desire to limit the scope of royal authority. Presbyterian divines took the view that ultimate authority belonged to God, not the king, and concluded from this that they had the right, and duty, to interpret the divine will and if necessary, to resist that of the monarch. Thus, three forms of Christianity competed within Scotland: the remaining Catholics; a reformed church with an organized hierarchy of bishops, hence called “Episcopalian,” which was relatively amenable to royal authority and consequently favored by James VI and his successors; and a Presbyterian church whose relationship to royal government was sometimes adversarial. Kellar 2003 examines the aims and agendas of Scotland’s reformers, Mullan 2000 is particularly concerned with common ground between Scottish and English Protestants, and Dawson 2002 looks at the issues with respect to a single important individual. Macdonald 2006 examines the special problems of book-centered Christianity in the oral culture of the Gaeltacht. Macroberts 1962 is concerned with what aspects of Catholic Scotland survived, and how the country changed. Graham 1996 and Todd 2002 are both concerned with ways in which new structures developed for enforcing social and religious discipline.
  300.  
  301. Dawson, Jane E. A. The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History. New York: Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  302. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511495793Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. A study of the career of an individual whose influence extended through Scotland, Ireland, and even England at a critical moment in their collective histories. As the queen’s brother-in-law, effectively the leader of Gaelic Scotland, and a Protestant, he was a pivotal figure in the Reformation.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Graham, Michael F. The Uses of Reform: “Godly Discipline” and Popular Behavior in Scotland and Beyond, 1560–1610. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1996.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. This studies the behavioral reform set in motion by the Reformation, both in Scotland and in other Reformed cultures. It thus analyzes the Reformation as a social process, affecting personal relationships and the conduct of life.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Kellar, Clare. Scotland, England & the Reformation: 1534–61. Oxford: Clarendon, 2003.
  310. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199266708.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. This book emphasizes how much the English and Scottish Reformations had in common, and the extensive cross-border activity which went on from the 1530s. Preachers, books, and ideas moved from one country to the other, and the processes of reform were thoroughly intertwined.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Macdonald, F. A. Missions to the Gaels: Reformation and Counter Reformation in Ulster and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2006.
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  315. Explores the activities of both Scottish Gaelic-speaking Presbyterians and Irish Catholic priests active in the Highlands, and the ways they evolved of spreading their respective faiths in a largely oral culture with very limited access to print, and distinctive social patterns.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Macroberts, David, ed. Essays on the Scottish Reformation, 1513–1625. Glasgow: Burns, 1962.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. A collection of essays on the state of Scottish culture immediately before the Reformation, and the changes wrought by it.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Mullan, David G. Scottish Puritanism, 1590–1638. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  322. DOI: 10.1093/0198269978.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. “Puritan” is not a familiar category within the history of religion in Scotland, which tends to focus on Episcopalians versus Presbyterians. Mullan argues for a Puritan tradition in Scotland similar to, and connected with, Puritanism in England.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Todd, Margo. The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2002.
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  327. Todd examines the data from kirk sessions to see how bad behavior was policed and good conduct enforced, and demonstrated that they also intervened to restore harmony and provided poor relief. The evidence used is essentially urban, and a question remains whether the creation of a “godly society” was as effective in the countryside.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Nation and Identity
  330.  
  331. Edward I’s attempt to claim hegemony over Scotland was validated with a myth, as Terrell 2008 demonstrates, and provoked a vigorous Scottish counter-mythology, which asserted the extreme antiquity of the Scottish royal line, described in Broun 2007. Broun, et al. 1998 examines Scots’ changing self-perceptions, and Goldstein 1993 looks at the creation of national heroes in the 15th century. The 16th-century reorientation of Scotland from alliance with France to a union of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603 and a union of the two nations in 1707 also provoked an extensive and passionate literature on nationhood and identity, from John Mair’s History of 1521 to—and beyond—1707, examined by Mason 1994 and Williamson 1979. Another, internal, issue for Scotland was the relationship between Gaelic-speaking and Scots-speaking Scotland, two communities which were distinct in language, culture, lifestyle, and moral and legal codes, with, in general, little mutual sympathy, discussed by Kidd 1999.
  332.  
  333. Broun, Dauvit. Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Broun examines the mythographic underpinnings of Scotland’s medieval claim to independence: this is not a textbook, but a summation of his thinking on this issue.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Broun, Dauvit, R. J. Finlay, and Michael Lynch, eds. Image and Identity: The Making and Re-making of Scotland through the Ages. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1998.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. This consists of eleven essays in chronological order, beginning before the Wars of Independence. The chapters by Broun, Fiona Watson, Carol Edington, Edward Cowan, and Michael Lynch all analyze Scots’ sense of themselves in the five centuries before the Union.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Goldstein, R. James. The Matter of Scotland: Historical Narratives in Medieval Scotland. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.
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  343. Goldstein focuses on three 15th-century works, John of Fordun’s chronicle, Walter Bower’s Brus, and Blind Hary’s Wallace, and how they construct national heroes out of the protagonists of the Wars of Independence.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Kidd, Colin. “The Gaelic Dilemma in Early Modern Scottish Political Culture.” In British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800. By Colin Kidd, 129–145. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  346. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511495861Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. The dilemma focused on here is that Scotland’s claim to immemorial independence was based on Irish origin-myths, and traced its beginnings to the ancient kingdom of Dalriada. At the same time, many early modern writers perceived Scottish Gaeldom as stagnant, primitive, and socially backward. These competing views of the relevance, or otherwise, of Gaelic Scotland to Lowland culture were not effectively resolved.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Mason, Roger A., ed. Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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  351. The product of a seminar at the Folger Institute Center for the History of British Political Thought, which sets the Union in the longer perspective of the development of Scottish politics and political thought since the Reformation.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Terrell, Katherine H. “Subversive Histories: Strategies of Identity in Scottish Historiography.” In Cultural Diversity in the British Middle Ages. Edited by J. J. Cohen, 153–172. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  354. DOI: 10.1057/9780230614123_9Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. This considers Edward I’s claim to rule over Scotland, based on the myth of Brutus, and how this was countered by Scottish writers.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Williamson, Arthur J. H. Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1979.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Williamson suggests that many Scots, from John Knox to James VI, had some kind of a notion of a united Britain, though, it may be, united on quite different principles.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Anglo-Scottish Relations
  362.  
  363. In the first decade of the 16th century, Scotland was allied with France, and James IV was killed fighting the English at Flodden. A hundred years later, his great-grandson ascended to the English throne, entirely bloodlessly, and with no coherent opposition. Clearly, Anglo-Scottish relations are necessarily a major topic in Scottish historiography. Bradshaw and Morrill 1996 is a good starting point. Hirst 2012 emphasizes the aggressivity of Tudor policy toward the neighboring kingdoms: Phillips 1999 looks at the purely military aspects of this, while Merriman 2000 is focused on English attempts to seize Scotland’s infant queen as a bride for Edward VI. Ferguson 1977 argues that the union of the two countries came about by accident, a view which is countered in Mason 1987. Brown 1992 is concerned with Scotland’s peculiar status as a kingdom with an absentee king under James VI.
  364.  
  365. Bradshaw, Brendan, and John Morrill, eds. The British Problem c. 1534–1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago. London: Macmillan, 1996.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Explores the way the nations of the British Isles created problems for one another; primarily aimed at undergraduates. Morrill’s introductory essay is a good starting place.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Brown, Keith M. Kingdom or Province? Scotland and the Regal Union, 1603–1715. London: Macmillan, 1992.
  370. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-22419-7Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Brown here examines the peculiar status of Scotland in the period between James VI’s assumption of the English throne and eventual union.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Ferguson, William. Scotland’s Relations with England: A Survey to 1707. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1977.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. This argues that Scotland’s union with England was brought about by a series of accidents.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Hirst, Derek. Dominion: England and Its Island Neighbours, 1500–1707. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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  379. “New British” history has tended to focus on Scotland, Wales, and Ireland: this book analyzes Tudor and subsequent agendas of encroachment.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Mason, Roger, ed. Scotland and England, 1286–1815. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1987.
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  383. Inspired by, and to some extent rebutting, Ferguson, this collection of essays explores the difficult, abrasive, but unavoidable, relations of the two kingdoms.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Merriman, Marcus. The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2000.
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  387. The “Rough Wooings” for the hand of the infant Mary, Queen of Scots were the last major war between Scotland and England.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Phillips, Gervase. The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550. Rochester, NY, and Ipswich, UK: Boydell, 1999.
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  391. This is a military history of a war which exemplifies the transition from medieval to early modern military tactics and equipment.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Scotland and the Continent
  394.  
  395. The most important influence on Renaissance Scottish culture, in many respects, was France, Scotland’s principal ally. Before Scotland acquired universities of its own, the great majority of educated men took their degrees in France (only a handful went to England), as Watt 1977 demonstrates. Macdougall 2001 is concerned with political aspects of Scoto-French connections. After the foundation of universities at St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, it was still the case that many scholars took a second degree on the continent, and Catholics, of course, were forced to go abroad if they wanted an education at all. McInalley 2012 provides abundant evidence for the intellectual life of the Catholic colleges. Scots were also commercially and politically involved with Scandinavia (one witness to this is James VI’s marriage to a Danish princess), with Poland, which acquired a large Scottish community, with Italy, and with Germany, surveyed in Smout 1986. Armitage 1997 further observes that Scotland’s involvement with the Atlantic world begins in the early modern period. Hume Brown 1978 gives details of important foreign visitors to Scotland. Scotland’s foreign relations are also reflected in literature: the cultural renaissance presided over by James VI focused on reviving Scottish literature by translation from fashionable French writers such as Du Bartas, and fashionable Italians, notably Petrarch, rather than imitating English models. Jack 1986 reveals Scottish participation in the international cult of Petrarchanism, and the cultural impact of France on Scotland is detailed in Calin 2014.
