Inquizitive chapter 15

Define absolutism understand it central principal as a theory of government and identify major absolutist rulers in Europe during this period
An absolute monarch could make law dispense justice create and direct a bureaucracy declare war and levy taxation without the approval of any other governing body

Define mercantilism and its relation to absolutist rule
And economic Theory focused on reducing imports and increasing exports primarily through acquiring colonies

True or false the main causes of European warfare between 1680 and 1713 focused on English efforts to challenge European rivals
False French efforts led by Louis the 15th challenge European rivals between 1680 and 1713

Identify the key political believes of John Locke
1 laws of nature include life liberty and property
2 the government has the responsibility to protect natural rights
3 people have the right to overthrow the government if the government does not protect natural rights

Identify the relationship between French traders and indigenous women
Intermarriage was common because fishing and fur trade relied on cooperative relationships with indigenous peoples a mutual economic interdependence grew between the French colonies and the people of the surrounding region

What are two main concerns that English had with Charles the second
Charles claims that he had the right to ignore Parliament and he had sympathy for Roman Catholics

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What is the significance of the great northern war in the early 18th century in Europe
It allowed Russia to expand its power in border regions and gain economic power the Russians secured their position along the Baltic coast positioning themselves to take advantage of the lucrative Eastern European grain trade with Western Europe

Identify the characteristics of the bill of rights in 1689
It reaffirmed habeas corpus and declared the monarch subject to law

Identify the major characteristics of absolutism
Control of taxation development of bureaucracy and control of military

Identify the key aspects of the Treaty of Utrecht 1713 which ended the war of the Spanish succession
Louis the 15th grandson was allowed to remain on the Spanish throne and Spanish and French could not be united under one ruler

What was the main diplomatic goal in western and central Europe between 1680 and 1713
Balance of power this goal would dominate European diplomacy for the next 200 years until the balance of power system collapsed with the outbreak of the first world war the main proponents of balance of power diplomacy were England united provinces (Holland) Prussia and Austria

Identify the characteristics of Louis the 15th administration
Administers collected taxes the estates general was never called and an intendance administered regions

What regions established an absolute monarchy
France Austria and Prussia

How did Jean Batista Colbert implement mercantilism in France
He impose tariffs on foreign goods he promoted domestic manufacture of silk and glass and he acquired sugar producing colonies

Identify the characteristics of the Dutch Republic
It gained independence from Spanish rule it led by powerful merchant families and developed a federal legislature

Identify the relationship between mercantilism and absolutism
The wealth of the colonies as part of mercantilism added to the prestige of France's absolutist power

Identify the ways in which Peter the Great changed Russia during his reign
He implemented administrative the hierarchies he enforced western etiquette practices and he developed education reforms

Identify the main characteristics of the Prussian empire
Used military to centralize power was led by the Hohenzollern family and compromised of geographical divided areas

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Identify the main characteristics of Austrian Habsburgs empire
Landlords within the empire forest peasants to work and it included the Holy Roman Empire

Which countries compromise league of Augsburg
Dutch Republic England Spain and the Austrian Habsburgs

Identify the significance of economic development in the Dutch Republic
Trade focused on global networks and trade brought many different religious groups to the Dutch Republic and Amsterdam became the center of goods and finance

Identify how Marcantel is him is reflected in Jean Batiste Colbert's passage
Instead of purchasing materials for the naval forces from abroad Colbert find materials within friends

Identify Louis the 15th religious policy
He revoked the edict of Nantes as a Catholic Louis was determined to impose religious unity on France so he removed toleration of protestants



Identify the correct definition of absolutism
a political theory that encouraged rulers to claim complete sovereignty

Define mercantilism
an economic theory focused on reducing imports and increasing exports, primarily through acquiring colonies

The main causes of European warfare between 1680 and 1713 focused on English efforts to challenge European rivals
false

opponents of charles II
whigs

supporters of Charles II
tories

Read the following passage from the Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1709) by Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

Identify which one of the following concepts is most directly supported by the passage above
absolutionism

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Identify how Louis XIV's finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert implemented mercantilism in France.
he imposed tariffs on foreign goods

he promoted domestic manufacture of silk and glass

he acquired sugar-producing colonies

Identify how mercantilism is reflected in this passage.
instead of purchasing materials for the naval forces from abroad, Colbert found materials within france

