2018-03-31 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
“2018-03-31 Saturday: 12 Experts”
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Homework: read the article on p. 147 and do p. 146 parts 4 and 5
    Also: Write about your human/alien conversation in reported speech
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part 4
1 T - “Their customs would have been familiar to a medieval European knight”
2 F - “during a long period of peace in Japan...they lost their position of power”
3 T - calligraphy, flower arranging, theater, tea ceremony
4 F - “Millions of Japanese children still practice the classic warrior skills of sward fighting, archery, and hand-to-hand, unarmed combat at school.”
5 T
part 5
1 appeal
2 overcoming
3 fierce
4 battle-weary
5 savage
6 unarmed
7 threat
8 lone
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unarmed = without weapons
armless = without arms on the body
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The gunman acted alone. I feel alone. She is alone. - “alone” can go after a verb
They are looking for a lone gunman. - “lone” can go before a noun
(Other ‘a-’ adjectives also can only appear after a verb: alive, awake, asleep, abroad)
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Reported speech is not quoted speech. If you use quotation marks “”, it’s not reported speech.
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p. 141 part 2 - What are these animals “experts” at? Can we use their expertise? Also, what other animals are experts at something we can use?
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p. 142 - What is an expedition? What things do you need to bring with you on an expedition?
part 1 - Are each of these things necessary or optional for an expedition? What other things should you bring?
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Read about the women in the pictures. What does “in the field” mean?
- In this case, it means outside of a laboratory or university.
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What experiences do you think these women had?
part 4 - Listen to their stories. In which story is each word used?
“The first real eye-opener I had of what life was like in the African forest was on my first ever expedition.”
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There are several verbs formed with adjective+en:
flat + en = flatten
white + en = whiten
redden
darken
lighten
brighten
blacken
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part 6 - Listen again and answer the questions.
1 local guides and trackers
2 screaming and shouting
3 They set up their camp in an elephant path
4 it was flattened
5 mammoth remains (bones, tusks, mummies)
6 deserted and remote
7 millions of mosquitoes
8 They had mosquito nets over their heads.
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p. 143 part 7 - Who probably said these things?
1 Emma - This was possible, but it didn’t happen.
2 Beth - This was possible, but it didn’t happen.
3 Beth - This was impossible (so it didn’t happen).
4 Emma - This was a good idea, but we didn’t do it.
5 Beth - This was a good idea, but we didn’t do it.
6 Emma - This was a bad idea, but we did it.
What do the sentences mean (part 9)?
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Grammar: modals for advisability in the past
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These sentences are about the unreal past. They are not about what really happened.
Unit 8 was about the real past, because it’s what really (or possibly) happened.
real: A huge meteor could have hit the earth and killed the dinosaurs.
	(This is a real possibility. It might be the correct explanation, but we’re not sure.)
unreal: That car could have hit me and killed me. I’m glad I saw it in time.
	(The car didn’t hit me, but there was a possibility in the past.)
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part 10 - Complete the paragraph with “could have”, “couldn’t have”, “should have”, or “shouldn’t have and the past participle of the verb.
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
(“I ate something that I shouldn’t have eaten.”)
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Note: “might have” works the same way as “could have”, and can be used in both real and unreal sentences.
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p. 144-5 - Where is the man in the picture? What is the environment like there? How do people survive?
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BREAK
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p. 144 - Read the book review.
“dog teams” NOT “dogs teams”
part 3 - Are these statements true or false?
1 F
2 F
3 T
4 T
5 F
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“Explorers could have avoided starvation, frostibe, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people.”
= They didn’t avoid starvation, frostbite, or death, because they didn’t copy the Inuit.
“If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm.”
= They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they weren’t warm.
“If the explorers had worn sealskins and furs like the Inuit, they wouldn’[t have suffered from frostbite.”
= They didn’t wear sealskins, so they suffered from frostbite.
“Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.”
= Parry’s men were healthy because they ate the salads.
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Grammar: Third Conditional = past unreal conditional
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Form:
if + [past perfect], subject + would/could/might + have + past participle
(Or in the opposite order with no comma.)
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Second Conditional: If I were rich, I would travel.
Third Conditional: If I had been rich, I would have traveled.
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This is connected to modals for past advisability:
We should have set up camp somewhere else.
= If we had set up camp somewhere else, we might have avoided the elephants.
= If we had set up camp somewhere else, it would have been better.
We could have been killed.
	= If we hadn’t woken up, we could have been killed.
We couldn’t have avoided the insects.
	= Even if we had gone at a different time of year, we couldn’t have avoided the insects.
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Why do we use “could” in this sentence instead of “would”?
“Explorers could have avoided death if they had copied the Inuit.”
- It was a possibility, but we don’t really know what would have happened. Maybe they still would have died for some other reason.
- They would have had the ability to avoid death, but we don’t know if they really would have survived.
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part 9 - Decide which sentences go together, then write third conditionals with that information.
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we wouldn’t have gotten lost.
3 e - If we had taken a phrasebook, we could have asked for help.
4 d - If the local people hadn’t given us directions, we couldn’t have found our way back.
5 a - If we had checked the museum opening times, we wouldn’t have gotten there too late.
6 f - If we had bought tickets ahead of time, we could have gotten into the museum.
Remember: “couldn’t have” means something is impossible
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p. 143 part 12 - Tell your group about a time when something went wrong (or almost went wrong) for you (use the ideas in the box to help you think). Talk about what happened or what could have happened. Give advice to your partners with “should have” sentences.
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It could have been a disaster, but it was delicious.
If I had put the eggs in the brownies, they would have been brownies.
If I hadn’t come to the United States, I could have started a new job in France.
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Pronunciation of modal + have:
should have -> should’ve -> shoulda
could have -> could’ve -> coulda
might have -> might’ve -> mighta
would have -> would’ve -> woulda
shouldn’t have -> shouldn’t’ve -> shouldna
couldn’t have -> couldn’t’ve -> couldna
might not have -> might not’ve -> might notta
wouldn’t have -> wouldn’t’ve -> wouldna
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People sometimes say “woulda coulda shoulda” (or in a different order) to dismiss too much speculation about what might have happened differently.
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Sometimes even native speakers will write things like “should of”, which is a mistake and should be “should’ve”.