  396.  
  397. Armitage, David. “Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542–1707.” Past & Present 155 (May 1997): 34–63.
  398. DOI: 10.1093/past/155.1.34Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. This important article makes the point that the theory and practice of subjugating colonized peoples was worked out with respect to Ireland and Gaelic Scotland, and also considers the involvement of Scots in the Atlantic colonies.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Calin, William. The Lily and the Thistle. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014.
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  403. A study of the use of French in Scotland in the late Middle Ages, and the reception, redaction, translation, and imitation of French literature by Scottish writers down to the end of the 16th century.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Hume Brown, P. Early Travellers in Scotland. Edinburgh: Mercat, 1978.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Rounds up travelers’ accounts of Scotland, which provide evidence both for the impression Scottish society made on outsiders, and of the nature of the links between Scotland and other European nations.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Jack, R. D. S. Scottish Literature’s Debt to Italy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986.
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  411. Particularly concerned with the vogue for Petrarchanism, and James VI’s desire to revitalize the Scottish language by translation.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. MacDougall, Norman. An Antidote to the English: The Auld Alliance, 1295–1560. Scottish History Matters. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2001.
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  415. A book for undergraduates, introducing the long and complex history of Scotland’s alliance with France.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. McInalley, Thomas. Scotland’s Sixth University: The Scots Colleges Abroad; 1575 to 1799. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2012.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. Explores the intellectual activity and networking of the Catholic colleges which catered to the diaspora community of Scottish Catholics.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Smout, T. C., ed. Scotland and Europe: 1200–1850. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1986.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. This introduces the variety of Scottish interactions with some of the major areas where they traded and settled: France, Scandinavia, Russia, and Poland.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Watt, D. E. R. A Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Graduates to A.D. 1410. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Prosopography of all Scots known to have attended university before the foundation of St Andrews (mostly in France).
  428. Find this resource:
  429. The Civil War in Scotland
  430.  
  431. There has been a recent trend to rename the “English Civil War” the “Wars of Three Kingdoms,” reflecting the perfectly genuine fact that both the agendas behind the conflict, and the experience of war, were very different in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Bennett 1997 gives a chronological account, and Kenyon and Ohlmeyer 1998 introduces the issues. The distinctive aspect of rebellion in Scotland is that it sprang from religious revolt and took the form of the Solemn League and Covenant, defending the Presbyterian Church against royal encroachment, described in Stevenson 1973. Fissel 1994 discusses Charles I’s strategy for bringing the Covenanters to heel. Reid 2012 is a more general military history of the wars in Scotland, and Spurlock 2007 explores the dynamic connection between religion and armed struggle. Stevenson 2003 discusses the Gaelic elements of the conflict, as does Young 1997.
  432.  
  433. Bennett, Martyn. The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland, 1638–1651. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1997.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. This book is chronologically ordered, and intertwines developments in Britain and Ireland as they unfolded.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Fissel, Mark C. The Bishop’s Wars: Charles I’s Campaigns against Scotland, 1638–1640. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  438. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511560545Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. This is a military historian’s account of the logistics and strategic planning behind the king’s attempt to discipline his northern kingdom.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Kenyon, John, and Jane Ohlmeyer, eds. The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1638–1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Useful for undergraduate students, since its chapters are essentially redactions of arguments made at book length by their respective authors.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. MacInnes, A. I. Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement, 1625–1641. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1990.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. This book outlines the relationship between the covenanting movement and the king’s major errors of judgment in attempting to rule from a distance.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Reid, Stuart. Crown, Covenant and Cromwell: The Civil Wars in Scotland, 1639–1651. London: Frontline, 2012.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. A military history of the Civil War, focused on the battles and those who fought them.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Spurlock, Scott. Cromwell and Scotland: Conquest and Religion, 1650–1660. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2007.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Explores religion as a dynamic political force informing Oliver Cromwell’s invasion and subsequent occupation of Scotland.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Stevenson, David. The Scottish Revolution, 1637–1644: The Triumph of the Covenanters. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 1973.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. This is a narrative of Scottish politics, with an emphasis on religion, from the first revolt against the royally imposed prayer book to the army raised under a religious banner, in great, but well-organized, detail.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Stevenson, David. Highland Warrior: Alasdair MacColla and the Civil Wars. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. Stevenson argues for taking the MacDonald chief’s contribution to such royalist victory as there was in Scotland entirely seriously, and also explains what his own objectives were. Earlier published in 1980.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Young, John R., ed. Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil Wars. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1997.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. A collection of scholarly articles, which considers a variety of Scottish perspectives from which Charles I’s rule seemed not only unreasonable but intolerable.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Restoration Scotland
  470.  
  471. Charles II was proclaimed king in Scotland in 1650 long before he was welcomed to England; yet a substantial minority of Scots were, and remained, passionately resistant to his religious policies and those of his successors. Cowan 1976 gives an account of the resisters, while Jackson 2003 is an account of continuity and change in a restored kingdom which, of course, remained kingless, since Charles did not care to set foot there.
  472.  
  473. Cowan, Ian B. The Scottish Covenanters, 1660–1688. London: Gollancz, 1976.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Examines the myths and facts of Covenanter’s resistance to Charles II’s religious policies, a period known to Presbyterian hagiography as “the Killing Time.”
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Jackson, Clare. Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Ipswich, UK: Boydell, 2003.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. The Restoration period witnessed the reaffirmation of Scottish loyalty to the Stuart monarchy, which for many Scots, remained unshaken by the deposition of the Catholic James II on religious grounds.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Social History
  482.  
  483. Social history explores the lives of ordinary people. Scotland was a poor country in the early modern period, which is one of the reasons why so many Scots sought employment abroad, though there was considerable diversity from region to region. Gibson and Smout 1995 discusses the evidence for prices, wages, and coinage. Houston and Whyte 1989 is concerned to put the Scottish experience in a European context. Whyte 1995 assembles the limited statistical evidence for early modern Scottish life. Smout 1969 (cited under General Overviews), is also relevant to this topic.
  484.  
  485. Gibson, A. J. S., and T. C. Smout. Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550–1780. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Expressly intended as a book of sources for scholars, it brings together studies of the repeated debasements of Scottish coinage in the 16th century; prices, their regulation and fluctuation; and the movement of real wages.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Houston, Rab A., and Ian D. Whyte, eds. Scottish Society, 1500–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. This is concerned to explain Scotland not as a lesser partner in the events of early modern British history, but as part of European-wide shifts in society and economy, showing ways it is distinctive, and ways in which it is typical.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Whyte, Ian D. Scotland before the Industrial Revolution: An Economic and Social History, c. 1050–c. 1750. London: Longman, 1995.
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  495. This book is most useful for the later end of the period it covers: there is not really enough evidence surviving from medieval Scotland to answer social/economic questions effectively. It is mostly aimed at answering the question of how a poor and principally rural country was able to industrialize as effectively as it did.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Women and the Family
  498.  
  499. It is only recently that women’s lives (other than that of Mary, Queen of Scots) have attracted much attention from Scottish historians. Scotland was a patriarchal society, in which few women enjoyed much leisure or access to education. Nonetheless, early modern visitors to Scotland often commented on Scotswomen’s independence. Some early modern Scotswomen have entries in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (cited under Reference Works), which is worth checking with respect to high-status individuals or women writers. Ewan, et al. 2007 gives brief biographies of Scotswomen from all periods. WISH collects together evidence for individual women’s activity of all kinds, based on sources such as burgh records. Ewan and Meikle 1999 offers a variety of insights into women’s experience, and Ewan and Nugent 2008 is focused on family, the principal context for women’s social and political activity. Mullan 2003 collects evidence from the women themselves, the narratives of spiritual growth which were written by many Presbyterians, and often scribally circulated among the like-minded.
  500.  
  501. Ewan, Elizabeth, Sue Innes, Sian Reynolds, and Rose Pipes, eds. The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. This survey covers women from the earliest times to the 21st century, and is aimed at the general reading public and students of Scottish history and society. It is scholarly in its approach to evidence, but approachably written.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Ewan, Elizabeth, and Maureen M. Meikle. Women in Scotland, c. 1100–1750. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1999.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Archivally based essays on women at all levels of society, from princesses and noble nuns to shopkeepers and unwed mothers.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Ewan, Elizabeth, and J. Nugent, eds. Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. This edited collection presents evidence for seeing the family as an agent of social and cultural change. An extensive guide to further reading makes it a useful source for students.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Mullan, David George, ed. Women’s Life Writing in Early Modern Scotland: Writing the Evangelical Self. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003.
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  515. Editions of early modern Presbyterian women’s spiritual self-examination by means of private journals, c. 1670–1730.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. WISH.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. This website includes primary sources such as burgh records, a searchable bibliography of primary and secondary books and articles, and a list of researchers in the field.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Witchcraft
  522.  
  523. Scotland has a peculiarly infamous history of witchcraft persecution, which has generated an extensive literature. Larner 1981 is the foundation study of the subject, though the author’s conclusions have been questioned by subsequent researchers. The Survey of Scottish Witchcraft is now an essential online resource. Goodare 2002 is an edited collection offering a variety of perspectives and seeking to set Scottish witch-crazes in European perspective: Goodare 2013 is concerned with the social context.