Identify the ways in which Peter the Great changed Russia during his reign.
enforced western etiquette practices

developed education reforms

implemented administrative hierarchies

Identify the characteristics of Louis XIV's administration.
The estates-general was never called

administrators collected taxes

intendants administered regions

Match the region controlled by the French with its correct connection.
fur-North america

missionary work- quebec to Louisiana

sugar- saint-domingue

The Glorious Revolution helped establish a mixed monarchy with a monarch and Parliament and supported religious toleration for all.
false

Identify the main characteristics of the Prussian Empire.
led by the hohenzollern family

comprised of geographically divided areas

used military to centralize power

Identify the relationship between French traders and indigenous women.
intermarriage was common

identify the relationship between mercantilism and absolutism
the wealth of the colonies as a part of mercantilism added to the prestige of france's absolutist power

Identify the significance of the Great Northern War in the early eighteenth century in Europe
it allowed russia to expand its power in border regions and gain econominc power

Identify the characteristics of the Bill of Rights (1689)
declared the monarch subject to the law

reaffirmed habeas corpus

The Caribbean sugar colonies were more lucrative for France than the fur colonies.
true

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Consider the social structure within the French colonies, and place each social group in order of status from highest to lowest.
europeans

people of mixed European and african descent

enslaved people

Identify the main characteristics of the Austrian Habsburg Empire.
it included the Holy Roman Empire

landlords within the empire forced peasants to work

Identify the characteristics of the Dutch Republic.
developed a federal legislature

gained independence from spanish rule

led by powerful merchant families

Identify the two main concerns that the English had with Charles II.
charles's claim that he had the right to ignore parliament

charles's sympathy for roman catholics

Place the following events of the Glorious Revolution in order
james II, a catholic, becomes monarch and implements absolutionist beliefs

james II announces his newborn son will be raised catholic

tories and whigs invite william and mary to invade england

james II flees into exile, and william and mary rule as joint monarchs

Identify the major characteristics of absolutism
control of taxation

control of military

development of bureaucracy

Identify how Versailles reflected the absolutism of Louis XIV.
the palace was extremely large

the palace had statues of the greek god of the sun, Apollo, in its gardens

nobles were required to live at Versailles

Identify Louis XIV's religious policy
louis XIV revoked the edict of nantes


Identify the correct definition of absolutism.
a political theory that encouraged ruler to claim complete sovereignty

Define mercantilism.
An economic theory focused on reducing imports and increasing exports, primarily through acquiring colonies

The main causes of European warfare between 1680 and 1713 focused on English efforts to challenge European rivals.
false

Click on the regions that established absolute monarchies.
France

Prussia

Austria

Identify the main diplomatic goal in western and central Europe between 1680 and 1713.
Balance of power

The Glorious Revolution helped establish a mixed monarchy with a monarch and Parliament and supported religious toleration for all.
false

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Identify how Louis XIV's finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert implemented mercantilism in France.
He imposed tariffs on foreign goods.

He acquired sugar-producing colonies.

He promoted domestic manufacture of silk and glass.

Identify the characteristics of the Bill of Rights (1689).
declared the monarch subject to the law

reaffirmed habeas corpus

Identify the characteristics of the Dutch Republic.
gained independence from Spanish rule

led by powerful merchant families

developed a federal legislature

Identify the main characteristics of the Prussian Empire.
comprised of geographically divided areas

led by the Hohenzollern family

used military to centralize power

Identify the characteristics of Louis XIV's administration.
The estates-general was never called

administrators collected taxes

intendants administered regions

Identify the two main concerns that the English had with Charles II.
Charles's claim that he had the right to ignore parliament

Charles's sympathy for roman catholics

Place the following events of the Glorious Revolution in order.
1. James II, a catholic, becomes monarch and implements absolutionist beliefs

2. James II announces his newborn son will be raised catholic

3.tories and whigs invite william and mary to invade england

4. James II flees into exile, and william and mary rule as joint monarchs

Identify the significance of economic development in the Dutch Republic.
Trade brought many different religious groups to the Dutch Republic.

Amsterdam became the center of goods and finance.

Trade focused on global networks.

Identify the key political beliefs of John Locke.
Laws of nature include life, liberty, and property.

The government has the responsibility to protect natural rights.