  524.  
  525. Goodare, Julian, ed. The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Eleven studies covering various aspects of the witch-hunt as a whole, and setting it in the context of other European experiences.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Goodare, Julian, ed. Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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  531. Twelve studies which give an overview of the key issues in the study of Scottish witchcraft: why people were considered witches, and how the practice of witch-hunting developed.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Larner, Christina. Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1981.
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  535. The classic work on the subject: Larner’s view that witch-hunting was not an attack on women as such has been questioned, but it is still an excellent place to start.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. The Survey of Scottish Witchcraft.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. This contains nearly 4000 records of people accused of witchcraft and documentation of witchcraft belief.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Education and Literacy
  542.  
  543. Literacy issues govern what was written and by whom: in a Scottish context, access to literacy varied not only by class and gender, but also by ethnicity. Bannerman 1983 explores the particular issues raised by literacy in the Gaeltacht; Stevenson 2012 examines patterns of literacy in the Lowlands as they affected women. There were both burgh and cathedral schools in Lowland Scotland before the Reformation: Durkan 2006 reveals how they were financed, their aims and achievement, and who taught in them. The reformed church in Scotland was committed to mass literacy in principle: Houston 2002 explores their limited success in extending literacy in practice, due to their very limited resources.
  544.  
  545. Bannerman, J. W. M. “Literacy in the Highlands.” In The Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland. Edited by I. B. Cowan and D. Shaw, 214–235. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic, 1983.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. Gaelic culture was primarily oral, and though the bardic class was literate, it was literate in Irish. This put considerable difficulty in the way of creating a Bible-centered Christianity in Gaelic-speaking Scotland.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Durkan, John. Scottish Schools and Schoolmasters, 1560–1633. Edited by Jamie Reid Baxter. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 2006.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. A comprehensive account of pre-Reformation monastery and cathedral schools, and the development of grammar schools.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Houston, R. A. Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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  555. This revisionist work challenges a traditional belief that the Reformation brought in mass literacy, and offers evidence that early modern Scots were no more likely to be literate than people in northern England.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Stevenson, Jane. “Reading, Writing and Gender in Early Modern Scotland.” The Seventeenth Century 27.3 (Autumn 2012): 335–374.
  558. DOI: 10.7227/TSC.27.3.5Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Examines the social consequences of disinvesting in vernacular literacy and privileging education in Latin.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Book History
  562.  
  563. Book history addresses the issue of print culture, and the circulation, availability, and censorship of books. This is an area where the Scottish experience is very different from England. The classic overview is Dickson and Edmond 1890; Mann 2000 supplements this with an exposition of the economic and social context of the book trade.
  564.  
  565. Dickson, R., and J. P. Edmond. Annals of Scottish Printing. Cambridge, UK: Macmillan & Bowes, 1890.
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  567. A classic account of the beginnings of printing in Scotland, Androw Myllar’s training as a printer, the Chepman and Myllar Press, and its successors.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Mann, Alastair J. The Scottish Book Trade, 1500–1720: Print Commerce and Print Control in Early Modern Scotland. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2000.
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  571. The rise of printing in Scotland with a focus on commercial viability, control, and censorship.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Literature
  574.  
  575. Scotland does not have “a literature,” so much as “literatures.” The 14th century sees Scots move to a central position in the culture, marginalizing Gaelic and French. The former language continued to develop a literature of its own; the latter fell out of use. The prestige and authority of Scots was greatly enhanced by John Barbour’s Brus, the first major poem to be written in the language that we know of, and the Stewart court was not bilingual in Scots and Gaelic. One of the very curious features of Renaissance and early modern Scottish literature as it develops after 1500 arises from the basic fact that the literary language underwent much less change than English. Elizabethan readers found Chaucer archaic, but in Scotland, a small canon of surprisingly early texts was established and repeatedly reprinted through the 16th and even 17th centuries, with some linguistic updating: Barbour’s Brus, Blind Hary’s Wallace, Henryson (particularly his Fabills), and above all, the works of Sir David Lindsay. Strangely, only two post-Reformation writers joined this canon, Alexander Mongomerie (a Catholic) and the Presbyterian Elizabeth Melville, Lady Culross. A small number of sub-literary short medieval romances were also circulated in printed form, particularly “Greysteel,” and Robin Hood was as popular in Scotland as in England. Though James VI was initially interested in developing Scots as a literary language, he pragmatically abandoned this as politically incompatible with establishing himself in England. The culture he left behind had a limited space for Scots literature, though neo-Latin was cultivated more intensively than it was in England. A number of Latinists achieved international celebrity, but Scots writers were not read in England, and English writers were little read, and not much imitated, in Scotland until after the Restoration. Thus, neo-Latin, Scots, and Gaelic have separate trajectories, with some, but only limited, overlap.
  576.  
  577. Renaissance Literary Culture in Scots
  578.  
  579. There has been a variety of recent essay collections which address the Renaissance in Scotland: all those listed here contain valuable essays. MacQueen 1990 is perhaps the easiest way in. The works of English poets, notably Chaucer and Lydgate, circulated in Scotland and influenced Scottish writers: similarly, Scots were also read in England in this period. Both Kratzmann 1980 and Mapstone and Wood 1998 address cultural interchange between the two literatures. Macdonald, et al. 1994 is a very comprehensive collection on aspects of the Renaissance in Scotland. McClure and Williams 2013 is particularly useful on minor writers, and MacDonald 2003 addresses the general question of the uses of verse in Scottish society. Houwen, et al. 2000 offers a more comparative approach.
  580.  
  581. Bawcutt, Priscilla. “A First-Line Index of Early Scottish Verse.” Studies in Scottish Literature 26 (1991): 254–270.
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  583. A very useful roundup of what early modern Scottish verse there actually is—since much of it is anonymous, this is the easiest way to find it.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Houwen, L. A. J. R., A. A. MacDonald, and Sally L. Mapstone, eds. The Palace in the Wild: Essays on Vernacular Culture and Humanism in Late-Medieval and Renaissance Scotland. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2000.
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. This collection is focused on Scotland’s participation in the northern Renaissance, from a comparative, European perspective.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Kratzmann, Gregory. Anglo-Scots Literary Relations, 1430–1550. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
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  591. Examines Dunbar’s, Henryson’s, and Douglas’s sophisticated and critical use of Chaucer and other English poets, and also Skelton’s and Surrey’s debts to Scottish contemporaries.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. MacDonald, Alasdair A. “The Cultural Repertory of Middle Scots Lyric Verse.” In Cultural Repertoires: Structure, Function and Dynamics. Edited by Gillis J. Dorleijn and Herman L. J. Vanstiphout, 59–86. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2003.
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. Poses the question of what early modern Scots wrote poetry about, and why.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. MacDonald, Alasdair A., Michael Lynch, and I. B. Cowan, eds. The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History and Culture Offered to John Durkan. Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History 54. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 1994.
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. A particularly important collection: the areas surveyed include literature, law, music, literacy, and education, including libraries and universities. Encompasses political, social, and church history.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. MacQueen, J., ed. Humanism in Renaissance Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.
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  603. This is the most tightly organized of the collections in this section: it introduces humanism, then offers chapters on humanism in the visual arts, law, philosophy, science, education, and religion.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Mapstone, Sally, and Juliette Wood, eds. The Rose and the Thistle: Essays on the Culture of Late Medieval and Renaissance Scotland. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998.
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  607. Priscilla Bawcutt’s article on the reception of Scottish writers in England (pp. 59–76), is particularly important, but this is generally an excellent collection.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. McClure, J. D., and J. H. Williams, eds. Fresche Fontanis: Studies in the Culture of Medieval and Early Modern Scotland. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars, 2013.
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  611. A large, miscellaneous collection of articles on minor as well as major authors over three centuries.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Renaissance Court Culture
  614.  
  615. The Stewart court was a center of culture: James I was probably the author of a long poem influenced by Chaucer, the so-called Kingis Quair, and though it was not until the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots that the Scottish throne was again occupied by a poet, the intervening Stewarts were patrons of art, architecture, music, religious writing, and verse. Mapstone 2007 surveys court poets and court patronage, and van Heijnsbergen 1995 points to the royal chapel as a center for cultural production, musical and literary. Fradenburg 1991 explores less familiar media for the display of royal power c. 1600. Thomas 2005 explores the renewal of royal patronage in the reign of James V.
  616.  
  617. Fradenburg, Louise. City, Marriage, Tournament: Arts of Rule in Late Medieval Scotland. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
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  619. Addresses Scottish evidence for the late medieval performance of statecraft through public display: calculated exhibitions in the streets of Edinburgh, James IV’s marriage to Margaret Tudor, and tournaments as an expression of royal power on an international stage.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Mapstone, Sally. “Older Scots Literature and the Court.” In The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature. Vol. 1, From Columba to the Union (until 1707). Edited by Thomas Owen Clancy and Murray Pittock, 273–285. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
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  623. Examines the court as a center of literary production.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Thomas, Andrea. Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005.
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  627. An accessible work covering the reign of one of Scotland’s great builders, making a case for the king as a cultural innovator.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. van Heijnsbergen, Theo. “The Scottish Chapel Royal as Cultural Intermediary between Town and Court.” In Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-Modern Europe and the Near East. Edited by Jan Willem Drijvers and Alasdair A. MacDonald, 299–313. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 1995.