People have the right to overthrow the government, if the government does not protect natural rights.

Match the region controlled by the French with its correct connection.
North America- fur

Saint-Domingue- sugar

Quebec to Louisiana -missionary work

Identify the ways in which Peter the Great changed Russia during his reign.
enforced western etiquette practices

developed education reforms

implemented administrative hierarchies

Identify the main characteristics of the Austrian Habsburg Empire.
it included the Holy Roman Empire

landlords within the empire forced peasants to work

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Identify the significance of the Great Northern War in the early eighteenth century in Europe.
It allowed Russia to expand it's power in border regions and gain economic power

Identify the major characteristics of absolutism.
control of military

control of taxation

development of bureaucracy

Identify the relationship between mercantilism and absolutism.
the wealth of the colonies as a part of mercantilism added to the prestige of france's absolutist power

Identify the relationship between French traders and indigenous women.
Intermarriage was common

Whigs
opponents of Charles II

Tories
supporters of Charles II

Identify how Versailles reflected the absolutism of Louis XIV.
The palace was extremely large.

The palace had statues of the Greek god of the sun, Apollo, in its gardens.

Nobles were required to live at Versailles.

Absolutism was universally successful in Europe by 1660.
False



Absolutism was universally successful in Europe by 1660.
False

Identify the two main concerns that the English had with Charles II.
- Charles's sympathy for Roman Catholics
- Charles's claim that he had the right to ignore Parliament

Identify the relationship between French traders and indigenous women.
Intermarriage was common.

Identify the significance of the Great Northern War in the early eighteenth century in Europe.
It allowed Russia to expand its power in border regions and gain economic power.

Define un roi, une loi, une foi.
One king, one law, one faith.

Identify the characteristics of the Dutch Republic.
- gained independence from Spanish rule
- led by powerful merchant families
- developed a federal legislature

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Identify the key aspects of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
- Louis XIV's grandson was allowed to remain on the Spanish throne.
- Spain and France could not be united under one ruler.

The Caribbean sugar colonies were more lucrative for France than the fur colonies.
True

Identify the correct definition of absolutism.
A political theory that encouraged rulers to claim complete sovereignty

Analyze the excerpt on mercantilism and war by Jean-Baptiste Colbert:

And since Your Majesty has wanted to work diligently at reestablishing his naval forces, and since afore that it has been necessary to make very great expenditures, since all merchandise, munitions, and manufactured items formerly came from Holland and the countries of the North, it has been absolutely necessary to be especially concerned with finding within the realm, or with establishing in it, everything which might be necessary for this great plan.
To this end, the manufacture of tar was established in Médoc, Auvergne, Dauphiné, and Provence; iron cannons, in Burgundy, Nivernois, Saintonge, and Périgord; large anchors in Dauphiné, Nivernois, Brittany, and Rochefort ...

Identify how mercantilism is reflected in this passage.
Instead of purchasing materials for the naval forces from abroad, Colbert found materials within France.

Read the following passage from the Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1709) by Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet:

We have seen that kings hold the place of God, who is the true Father of the human race. We have also seen that the first idea of power that there was among men, is that of paternal power; and that kings were fashioned on the model of fathers.

Identify which one of the following concepts is most directly supported by the passage above.
Absolutism

TERM
France
DEFINITION
France was ruled by Louis XIV.
LOCATION


TERM
Prussia
DEFINITION
Prussia was ruled by the Hohenzollerns.
LOCATION


TERM
Austria
DEFINITION
Austria was ruled by the Habsburgs.
LOCATION


Identify the main characteristics of the Prussian Empire.
- Led by the Hohenzollern family
- Comprised of geographically divided areas
- Used military to centralize power

Characteristics of Louis XIV's administration.
- The Estates-General was never called
- Administrators collected taxes
- Intendants administered regions

Define mercantilism.
An economic theory focused on reducing imports and increasing exports, primarily through acquiring colonies

The main causes of European warfare between 1680 and 1713 focused on English efforts to challenge European rivals.
False

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Identify the characteristics of the Bill of Rights (1689).
- Reaffirmed habeas corpus
- Declared the monarch subject to the law

Identify Louis XIV's religious policy.
- Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.


The Glorious Revolution
English referred to the events of 1688-89 because it established england as a mixed monarchy governed by the "king in parliament" according to the rule of the law. after 1688 no English monarch ever again attempted to govern without parliament, which meets annually ever since,while strengthening its control over taxation and expenditure

the 1688 revolution brought misery to the catholic minority in Scotland and the catholic majority in Ireland

The act of toleration of 1689 granted protestant dissenters the right to worship freely

The revolution favored the growth and political power of the English commercial classes, especially the growing number of people concentrated in English cities whose livelihood depended on commerce in the Atlantic world and beyond

This revolution brought William of Orange to the English throne

Huguenots
Against the protestant huguenots, Louis wages an unrelenting was -pg 408

In 1685 Lois revoked the edict of nantes, te legal foundation of the toleration huguenots had enjoyed since 1598

Hugenots fleeing louis persecution established the silk industries of berlin, and london. This migration was an enormous loss to france

"States make war, war makes states"
...

The Scientific Revolution
Science entails 3 things
A body of knowledge

a method or system of inquiry

a community of practitioners and the institutions that support them and their work.

these three realms were involved in the scientific revolution

the scientific revolution saw the emergence and confirmation of a heliocentric view of the planetary system which displaced earth and humans from the center of the universe.

brought a new mathematical physics that described and confirmed such a view

it established a method of inquiry for understanding the natural world; a method that emphasized the role of observation, experiment, and the testing of hypotheses

science emerged as a distinctive branch of knowledge


Renaissance artists such as Leonardo da Vinci were accomplished craftsmen.
They investigated the laws of perspective and optics; worked out geometric methods for supporting the weight of enormous architectural domes; studied the human body; and devised new and more effective weapons for war.

the Renaissance influenced the scientific revolution
Humanists celebrated scientific study.
Humanists valued ancient texts.

Old and new worldviews of science overlapped during the scientific revolution, and science was slow in changing society- True, Individual thinkers struggled to reconcile their discoveries with their faith or to make their theories fit with received wisdom.
As the new scientific method began to produce radical new insights into the workings of nature, it eventually came to be accepted


Identify how the era of exploration influenced the scientific revolution.

-Discoveries of nature influenced natural history.
-Exploration of the world influenced the study of the cosmos.
-Discoveries of new lands challenged ancient texts

Identify the distinct fields of knowledge developed during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century
-natural philosophy
medicine

The new science did not mark a clean rupture with older traditions of religious thinking. Most scientists in the 1600's remained essentially religious in their worldviews, and in many cases, their work was only accessible to a small, literate minority who had access to books. So while on the one hand there were huge innovations and disruptions to the medieval way of thinking, two of these were the heliocentric theories of Copernicus and then the laws of planetary motion that were advanced by Isaac Newton (16 lecture)

The Enlightenment
Classic concerns of the enlightenment: the dangers of arbitrary and unchecked authority, the value of religious toleration and the overriding importance of law, reason and human dignity in all affairs

The growth of European cities, the spread of literacy and the new forms of social interactions at ll levels of society helped fuel the enlightenment's atmosphere of critical reflection about religion, law and the power of the state and dignity of the individual.

The enlightenment was thus not only an intellectual movement, it was a cultural phenomenon which exposed an increasingly broad part of the population to new forms of consumption, of goods as well as ideas.

The enlightenment's audience consisted of urban readers and consumers who were receptive to new cultural forms; the essay, the political tract, the satirical engraving, the novel, the newspaper, theatrical spectacles and even musical performances.

People in the enlightenment shared a sense of living in a time marked by change. Many enlightenment thinks defended such changes as "progress" others were move critical, fearing that valued traditions were being lost. Such debates lay at the heart of the enlightenment thought

Most agreed that they lived in an exciting moment in history in which human reason would prevail over the accumulated superstitions and traditions of the past.

Enlightenment authors believed themselves to be the defender of a new ideal "the party of humanity"

No issue challenged enlightenment thinkers as much as slavery

Popular discussions of Enlightenment themes developed in the coffeehouses and taverns of European cities, where printed material might be read aloud, allowing even illiterate people to have access to the news and debates of the day


Identify the areas of society that Enlightenment philosophes studied.

law and government
gender
race
religious beliefs

Enlightenment was an attempt to apply these laws of nature to society
it was a challenge to the status quo
society could be reformed according to rational ideas

In the eighteenth century, intellectuals inn Europe sought to answer questions about the nature of good government, morality and the social order by applying principles of rational argument . They questioned the value of traditional insitutions and institutions and insisted that the "enlightenment" reason could solve social problems better than age old customs.