  630. DOI: 10.1163/9789004247154_025Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  631. An important article on how courtly music and poetry filtered out to influence Scottish culture more generally.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Courtly Poets
  634.  
  635. The court was a great center of artistic patronage. Hughes and Ramson 1982 gives an overview of courtly cultural production, based on the manuscript collection of George Bannatyne. Courtly poetry as a concept covers a variety of genres, from love poems, such as those written by Alexander Scott and others, discussed in MacQueen 1968, to the occasional verse and poems memorializing court events which form a large part of Dunbar’s oeuvre, studied in Mapstone 2001. The moralities and “mirrors for princes,” which constitute much of the output of Sir David Lindsay, examined in Edington 1995, are also court-centered. Hasler 2011 focuses on how these and other poets actually related to the court, and the positions they held.
  636.  
  637. Edington, Carol. Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland: Sir David Lindsay of the Mount. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1995.
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  639. A study which both establishes Lindsay’s biography as far as possible, and locates him within the culture of Scotland in the decades before the Reformation, and specifically within the Scottish court, which was not sympathetic to reformist agendas.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Hasler, Anthony. Court Poetry in Late Medieval England and Scotland: Allegories of Authority. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature LXXX. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  642. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511780158Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643. Hasler evaluates the poets known to have held court positions in the light of their royal service: how this shaped their writing, and how their writings supported the agendas of the rulers they served.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Hughes, Joan, and W. S. Ramson, eds. The Poetry of the Stewart Court. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1982.
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  647. This is an edition of courtly poetry from the 1568 manuscript of George Bannatyne. The editors argue that it emerged from a court both stable and profoundly conscious of its own tradition.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. MacQueen, John. “Alexander Scott and Scottish Court Poetry of the Middle Sixteenth Century.” Proceedings of the British Academy 54 (1968): 93–116.
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  651. Scott, as a writer of brief lyric poems, has been somewhat neglected by a critical tradition which has shown little interest in writing from immediately before the Reformation other than that of David Lindsay.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Mapstone, Sally, ed. William Dunbar, “The Nobill Poyet.” East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2001.
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  655. Re-evaluations of a poet widely recognized as one of the most important ever to write in Scots.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Henryson and Other Pre-Reformation Christian and Moralizing Poets
  658.  
  659. Henryson is one of the most important pre-Reformation poets. As a schoolmaster in Dunfermline, his work was not shaped by the court, but his Testament of Cresseid is witness that Chaucer’s Troilus and Cressida was circulating outwith royal and noble circles. Little is known for certain of his life; such information as survives is brought together in McDiarmid 1981. MacQueen 1967 is a critical study of his major works. Other aspects of Henryson’s oeuvre overlaps with that of mainly anonymous contemporary poets, poems of religious admonition, or religious contemplation, indicating that, though highly original, he was still very much a man of his time. Bennett 1955 is a collection of mostly anonymous pre-Reformation religious verse which helps to set his oeuvre in context.
  660.  
  661. Bennett, J. A. W., ed. Devotional Pieces in Verse and Prose. Edinburgh and London: Scottish Texts Society, 1955.
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  663. The most extensive collection of pre-Reformation devotional literature.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. MacQueen, John. Robert Henryson: A Study of the Major Narrative Poems. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967.
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  667. The four chapters of this book outline Henryson’s milieu in Dunfermline, and analyze his Orpheus and Eurydice, Testament of Cresseid, and Moral Fabills.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. McDiarmid, Matthew P. Robert Henryson. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic, 1981.
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  671. A comprehensive study of Henryson’s oeuvre, setting the poet and his works in the context of late medieval Scotland.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Drama
  674.  
  675. Late medieval Scotland developed a drama parallel to that of England: town pageants put on by the guilds, May games, and dramatic entertainments at court. The evidence for these activities is assembled in Mill 1927. Royal entries evoked pageants with tableaux, speakers, and singers, and the reformers initially used drama for their own purposes. Knox speaks of a Friar Kyllour who presented a reforming “Historye of Christis Passioun” in Stirling which led to his martyrdom, and David Lindsay’s famous Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estatis was later received as pro-reform. However, post-Reformation Scotland turned against public theater. In 1599 James VI arranged, and forced the church to accept, public performance by a troupe of English actors in Edinburgh, but the next public theatrical performance thereafter was Thomas Sydserff’s Tarugo’s Wiles, 1668. Sydserf became the impresario of Scotland’s first playhouse, but the enterprise was resisted by the Edinburgh mob. However, there was some closet drama in the intervening period, notably the anonymous Terentian play Philotus, and the Senecan Monarchick Tragedies of William Alexander. Findlay 1998 and Carpenter 2011 both review this material; Findlay for the general reader, Carpenter at a more academic level. Neo-Latin closet drama was also written and published by George Buchanan, Thomas Dempster, and others. Sharratt and Walsh 1983 presents edited texts and translations of two of Buchanan’s massively popular plays, and discusses neo-Latin drama more generally.
  676.  
  677. Carpenter, Sarah. “Scottish Drama until 1650.” In The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama. Edited by Ian Brown, 6–21. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
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  679. A recent overview of the evidence for dramatic performance in Scotland before the Restoration.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Findlay, Bill. “Beginnings to 1700.” In A History of Scottish Theatre. By Bill Findlay, 1–79. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1998.
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  683. Another overview of early modern drama, less academic in approach.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Mill, A. J. Medieval Plays in Scotland. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons, 1927.
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  687. Based on a study of burgh records, it brings together all the evidence for plays and pageants mounted by Scottish guilds, and seasonal dramas such as Robin Hood plays and May games.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Sharratt, P., and P. G. Walsh, eds. George Buchanan Tragedies. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1983.
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  691. A text and translation of Buchanan’s Jephthes and Baptistes (plus texts of his Euripides translations), which also serves as an introduction to neo-Latin drama.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Literature under James VI
  694.  
  695. James VI was himself a poet, and in the twenty years between his coming of age and his departure for England, was keenly interested in fostering a distinctive Scottish literary culture which would bear comparison with other European literatures, and sponsored translations from Italian and French as a means of achieving this end. Scottish writers’ response to the international fashion of Petrarchanism is discussed in Jack 1986. Whether James was the center of a poetic coterie known as the “Castalian Band” is disputed: Shire 1969 defends the idea, while Bawcutt 2001 rejects it. The various currents of literary activity during James’s reign are addressed in Parkinson 2014. His own verse, which is discussed in Fischlin and Fortier 2002, and that of the Scots poets of his reign, is available in modern editions mostly printed by the Scottish Text Society. Those who printed their work are also available via Early English Books Online (cited under Reference Works). The principal poets of James’s reign are Robert Ayton, William Alexander, William Drummond of Hawthornden, William Fowler, and Alexander Montgomerie. The last is the subject of a major recent critical study, Lyall 2005.
  696.  
  697. Bawcutt, Priscilla. “James VI’s Castalian Band: A Modern Myth.” Scottish Historical Review 80.210 (October 2001): 251–259.
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  699. The existence of a court coterie under James VI known as the “Castalian Band” is a commonplace of Scottish literary criticism, supported by Shire 1969; Bawcutt challenges whether it ever existed.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Fischlin, Daniel, and Mark Fortier, eds. Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002.
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  703. James was himself a prolific writer both in poetry and prose. This book explores his oeuvre, and suggests that monarchs’ writings is a literary subcategory in its own right.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Jack, R. D. S. Scottish Literature’s Debt to Italy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986.
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  707. Particularly concerned with the vogue for Petrarchanism, and James VI’s desire to revitalize and modernize the Scottish language through translation.
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  709. Lyall, Roderick J. Alexander Montgomerie: Poetry, Politics, and Cultural Change in Jacobean Scotland. Tempe: Arizona State University Press, 2005.
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  711. The first full-length study of Montgomerie, the last writer in Scots to be supported and encouraged by James VI. The book is divided into two parts: the first establishes the facts of the poet’s career as courtier, soldier, and writer. The second part of the book assesses his works and addresses his major themes: satire and conviviality, love, and devotion.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Parkinson, David J., ed. James VI and I, Literature and Scotland: Tides of Change, 1567–1625. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2014.
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  715. A recent reassessment of Scottish literary culture under James, which examines influences from other cultures and the social context of literary production.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Shire, Helena M. Song, Dance and Poetry of the Court of Scotland under James VI. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1969.
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  719. A classic survey of the court culture of James VI, which stresses the importance of music as well as literary composition. She argues that a coterie of writers answered a royal call to arms to partake in a new Scottish program of Renaissance writing fashioned by the king himself, which is now disputed.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. 17th-Century Scots Poets
  722.  
  723. The General Assembly of the Church had a considerable capacity to control the activities of printers, who were too few in number not to be found out if they published unauthorized works, and fundamentally dependent on the Kirk and government commissions to stay in business. The development of Scots consequently took a different turn after 1603, since elaborate literary effects were frowned upon, as was mythological reference. Zachary Boyd, Alexander Hume, and Elizabeth Melville were among the writers who published in the unadorned style which was preferred by the leaders of the Presbyterian Church. Reid-Baxter 2004 describes their work, and its aims and intentions. Lyall 1991 notes the exclusion of these writers from the canon, and suggests some reasons: Gribben 2006 additionally argues that their work has been unfairly dismissed due to dislike of their religious views. The principal inspiration for these writers was the Scottish metrical psalms; though they can also be seen as extending the tradition of devotional writing which begins with the “Gude and Godlie Ballatis,” published in 1567. Other influences are discussed in Atkinson 1981, which examines Boyd’s use of Du Bartas, and in Ross 2011, which looks at Melville’s knowledge of Philip Sidney’s verse and that of other English poets.