-General laws (like newtons) applied to society
-Practical Reform rather than abstract theory
-Philosophes
-The encyclopedia

population growth, economic development and colonial expansion to other continents created new sources of prosperity in western europe, fostering a new kind of consumer culture andnew awareness of the world's diversity of peoples and customs

-Econmic growth was driven by the middle classes, who as members of the third estate did not have political power commensurate with their economic power- many middle class are bankers, lawyers, or traders and people involved in commerce
-Globalization led to cultural relativism

the Reign of Terror
The convention delegated itss responsibilities to a group of twelve leaders, the committee of public safety.

had two purposes:
to seize control of the revolution
to prosecute all the reolution's enermies- "to make terror the order of the day". It lasted from 9/1793-7/1794
it saw repeated episodes of war and civil conflict. The terror left a bloody and authoritarian legacy-pg 488

the revolutionary figure who most embodied these idea was Robespirre "the incorruptible" who ushered in the terror
in the most radical phase with motivation found in Rousseau to save the revolution all people who deemed counter revolutionary have to be liquidated

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sans culottes
Common people the term translates to "without breeches" was an antiaristocratic badge of pride; a man of the people wore full length trousers rather than aristocratic breeches with stockings and gold buckled shoes

were the brawn they were the radical working class in the streets of paris who carried out the dictates of Roberspierre

Estates General
Identify the voting process in the Estates General at the start of the meetings in 1789
-Each estate voted as a body
By tradition, each estate met and voted as a body. In the past, this had generally meant that the First Estate had combined with the Second to defeat the Third

State
What's a state, and why do you have to build one? A state is an area of the earth's surface that has human created boundaries. A state is governed by a central authority that makes laws, rules, decisions that it enforces within those boundaries. A state makes its own policies, and the government of a state recognizes no earthly authority higher than itself within its own boundaries. Now, that's a very different kind of organization than we see in the Manorial System where each manor is, within a very real sense, a state within a state. A Feudal Lord on his manor makes laws and rules, and decisions that he enforces within those boundaries. And some of them are subject to a higher authority and some of them aren't. But, a state is a continuous territory in which there can be no other competing sources of sovereignty.

Nation
Now the next definition we have is a nation. A nation does not necessarily control an area of the earth's surface or have a government, or make policy. A nation is simply a group of people who view themselves as being liked to one another in some manner. Groups of people who consider themselves to be ethnically, culturally, or linguistically related may thus be considered a nation. In essence, a nation is a psychological fixation as much as anything else

Nation state
nation-state, and we're going to be looking at that in our next unit. A nation-state is a state whose inhabitants consider themselves to be a
nation, and it's also an area of the earth's surface with human created boundaries under a single government. The population of which considers itself to be bound together through cultural phenomena such as common language, religion, shared historical experiences and traditions.


end of the Thirty Years War and the Treaty of Westphalia, which brought in a codification of these territorial nation states. And which paved the way for the rise of Absolute monarchy and the eventual rise of the nation state.

The General Will
Rousseau influenced the radical phase of the French revolution- specifically the Social contract where he outlines the idea of popular sovereignty and the idea of the general will

the General will only worked if there are no free riders, no cheaters, if people are not willing to give up their own individual privileges and their own selfish ideas and become with the general will in Rousseau's words "they will have to be force to be free"

the revolutionary figure who most embodied these idea was Robespirre "the incorruptible" who ushered in the terror

Louis XIV
in 1672 french king Louis XIV put together a coalition that quickly overan all but two of the dutch provinces

absolutism- A politcal theory that encouraged rulers to claim complete sovereignty within their territories
*An absolute monarch could make law, dispense justice, create and direct a bureaucracy, declare war, and levy taxation without the approval of any other governing body.

French efforts led by Louis XIV challenged European rivals between 1680 and 1713.
This was the main causes of European warfare between 1680 and 1713

Defined his responsibility in absolutist terms: to concentrate royal power so as to produce domestic tranquility

-characteristics of Louis XIV's administration.

The upper bourgeoisie served as royal intendants outside the region where they were born, so they were unconnected with the local elites over whom they exercised authority.

Administrators collected taxes.
,The taxes primarily financed Louis XIV's vast military.

The Estates-General, the French representative assembly that met at the king's pleasure to act as a consultative body for the state, did not meet at all during Louis's reign.

The upper bourgeoisie served as royal intendants outside the region where they were born, so they were unconnected with the local elites over whom they exercised authority

Louis XVI
He wished to improve the lot of the poor. abloish torture and shift the burdan of taxation onto the richer classes, but he lacked the ability to accomplish these task. When he pressed for new taxes to be paid by the nobility, he was defeated by the provincial parliaments who defended the aristocracy's immunity from taxation.

faced with econmic crisis and financial chaos , he summoned the estatesgeneral (who had not met since 1614) to meet in 1789. His action appeared to many as the only solution to France's deepning problems

At the end of the terror he becomes targeted and tries to excape but gets caught at the border and brought back.

he had been conspriring with his relatives abroad
He was executed by guillotine 1793

Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) to propose a different theory of state sovereignty in his treatise Leviathan (1651). Whereas Bodin assumed that sovereign power should be vested in a monarch, Hobbes argued that any form of government capable of protecting its subjects' lives and property might act as an all-powerful sovereign. But Hobbes's convictions arose from a similarly pessimistic view of human nature. The "state of nature" that existed before government, he wrote, was a "war of all against all." Because man naturally behaves as "a wolf" toward other men, human life without government is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
Hobbes saw it (ultimate goal) as the preservation of people's lives, even at the expense of their liberties.

Bodin
the classic definition of sovereignty by Jean Bodine, we read about in the previous unit. And for Bodine, sovereignty is that absolute and perpetual power vested in a commonwealth, which in Latin is termed majestas. So, his majesty means someone who exercises sovereignty within the realm. And for Bodin, sovereignty is perpetual, and although it can be delegated, it always resides in the central source of sovereignty which for Bodin would be the monarch. Again, if you think about monarch, monarch is different than a king. Mono, meaning one, monarch is a king who exercises his sole -- the sole source of sovereignty in his realm. And that wasn't necessarily the case in the medieval period. So, again, it makes a certain amount of sense that after this period of religious upheaval and warfare that there would be a concerted effort to find new definitions of political sovereignty, and to try to find a way to bring stability to European politics after this period of violence and warfare.

Versailles
Identify how Versailles reflected the absolutism of Louis XIV.

-Louis XIV called himself the "Sun King," even performing in one instance as the god Apollo in a ballet.
-The palace had statues of the Greek god of the sun, Apollo, in its gardens.
-The palace was extremely large.
-Nobles were required to live at Versailles.

instead of being a working unit of agricultural production as the medieval manor was, this is a purely symbolic display of royal power

Richelieu
This expansion of French power can be credited, in part, to Henry IV's de facto successor, Cardinal Richelieu (REESH-eh-lyuh). The real king of France, Henry's son Louis XIII (r. 1610-43), had come to the throne at the age of nine; and so Richelieu, as his chief advisor, dominated his reign. His aim was to centralize royal bureaucracy while exploiting opportunities to foster French influence.

Richelieu amended the Edict of Nantes so that it no longer supported the political rights of the Huguenots. He also prohibited French Protestants from settling in Québec. Yet considering that he owed his political power (in part) to his ecclesiastical position in the Catholic Church, the fact that he allowed the edict to stand speaks to his larger interest in fostering a sense of French national identity that centered on the monarchy.

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Edmund Burke
In Britain the conservative cause was strengthened by the publication in 1790 of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, which attacked the revolution as a monstrous crime against the social order (see Competing Viewpoints on page 490).

he distinguished conservative Edmund Burke (1730-1797) denounced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man as dangerous metaphysical nonsense, which rested on "paltry blurred shreds of paper" rather than on well-grounded institutions and customs

Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was more influential in this new context than it had been during the 1790s, when it was first published. Burke did not oppose all change; he had argued, for instance, that the British should let the North American colonies go. But he opposed talk of natural rights, which he considered dangerous abstractions. He believed enthusiasm for constitutions to be misguided and the Enlightenment's emphasis on what he called the "conquering power of reason" to be dangerous. Instead, Burke counseled deference to experience, tradition, and history. Burke and other conservatives, such as the French writers Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) and Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise Bonald (1754-1840) believed that the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the Church were the mainstays of the social and political order. Those institutions needed to stand together in face of the challenges of the new century