  724.  
  725. Atkinson, D. W. “Zachary Boyd: A Reassessment.” In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Scottish Language and Literature (Medieval and Renaissance), University of Stirling, 2–7 July 1981. Edited by R. J. Lyall and Felicity Riddy, 438–456. Stirling, Scotland, and Glasgow: University of Stirling, 1981.
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  727. Zachary Boyd’s versifications of biblical narratives have been dismissed as verse by subsequent criticism. Atkinson re-examines it to ask what he was trying to achieve, and notes that his work is considerably influenced by Du Bartas.
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Gribben, C. R. A. “Literary Cultures of the Scottish Reformation.” Review of English Studies n.s. 57.228 (February 2006): 64–82.
  730. DOI: 10.1093/res/hgl022Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. Gribben argues that hostility toward the reformers’ agendas has resulted in the exclusion of post-Reformation religious writers from the canon.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Lyall, Roderick J. “‘A New Maid Channoun’? Redefining the Canonical in Medieval and Renaissance Scottish Literature.” Studies in Scottish Literature 26 (1991): 1–18.
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  735. Lyall observes that canon formation inevitably has a political aspect, which in Scottish criticism has disadvantaged anonymous verse, verse which is not self-conscious about national identity, and also the “plain style” of the late 16th and 17th centuries.
  736. Find this resource:
  737. Reid-Baxter, Jamie. “Presbytery, Politics and Poetry: Maister Robert Bruce, John Burel and Elizabeth Melville, Lady Culross.” Records of the Scottish Church History Society 34 (2004): 6–27.
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  739. A sympathetic look at the characteristics of “plain style” poetics.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Ross, Sarah C. “‘Give me thy hairt and I desyre no more’: The Song of Songs, Petrarchism and Elizabeth Melville’s Puritan Poetics.” In The Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women. Edited by Johanna Harris and Elizabeth Scott-Baumann, 96–107. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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  743. Ross demonstrates that Lady Culross knew the sonnets of Sir Philip Sidney, Marlowe’s “Passionate Shepherd to His Love,” and the poems of Montgomerie: her psalmodic style is a matter of deliberate choice.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Language Choice and Linguistic Politics
  746.  
  747. Choice of language is highly contested at various points in Scottish history. Before the period covered in this bibliography, Norman French ceased to be used, and Scots, a northern dialect of English, established primacy over Gaelic as the language of the court and the majority of the nobility. The last Scottish king to speak Gaelic was probably James IV, and his court poet Dunbar expresses a marked hostility toward Gaelic culture. In the early 16th century, John Knox and his fellow reformers chose to write in English to facilitate interaction with reformers in England, and the bible adopted in Scotland was the English-language Geneva version. Their linguistic choices are discussed in Devitt 1989. Robinson 1983 suggests that Scots’ reading strategies reduced the impact of this; but by contrast Reid 1988 suggests that it was considerable. The turn toward English was challenged by some contemporary Catholics, such as Ninian Winzet, who continued, as a point of principle, to write in Scots, and to publish in that language. However, after James VI’s removal to London almost everything vernacular published by Scots, both by the men of letters who went to London, and by the proponents of “plain style” who remained in Scotland, was in English. Lyall 2006 examines the cultural politics of language choice under James VI. The earlier works which continued to be reprinted were published in Anglicized versions, suggesting that the Scots had come to find English easier to read than their own language. On the other hand, those writers who circulated their work scribally continued to use Scots grammar and orthography, which may suggest that the reception of print and manuscript was rather different. In any case, far more 17th-century literature, particularly printed literature, was in Latin than in either version of the vernacular.
  748.  
  749. Devitt, Amy J. Standardizing Written English: Diffusion in the Case of Scotland, 1520–1659. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
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  751. This is a linguistic study of the diffusion of standard English forms in Scottish printed literature: it describes and quantifies change, but is not concerned with political or social reasons underlying the phenomena described.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Lyall, Roderick J. “London or the World? The Paradox of Culture in (post-) Jacobean Scotland.” In The Accession of James I: Historical and Cultural Consequences. Edited by Glenn Burgess, Rowland Wymer, and Jason Lawrence, 88–100. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2006.
  754. DOI: 10.1057/9780230501584_6Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  755. Lyall considers the political and practical implication of language choice for Scots literati.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Reid, D. “Prose after Knox.” In The History of Scottish Literature: Origins to 1660 (Medieval and Renaissance). Edited by R. D. S. Jack, 183–199. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1988.
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  759. Discusses the long-term consequences of John Knox’s preference for writing in standard English rather than Scots, and notes that only three early modern Scots writers developed a self-conscious prose style: Samuel Rutherford, Drummond of Hawthornden, and Thomas Urquhart.
  760. Find this resource:
  761. Robinson, Mairi. “Language Choice in the Reformation: The Scots Confession of 1560.” In Scotland and the Lowland Tongue: Studies in the Language and Literature of Lowland Scotland in Honour of David D. Murison. Edited by J. D. McClure, 59–78. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1983.
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  763. Robinson argues that although Scots were accustomed to read in English, they sounded the words according to their own language, so this is of less importance than it might seem.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Latin Literature
  766.  
  767. Sixteenth- and 17th-century Scots invested far more heavily in neo-Latin than in the vernacular. They were far more like contemporary Scandinavians in this respect than they were like the English: great facility with Latin potentially opened doors to employment outside Scotland, and was cultivated accordingly. Even within Scotland, far more belles-lettres were published in Latin than in English or Scots. Bradner 1940 gives an overview, and Upton 1991 discusses the cultural context. Thompson 1957 is a study of Scots’ epigrams, a major genre in neo-Latin. The first Scottish neo-Latin poet to achieve a major European reputation was George Buchanan, poet, playwright, and historian: he and his work are studied in McFarlane 1981. Andrew Melville, poet and preacher, was highly regarded within Scotland, and his work and its legacy are examined in Mason and Reid 2016. Other poets who were frequently mentioned and praised by contemporaries include Arthur Johnston and Thomas Seget, while John Barclay’s prose romance Argenis was a mid-17th-century best-seller, both in the original Latin and in vernacular translations. Leask 1892–1910 gives both texts and translation of Johnston and other Latinists of northeastern origin. Much Scottish neo-Latin is available online in An Analytic Bibliography of On-Line Neo-Latin Texts, and Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum promises to become another essential resource.
  768.  
  769. An Analytic Bibliography of On-Line Neo-Latin Texts. The Philological Museum.
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  771. This immensely useful website contains text, translation, and commentary of the works of many Scots neo-Latin poets and prose writers. It also includes a bibliography of neo-Latin texts and translations available online.
  772. Find this resource:
  773. Bradner, Leicester. Musae Anglicanae: A History of Anglo-Latin Poetry, 1500–1925. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1940.
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  775. Despite its age, this remains an enormously useful introduction to neo-Latin: chapters 5 and 6, “Scottish Writers before 1603” and “Scots in the Seventeenth Century,” are essential reading.
  776. Find this resource:
  777. Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum.
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  779. This collection of Scotland’s principal neo-Latinists of the 17th century, with some representation of 16th-century writers, is being re-edited and translated: the website, currently under construction, will ultimately provide original scans and a full transcription of the Latin text of thirteen of the thirty-seven poets whose works appear in the Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum (Amsterdam: Johannes Blaeu, 1637), alongside a facing English translation.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Leask, W. K., ed. Musa Latina Aberdonensis. 3 vols. New Spalding Club 37. Aberdeen, Scotland: New Spalding Club, 1892–1910.
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  783. Northeastern Scotland produced a variety of internationally celebrated Latin poets. The works of Arthur Johnston, one of the most highly regarded, occupy vols. 1 and 2, while vol. 3 is miscellaneous.
  784. Find this resource:
  785. Mason, Roger A., and Steven J. Reid. Andrew Melville (1545–1642): Writings, Reception, and Reputation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2016.
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  787. A valuable reassessment of a neo-Latin poet who is traditionally perceived as a pivotal figure in the history of both Scottish Presbyterianism and the reform of the universities.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. McFarlane, I. D. Buchanan. London: Duckworth, 1981.
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  791. A study of Scotland’s greatest Latin poet, who enjoyed an international reputation: his poems and plays were printed (in Latin and in translation) in almost all the countries of Europe.
  792. Find this resource:
  793. Thompson, D. F. S. “The Latin Epigram in Scotland: The Sixteenth Century.” Phoenix 11.2 (Summer 1957): 63–78.
  794. DOI: 10.2307/1086260Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  795. Epigrams were a major genre within humanist Latin, and many Scots published them. This is a useful survey of the field.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Upton, Christopher A. “National Internationalism: Scottish Literature and the European Audience in the Seventeenth Century.” Studies in Scottish Literature 26.1 (1991): 218–225.
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  799. This article focuses on the extent to which their extensive use of Latin gave Scots writers a profile within European literature.
  800. Find this resource:
  801. Gaelic Literature
  802.  