Robespierre
Trained in law and quickly became a modestly successful lawyer>
His eloquence and his consistent, or ruthless, insistence that leaders respect the "will of the people" eventually won him a following in the Jacobin club. Later, he became president of the National Convention and a member of the Committee of Public Safety. He had little to do with starting the Terror, he was nevertheless responsible for enlarging its scope. Popularly known as "The Incorruptible," he came to represent ruthlessness justified as virtue and as necessary to revolutionary progress.-pg 488

Robespierre was executed by guillotine
Even though Robespierre was executed, the revolution, war, and the culture of sacrifice forged new bonds. The sense that the rest of Europe sought to crush the new nation and its citizens unquestionably strengthened French national identity-pg 491

the revolutionary figure who most embodied these idea (the general will ) was Robespirre "the incorruptible" who ushered in the terror
in the most radical phase with motivation found in Rousseau to save the revolution all people who deemed counter revolutionary have to be liquidated

He tried to create where he deemed a republic of virtue

John Locke
opponet of absolutism was englishman jon locke, whose two treatises of government were written before the glorious revolution but published for the first time in 1690

He maintained that humans had originally lived in a state if nature characterized by absolute freedom and equality with no government of any kind, the only law was the law of nature (which Locke equated with the law of reason) by which individuals enforced for themselves their natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Locke condemned absolutism, om every form, he denounced absolute monarchy, but he was also critical of claims for the sovereignty of parliament. He argued that government had been insituted to protect life, liberty and propety. (T412-413)

If a government exceeded or abused the authority granted to it, society had the right to dissolve that government and create another.

Newton
Isaac Newton was a deeply religious figure. And in fact at the end of his life he thought that his forays into Biblical scholarship were more important than anything that he did in physics and he had all kinds of mathematical computations about the size of the temple in Jerusalem and the dates in scripture so. And not only that, Isaac Newton was an alchemist in his early years, of all things. Alchemy was a sort of, what we would consider a pseudoscience today, a kind of mystical attempt to turn base metals into gold and so it's quite out of keeping with this Enlightenment view of Newton as the pure rational scientist (16 lecture)

Newton loomed large here and the enlightenment thinkers were inspired the laws of planetary motion

If newtons laws applied to society perhaps other general laws can be applied to society

He set a theme with his laws of nature- he was heralded as the great precursor of the Enlightenment by Philosophes like Voltaine

Napoleon
Napoleons rule punctuated by astonishing victories and catastrophes, stretched from 1799-1815 and constitutes the end of the revolution. It began as a republic became an empire and ended after a last hurrah-in the muddy fields outside the Belgian village of waterloo

He presented himself as a son of the revolution, but he also borrowed freely from very different regimes, fashioning himself as the heir to Charlemagne or to the Roman Empire. His regime remade revolutionary politics and the French state; offered stunning examples of the new kinds of warfare; and left a legacy of conflict and legends of French glory that lingered in the dreams, or nightmares, of Europe's statesmen and citizens for more than a century.

He also accomplished what no recent French regime had yet achieved: an orderly and generally fair system of taxation. More-efficient tax collection and fiscal management also helped halt the inflationary spiral that had crippled the revolutionary governments, although Bonaparte's regime relied heavily on resources from areas he had conquered to fund his military ventures.

Most significant Modern state building was the promulgation of a new legal code in 1804. The Napoleonic Code, as the civil code came to be called, pivoted on two principles that had remained significant through all the constitutional changes since 1789: uniformity and individualism.

Identify the key characteristics of the Napoleonic Code.