  803. Little Gaelic literature reached manuscript, let alone print, in the early modern period (the Book of the Dean of Lismore, on which see Meek 1989, compiled in eastern Perthshire in the first half of the 16th century and written by scribes who had been taught to write Scots and spelled Gaelic phonetically, is a notable exception). The clan chiefs maintained their own courts, and supported bards who fulfilled the ancient function of singing their chief’s praises, or cursing his enemies. Thomson 1990 is an introduction to Gaelic culture, while Thomson 1983 offers more detailed studies of individual poets, bardic families, and verse forms. Members of the MacMhuirich family (Clann MacMhuirich) were employed by the Lords of the Isles as poets, lawyers, and physicians between the 13th and 15th centuries, thereafter, mainly by the chiefs of the Macdonalds of Clanranald. Thomson 1960–1963 is a study of this family and their poetry. The professional bardic class to which the MacMhuirich belonged composed in a learned, classical language, linguistically identical with that of bards in Ireland. Bardic culture was primarily oral, and bardic literature was successfully preserved and transmitted by memorization for generations. McLeod 2004 examines their work. One reason why Gaelic culture remained backwards-looking is that it was not supported by a printed literature, not even a bible. The Book of Common Order, a manual for public worship, was translated into classical Gaelic (effectively Irish) by Seón Carsuel/John Carswell, Protestant bishop of the Isles, and published in Edinburgh in 1567, but was not followed up. The Gaelic bible published in London in 1690 was not effectively circulated, and though there was an Irish bible before then, its language, like that of the Book of Common Order, was comprehensible only to the educated. Ministers, for their preaching and teaching, had to translate extempore from English or Latin. An important development of the 17th century is that a variety of “vernacular” Gaelic poets arose, notably Iain Lóm and Sìleas na Ceapaich. Ó Baoill and Bateman 1994 both discusses and anthologizes this verse. Frater 1997 is specifically concerned with poetry by women.
  804.  
  805. Frater, Anne. “The Gaelic Tradition up to 1750.” In A History of Scottish Women’s Writing. Edited by Douglas Gifford and Dorothy McMillan, 1–14. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997.
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  807. Women were excluded from the bardic schools, though a few noblewoman learned bardic language and composed in it. Most Gaelic women poets composed in the vernacular, and this verse was created and preserved orally.
  808. Find this resource:
  809. McLeod, Wilson. Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland, c. 1200–c. 1650. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  810. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  811. Throughout this period, the the learned classes on both sides of the sea cultivated a common literary form of the Gaelic language: McLeod examines how the Scottish bards made use of their Irish heritage, and also their tendency to perceive Gaelic Scotland as a community of exiles.
  812. Find this resource:
  813. Meek, Donald E. “The Scots-Gaelic Scribes of Late Medieval Perthshire: An Overview of the Orthography and Contents of the Book of the Dean of Lismore.” In Bryght Lantemis: Essays on the Language and Literature of Medieval Scotland. Edited by J. D. McClure and M. R. G. Spiller, 387–404. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.
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  815. Meek argues that the evidence of the Book of the Dean of Lismore (which includes Scots texts) argues that the linguistic divide in medieval Scotland was not as absolute as many critics have supposed.
  816. Find this resource:
  817. Ó Baoill, Colm, and Meg Bateman, eds. Gàir nan Clarsach: The Harp’s Cry; an Anthology of 17th Century Gaelic Poetry. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1994.
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  819. This combines a scholarly edition with translations by a noted Gaelic poet, and offers a conspectus of the various types of poetry practiced in Gaelic Scotland.
  820. Find this resource:
  821. Thomson, Derick S. “The MacMhuirich Bardic Family.” Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 43 (1960–1963): 276–304.
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  823. An introduction to the professional learned class in Gaelic society, via its most notable family of hereditary poets and professionals.
  824. Find this resource:
  825. Thomson, Derick S., ed. The Companion to Gaelic Scotland. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.
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  827. This covers the entire period from the foundation of the kingdom of Dalriada in the 6th century to the present day. The volume includes articles on Gaelic literature and on individual writers, and with a guide to contents by subject, it is useful for orientation.
  828. Find this resource:
  829. Thomson, Derick S. An Introduction to Gaelic Poetry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.
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  831. The best review of the Gaelic poetic tradition published to date, by a noted Gaelic poet who was also a scholar.
  832. Find this resource:
  833. Comic and Satirical Writers
  834.  
  835. Comedy and satire form a significant strand in late medieval and early modern Scots writing. The tradition of “flyting,” a poetic battle of invective, is particularly distinctive. In the 15th century, there is the flyting of Walter Kennedy and William Dunbar, and in the 16th century, the flyting of David Linday with James V, and that of Patrick Hume of Polwarth and Alexander Montgomerie half a century later. The genre is discussed in Mapstone 1999. Fabliaux, tall tales, misogyny, political comment, and polemic also all found expression; Jack 1981 explores pre-Reformation anticlerical satire. Little of this activity reached print except the pro-Reformation ballads of Robert Sempill, which were published in the context of the fall of Mary, Queen of Scots, and are discussed in Blakeway 2009. Cranstoun 1890–1893 brings together pro-Reformation satiric verse, both printed and unprinted, Sempill included. Maidment 1868 is an edition of satirical verses from the Reformation through to the end of the 17th century, revealing that satire continued to be cultivated throughout Scotland’s many political and social changes. In particular, Samuel Colvill’s anti-Presbyterian imitation of Samuel Butler’s Hudibras, Colvill 1681, was extremely popular, despite its outright mockery of the “plain style” cultivated by Scots of the previous generation, his mother (Elizabeth Melville) included.
  836.  
  837. Blakeway, Amy. “The Response to the Regent Moray’s Assassination.” Scottish Historical Review 88.1 (April 2009): 9–33.
  838. DOI: 10.3366/E0036924109000560Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  839. A discussion of Robert Sempill’s broadsheet verse and other popular responses to the assassination of a leading Protestant, and government attempts to suppress seditious literature.
  840. Find this resource:
  841. Colvill, Samuel. Mock Poem, or Whiggs Supplication. London: n.p., 1681.
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  843. This poem was written by 1667 (the date of the earliest known manuscript), scribally circulated, and printed several times: its popularity suggests the increasing confluence of Scots and English culture after the Restoration.
  844. Find this resource:
  845. Cranstoun, James, ed. Satirical Poems of the Time of the Reformation. 2 vols. Edinburgh and London: Scottish Text Society, 1890–1893.
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  847. This brings together most of the surviving verse circulated in defense of reform.
  848. Find this resource:
  849. Jack, R. D. S. “The Freiris of Berwick and Chaucerian Fabliau.” Studies in Scottish Literature 16 (1981): 145–152.
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  851. There is a considerable pre-Reformation Scottish literature satirizing men in holy orders: the “Freiris of Berwick” is one of the best-told.
  852. Find this resource:
  853. Maidment, J., ed. A Book of Scotish Pasquils, 1568–1715. Edinburgh: William Paterson, 1868.
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  855. This rounds up most of the anonymous, scribally circulated political satire on events from the fall of Mary, Queen of Scots to the Union.
  856. Find this resource:
  857. Mapstone, Sally. “Invective as Poetic: The Cultural Contexts of Polwarth and Montgomerie’s Flyting.” Scottish Literary Journal 26.2 (1999): 18–40.
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  859. This article considers the evidence for flyting as a formal literary genre.
  860. Find this resource:
  861. Scribal Culture
  862.  
  863. There is a series of major literary manuscript compilations from the 15th and 16th centuries which, between them, preserve much early Scottish literature which would otherwise be lost: Oxford, Bodleian Library Selden, B 24, the Asloan and Bannatyne manuscripts, and the Maitland Folio and Quarto. Bawcutt 2005 is an essential guide. Boffey 2000 examines one of the earliest and most important collections with an eye to its purpose and genre, and Boffey 2001 takes a similar approach to a manuscript of the late 16th century. The undeveloped character of Scottish printing in the 17th century ensured that scribal circulation continued to be significant. Verweij 2016 examines some collections from this period. Some Scots with unusual interests seem to have found it easier to borrow books and copy them by hand than to source their own copies of the printed text. Also, a significant number of 17th-century writings were scribally published: that is to say, the author created a text and made it available for copying. The reasons for this ranged from aesthetic preference to the avoidance of censorship. Some works were never committed to print, but nonetheless circulated quite extensively. The Chronicle of Lindsay of Pitscottie could perfectly well have been printed but was not: however, it survives in at least seventeen manuscripts. Other works, such as Sir John Scot of Scotstarvit’s “The Staggering State of Scottish Statesmen,” or Buchanan’s “Chamaeleon,” were too libelous to be published, or for some other reason, unacceptable to the authorities. Boffey 2001 offers a valuable overview of the complex relations between vernacular and Latin book production, and early printing and the continued importance of manuscript codices well into the 17th century. Fox 1977 also examines the relationship between manuscript and print.
  864.  
  865. Bawcutt, Priscilla. “Manuscript Miscellanies in Scotland from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Century.” In Older Scots Literature. Edited by Sally Mapstone, 189–210. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005.
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  867. An overview of the principal manuscript miscellanies, their whereabouts, and further reading.
  868. Find this resource:
  869. Boffey, Julia. “Bodleian Library, MS Arch. Selden. B. 24 and Definitions of the ‘Household Book.’” In The English Medieval Book: Studies in Memory of Jeremy Griffiths. Edited by A. S. G. Edwards, Vincent Gillespie, and Ralph Hanna, 125–134. London: The British Library, 2000.
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  871. Selden B 24 is one of the earliest manuscripts containing Scottish verse: Boffey here asks what it was for, and how we can categorize such books.
  872. Find this resource:
  873. Boffey, Julia. “The Maitland Folio Manuscript as a Verse Miscellany.” In William Dunbar: “The Nobill Poyet.” Edited by Sally Mapstone, 40–50. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2001.
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  875. Boffey revisits an important miscellany manuscript of c. 1570–1586.
  876. Find this resource:
  877. Fox, Denton. “Manuscripts and Prints of Scots Poetry in the Sixteenth Century.” In Bards and Makars. Edited by Adam J. Aitken, Matthew P. McDiarmid, and Derick S. Thomson, 156–171. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 1977.
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  879. A discussion of the relationship between manuscripts and printed texts of early Scots poetry, arguing that manuscripts were frequently copied from print.
  880. Find this resource:
  881. Verweij, Sebastiaan. The Literary Culture of Early Modern Scotland: Manuscript Production and Transmission, 1560–1625. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  882. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198757290.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883. Examines Scotland’s post-Reformation textual culture with respect to three manuscripts, a collection of Montgomerie’s poems, a hybrid manuscript showing evidence for continued interest in 15th-century English in 17th-century Scotland, and a collection of lyrics made by a gentlewoman, Margarat Robertson of Lude.
  884. Find this resource:
  885. Women Writers
  886.  
  887. There are few early modern Scottish women writers, and of those that there are, the majority wrote on religious themes, whether verse, or works of spiritual introspection. Dunnigan 1997 provides an overview of the works which survive, and Kerrigan 1991 gives texts of works by women poets. Stevenson 2012 (cited under Education and Literacy) examines possible reasons for its surprisingly limited quantity. Dunnigan, et al. 2004 is a study of women both as writers and subjects, and Meurman-Solin looks at the distinctive features of women’s language. There were gentry families with a tradition of education who produced highly literate women; notably the Maitlands and the Humes, and Stewart princesses were also well educated. Marie Maitland owned the Maitland Quarto miscellany, and probably wrote some of the anonymous verse therein. Other women collectors and redactors include Margaret Ker, who wrote the most important manuscript of Montgomerie’s lyric poetry, Lady Margaret Wemyss, who collected lute music, and Margarat Robertson, studied in Verweij 2016 (cited under Scribal Culture). Bawcutt 2000 examines women as readers and collectors of books. The Perdita Project is a finding aid for English-speaking women’s writing in manuscript, and includes Scots: since very few women sought publication, it is an essential resource.
  888.  
  889. Bawcutt, Priscilla. “‘My bright book’: Women and Their Books in Medieval and Renaissance Scotland.” In Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain. Edited by Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Rosalynn Voaden, Arlyn Diamond, Ann Hutchison, Carol Meale, and Lesley Johnson, 17–34. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000.
  890. DOI: 10.1484/M.MWTC-EB.3.3632Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  891. This article focuses on women as book owners and book users.
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  893. Dunnigan, Sarah. “Scottish Women Writers c. 1560–c. 1650.” In A History of Scottish Women Writing. Edited by Douglas Gifford and Dorothy McMillan, 15–43. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997.
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  895. This brings together Scottish women writers, and sets their work in its cultural context.
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  897. Dunnigan, Sarah, E. S. Newlyn, and C. Marie Harker, eds. Woman and the Feminine in Medieval and Early Modern Scottish Writing. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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  899. This collection studies both women as the subjects of writing and as writers in medieval and early modern Scottish literature, Scots, Gaelic, and English. The essays explore how the subject of “Woman” is represented, and explore the self-creation or self-representation of “writing women.”
  900. Find this resource:
  901. Kerrigan, Catherine, ed. An Anthology of Scottish Women Poets. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.
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  903. This covers writers from the earliest times to the 20th century.
  904. Find this resource:
  905. Meurman-Solin, Anneli. “Women’s Scots: Gender-Based Variation in Renaissance Letters.” In Older Scots Literature. Edited by Sally Mapstone, 424–440. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005.
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  907. A linguistic analysis of differences in men’s and women’s use of the Scots language.
  908. Find this resource:
  909. The Perdita Project.
  910. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  911. This is a finding aid for English-speaking women’s writing in manuscript, which includes brief biographies. It is not searchable by national identity or ethnicity, but if one has a specific Scotswoman’s name to search for, it is an excellent resource. It is also searchable by genre.
  912. Find this resource:
  913. Ballads
  914.  
  915. Though the evidence for Scottish ballads was orally collected in the 18th and 19th centuries, sometimes even later, many of the classic ballads either relate to early modern causes célèbres, or seem to spring from a phase of Scottish culture both less literate, and less effectively dominated by the mental disciplines of Protestantism, than the milieu in which they were finally written down. Buchan 1972 is the classic overview, and Child 1965 is the collection of primary texts. Cowan 2000 examines the relationship between ballads and historical events. Ballads are particularly important as an aspect of women’s culture in early modern Scotland: there are references to women’s redaction of stories in this oral form from as early as Barbour’s Brus. Brown 1997 identifies a distinct female canon within ballad literature. Rieuwerts 2011 is a study of perhaps the most important woman ballad redactor of the late 18th century.
  916.  
  917. Brown, Mary Ellen. “Old Singing Women and the Canons of Scottish Balladry and Song.” In A History of Scottish Women’s Writing. Edited by Douglas Gifford and Dorothy McMillan, 44–57. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997.
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  919. This chapter discusses evidence for women as creators and transmitters of ballads, and for a distinctive female repertoire.
  920. Find this resource:
  921. Buchan, David. The Ballad and the Folk. London: Routledge, 1972.
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  923. A classic study of the Scottish ballad.
  924. Find this resource:
  925. Child, Francis James, ed. English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 5 vols. 2d ed. Boston and New York: Dover, 1965.
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  927. Child’s edition remains the starting point for any study of the Scottish ballad tradition, and gives both variant versions and information about cognate literature from other traditions, such as Scandinavian folk song. First published 1882–1898.
  928. Find this resource:
  929. Cowan, Edward J., ed. The Ballad in Scottish History. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 2000.
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  931. The articles in this collection examine ballads, in general or individually, both as artifacts and as sources for Scottish history.
  932. Find this resource:
  933. Rieuwerts, Sigrid, ed. The Ballad Repertoire of Anna Gordon, Mrs Brown of Falkland. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 2011.
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  935. Mrs Brown (b. 1747–d. 1810) is recognized as a ballad-singer of extraordinary ability: this edition returns to her own written versions, removing interventions by the ballad-collectors who drew on her work.
  936. Find this resource:
  937. Other Arts
  938.  
  939. Both music and painting were severely disrupted by the Reformation: what had been a highly sophisticated culture of ecclesiastical music supported by cathedral choir schools was abandoned, and the reformers’ suspicion of the visual arts provoked the destruction of almost all the Christian art in Scotland. Painting gradually revived after an initial phase of iconoclasm, the first signs of relaxation being a renewal of portraiture. Decorative arts, wall-painting, textiles and embroidery, and jewelry were also cultivated. The distinctive Gaelic musical tradition survived, and although music in the collective context of Christian worship was reduced to the Scottish metrical psalter, an aristocratic tradition of private music-making continued through the early modern period, strongly influenced by English importations such as Thomas Campion’s 1601 Book of Ayres. The Scots contribution to the history of science is also extensive.
  940.  
  941. Music
  942.  
  943. Music was cultivated in Scotland from the early Middle Ages, particularly stringed instruments: the harp (clarsach) and lute. From the 13th century onwards, musical styles were increasingly influenced by France; though in the late 15th century, the court musicians were trained in the Netherlands. The first half of Elliott and Rimmer 1973 introduces the early history of Scottish music. Purser 2007 is a more recent overview. The most notable composer of Renaissance Scotland was Robert Carver, a monk of Scone Abbey. His work is introduced and set in context in Ross 1993. After the Reformation, the Kirk removed organs from churches, and reduced church music to unaccompanied singing of metrical psalms. Under Mary, Queen of Scots, the court remained friendly to music, and through the 17th century, a variety of noble families maintained a musical tradition, and collected music: the Wemyss lute-book is a notable example. Porter 2007 is a study of this continuing tradition. Most of this music has been published in Musica Scotica. Sanger and Kinnaird 1992 studies the use of the harp in Scotland.
  944.  
  945. Elliott, Kenneth, and Frederick Rimmer. A History of Scottish Music. London: BBC, 1973.
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  947. This is intended as an overview. The first seven brief chapters, by Kenneth Elliott, cover Scottish musical history up to 1800, relating it to Scottish society and to music in Europe. The second half of the book is by Frederick Rimmer.
  948. Find this resource:
  949. Musica Scotica.
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  951. An ongoing series of scholarly editions, studies, conferences, performances, and recordings of Scottish music from manuscript and printed collections. Each volume in the main series of editions contains historical and editorial introductions, facsimiles, music, and a critical commentary, and aims to serve both practical and scholarly needs. A series of volumes of miscellaneous pieces is also published, as well as historical studies of Scottish music of all periods.
  952. Find this resource:
  953. Porter, James, ed. Defining Strains: The Musical Life of Scots in the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007.
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  955. This is a study of a neglected period in Scottish musical history, revealing that despite the withdrawal of royal patronage after 1603 there were still groups within Scotland who were composers and preservers of Scotland’s distinctive musical language.
  956. Find this resource:
  957. Purser, John. Scotland’s Music. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2007.
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  959. As an overview of the whole history of Scottish music from the 3rd millennium BCE to the present day, this is an excellent starting point which covers both traditional music and classical music of various kinds: chapters include “the Golden Age” of Renaissance music, “Reform,” and the music of the courts of Mary of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI.
  960. Find this resource:
  961. Ross, D. James. Musick Fyne: Robert Carver and the Art of Music in Sixteenth Century Scotland. Edinburgh: Mercat, 1993.
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  963. On Robert Carver, one of the great originals of Renaissance music: situates him in the context of other contemporary composers. It also emphasizes that the surviving work of Carver and his peers makes it evident that the Chapel Royal, and perhaps other centers, was capable of performing extremely complex music.
  964. Find this resource:
  965. Sanger, Keith, and Alison Kinnaird. Tree of Strings (Crann nan Teud): A History of the Harp in Scotland. Temple, Scotland: Minomre Music, 1992.
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  967. The harp is Scotland’s oldest national instrument. This book brings together evidence from public records and administrative archives of state, the public registers of civil and church courts, and the private muniments of the Scottish nobility and landed families, for harps, harp music, harpists, and patrons.
  968. Find this resource:
  969. Art
  970.  
  971. Pre-Reformation Scotland was open to visual influence from the continent. Ghent and Bruges were particularly important influences on Scotland, and the noted Ghent illuminator Sanders Bening seems to have been descended from an Edinburgh family. Scottish art as a whole is surveyed in MacMillan 2000. The chapters on the early modern period describe these interconnections. The first identifiable Scot to make a living as a portraitist is George Jamesone of Aberdeen (b. c. 1587–d. 1644): he and his family are studied in Thomson 1974. The Reformation notably reduced the richness and variety of Scottish visual culture, especially in the churches. Bath 2003 is a study of evidence for decorative painting in domestic contexts, which reveals the use of continental prints. The evidence for a variety of decorative arts is collected in Kemp and Farrow 1990. The embroidery of Mary, Queen of Scots is of particular interest: the queen’s sources and intentions are described in Bath 2008.
  972.  
  973. Bath, Michael. Renaissance Decorative Painting in Scotland. Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, 2003.
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  975. Catalogues and describes painted ceilings, which survive in some number from between the 1550s and 1611, and brings out their relationship with decorative trends in contemporary Europe.
  976. Find this resource:
  977. Bath, Michael. Emblems for a Queen: The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Archetype, 2008.
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  979. Mary, Queen of Scots’ embroidery survives in considerable quantity: this study reveals her sources, and the extent to which her work expresses moral, political, and religious messages in a code well understood by contemporaries.
  980. Find this resource:
  981. Kemp, Martin, and Clare Farrow. “Humanism in the Visual Arts, circa 1530–1630.” In Humanism in Renaissance Scotland. Edited by John MacQueen, 32–47. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.
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  983. A survey of evidence for decorative arts, textiles, and jewelry, which may be a better guide to pre-Reformation visual culture than extant paintings and large-scale works, given the iconoclasm of the Reformation.
  984. Find this resource:
  985. Macmillan, Duncan. Scottish Art 1460–2000. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000.
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  987. This is regarded as the definitive book on Scottish art, and reveals the connections between Scottish painting and the European tradition over five centuries. Chapters 1–3 (pp. 14–71) cover the later Stewarts, the effects of the Reformation, and art patronage after James VI’s removal to London.
  988. Find this resource:
  989. Thomson, Duncan. The Life and Art of George Jamesone. Oxford: Clarendon, 1974.
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  991. This book clearly establishes what can be regarded as certain about Jamesone’s career and oeuvre, which date from c. 1620 to 1644.
  992. Find this resource:
  993. Mathematics and Other Sciences
  994.  
  995. Early modern Scots made significant contributions to the sciences: there is a good brief survey in Keller 1990. The mathematician John Napier of Merchiston, inventor of logarithms, is the most outstanding, but he was one of a group of minor nobility in Lowland Scotland who were scientifically and entrepreneurially minded. They also include the mining engineer George Bruce. Other notable Scottish scientists worked abroad: the Aberdonian Duncan Liddel was an astronomer and mathematician, as was John Craig: both became professors in Germany, and are discussed in Molland 1995. Rosen 1949 describes another Scottish astronomer. Another Scot, who is important to the history of medicine, is Guillaume d’Avissone (William Davidson), one of the first-ever professors of chemistry, at the Jardin du Roi in Paris, who is the subject of Read 1951 and also discussed in Shackelford 2004.
  996.  
  997. Keller, Alex. “The Physical Nature of Man: Science, Medicine, Mathematics.” In Humanism in Renaissance Scotland. Edited by John MacQueen, 97–122. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.
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  999. A good starting point, a roundup of outstanding early Scottish scholars who contributed to the early modern “Scientific Revolution.”
  1000. Find this resource:
  1001. Molland, George. “Scottish-Continental Intellectual Relations as Mirrored in the Career of Duncan Liddel (1561–1613).” In The Universities of Aberdeen and Europe: The First Three Centuries. Edited by Paul Dukes, 79–101. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1995.
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  1003. Explores Liddel’s life and work in the context of the reception of Copernican astronomy and the pursuit of scientific study by an international group of Protestant scholars in early modern German universities.
  1004. Find this resource:
  1005. Read, John. “William Davidson of Aberdeen: The First British Professor of Chemistry.” Aberdeen University Studies 129 (1951): 1–32.
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  1007. A biographical study of a figure internationally important as chemist, physician, and philosopher of science.
  1008. Find this resource:
  1009. Rosen, Edward. “Thomas Seget of Seton.” Scottish Historical Review 28 (1949): 91–95.
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  1011. Seton was an astronomer, and, as a convert to Catholicism, free to study in Catholic Europe. He was the intermediary between Galileo, whom he had gotten to know at Padua, and Johannes Kepler, with whom he became friendly in Prague.
  1012. Find this resource:
  1013. Shackelford, Jole. A Philosophical Path for Paracelsian Medicine: The Ideas, Intellectual Context, and Influence of Petrus Severinus (1540–1602). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 2004. 403–454.
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  1015. Severinus’s theory of the origins of disease was taken up and developed by Davidson: chapter 10 of this book is on Davidson’s commentaries on Severinus’s Idea Medicinae Philosophicae.
  1016. Find this resource:
  1017. Architecture and the Built Environment
  1018.  
  1019. Scotland has a distinctive building tradition, and though there have been considerable losses, a wide variety of late medieval to early modern buildings continues to survive. The Stewart monarchs were great builders and so were some of their nobles, so there is a wealth of castle and palace architecture. MacGibbon and Ross 1887–1892 is still a good introduction, and has the advantage of including descriptions of buildings no longer extant. A survey of ecclesiastical buildings by the same authors, MacGibbon and Ross 1896–1897, is also useful. Fawcett 1994 is a more recent scholarly treatment of late medieval buildings and their uses. Glendinning, et al. 2002 surveys building from the Reformation onwards, and the gradual reduction of the importance of defensibility as the country became more peaceful. Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of Scotland, the county-by-county architectural guides to England initiated by Pevsner, was extended to cover Scotland in 2000 and is now almost complete. Evidence for early modern Scottish gardens is brought together by Brown 2012. Lynch 1987 gives an introduction to the development of urban centers.
  1020.  
  1021. Brown, Marilyn. Scotland’s Lost Gardens, from the Garden of Eden to the Stewart Palaces. Edinburgh: RCAHMS, 2012.
  1022. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1023. A scholarly survey of evidence for Renaissance gardens in Scotland, and the social context of garden-making.
  1024. Find this resource:
  1025. Fawcett, Richard. Scottish Architecture from the Accession of the Stewarts to the Reformation 1371–1560. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.
  1026. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1027. A book for specialists: a detailed study of surviving late medieval buildings, with ground plans, which also considers broader social issues of how buildings were used.
  1028. Find this resource:
  1029. Glendinning, M., R. MacInnes, and A. MacKechnie. A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002.
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  1031. The first chapter of this survey begins with the century up to 1560, the second covers 1560–1660, though most of the book is devoted to more recent buildings. For that very reason, it forms a useful overview.
  1032. Find this resource:
  1033. Howard, Deborah. Scottish Architecture from the Reformation to the Renaissance, 1560–1660. The Architectural History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995.
  1034. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1035. Carries on the narrative from Fawcett 1994 to examine how indigenous buildings developed in a country which had become Protestant and also increasingly peaceful, so that domestic architecture no longer needed to be dominated by defensive considerations.
  1036. Find this resource:
  1037. Lynch, Michael, ed. The Early Modern Town in Scotland. London: Taylor & Francis, 1987.
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  1039. The Scottish burghs, both the chief burghs of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee, and Perth and the minor burghs, are a very important feature of early modern Scotland. This book explores differences and similarities in burgh communities: merchants and craftsmen, who both generated much of Scotland’s wealth and developed distinctive local cultures.
  1040. Find this resource:
  1041. MacGibbon, David, and Thomas Ross. The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century. 5 vols. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1887–1892.
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  1043. A pioneering work, never superseded, the result of extensive travels throughout Scotland, illustrated with detailed architectural drawings of as many of Scotland’s castles as the authors could survey. It is informative about buildings which have been destroyed.
  1044. Find this resource:
  1045. MacGibbon, David, and Thomas Ross. The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland from the Earliest Christian Times to the Seventeenth Century. 3 vols. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1896–1897.
  1046. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1047. A companion work to MacGibbon and Ross 1887–1892, covering ecclesiastical architecture.
  1048. Find this resource:
  1049. Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of Scotland. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2000.
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  1051. This county-by-county survey of both secular and ecclesiastical buildings of note is now almost complete: only one volume remains in press. Each volume also includes an introduction on the built environment of the county in question.
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