It created a uniform law.
It abolished feudal privileges.
It established property rights

Napoleon led an army that had transformed European warfare; first raised as a revolutionary militia, it was now a trained conscript army, loyal, well supplied by a nation whose economy was committed to serving the war effort, and led by generals promoted largely on the basis of talent

In the realm of liberty and law, Napoleon's rule eliminated feudal and church courts and created a single legal system

Identify how Napoleon gained support for his political reforms in France.
Correct Answer(s)
He welcomed back exiles.
He formed an agreement with the Catholic Church

paradoxical figure- he encouraged spread of democratic ideas but also turned France back into an Empire

he sought to spread the french model throughout Europe and invaded other counties

Rousseau
was an outsider who quarreled with other philosophes. he shared their search for intellectual and political freedom, yet he introduced other strains into enlightenment thought, especially what was called "Sensibility" or the cult of feeling

his interest in emotions led him to develop a more complicated portrait of human psychology than that of most enlightenment writers who emphasized reason as the most important human attribute,

his milestone treatise on politics , the social contract

he argued that the state of nature all men had been equal

Rousseau's argument about legitimate authority has three parts. First, sovereignty belonged to the people alone. This meant sovereignty should not be divided among different branches of government (as suggested by Montesquieu), and it could not be usurped by a king. Second, exercising sovereignty transformed the nation. Rousseau argued that when individual citizens formed a "body politic," that body became more than just the sum of its parts. He offered what was to many an appealing image of a regenerated and more powerful nation, in which citizens were bound by mutual obligation rather than coercive laws and united in equality rather than divided and weakened by privilege. Third, the national community would be united by what Rousseau called the "general will." This term is notoriously difficult.


known for his writing on education and moral virtue
Discourse on inequality -1754
The social contract- 1762
-took the enlightenment critique of absolutism and lack of democratic politics to its extreme and wrote very influential works such as the discourse on inequality and he recieve for the first time the idea of sovereignty not being something that embodied by a monarch but rather something that inheres in the people

Rousseau influenced the radical phase of the French revolution- specifically the Social contract where he outlines the idea of popular sovereignty and the idea of the general will

thought it wasn't enough for people to just be citizen. thought they needed to make a greater investment in the body of politic they had to become passionate patriots and citizens

Voltaire
The best known of the philosophes was Voltaire, born François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)

Voltaire personified the Enlightenment, commenting on an enormous range of subjects in a wide variety of literary forms. Educated by the Jesuits, he became a gifted and sharp-tongued writer
His gusto for provocation landed him in the Bastille (a notorious prison in Paris) for libel and soon afterward in temporary exile in England.
In his three years there, he became an admirer of british

part of the enlightened and was the most famous personality in European intellectual movement known as the enlightenment

for voltaire calas's case exemplified nearly everything he found backward in European culture. Intolerance, ignorance, and religious "fanaticism" had made a travesty of justice

his writings on Calas's case illustrate the Classic concerns of the enlightenment: the dangers of arbitrary and unchecked authority, the value of religious toleration and the overriding importance of law, reason and human dignity in all affairs

His reputation did not rest on his originality as a philosopher but from his effectiveness as a writer and advocate, his desire and ability to reach a wide audience in print

he heralded newton as the great precursor of the Enlightenment

He wrote biography of newton and held him as a model of scientific rationality

A concerted attempt to criticize the catholic church and religion in general

he signed his letters "crush the infamous thing" referring to religion and the catholic church

the Encyclopedia
The most remarkable and ambitious enlightenment project.

claimed to summarize all the most advanced contemporary philosophical, scientific and technical knowledge, making it available to any reader pg-455

it demonstrated how scientific analysis could be applied in nearly all realms of thought and it further aimed to encourage critical reflection of an enormous range of traditions and institutions

Denis diderot edited it

the great quintessential enlightment work

philosophes
A french word used for enlightenment thinkers, regarless of where they lived. Philosophe, as used in the enlightenment, simply mean "free thinker" a person whose reflections were unhampered by the constraints of religion or dogma in any form

Were pushing this enlightenment and were practical rather than abstract

Enlightened absolutism
The rules of prussia, austria, and russia who initiated these wars on the continent were among the pioneers of a new style of "enlightened absolutism" within their realms. They demonstrated their commitment to absolutist rule by centralizing their administrations, increasing taxation, creating a professional army and tightening their control of the church. They justified this expansion of powers however int he name of the enlightenment ideal of reason as rational solutions to the problems of government

rulers influenced by the spirit of enlightened absolutism
- Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
-her son Joseph II
-Frederick II (the great) of Prussia- was ca;;ed am enlightened despot and practitioner of enlightened absolutism
-Catherine the great of Russia

used enlightment ideals to justify the centralization of authority and the establishment of rationalized bureaucracies, Enlightenment ideas also helped establish a radical critique of the eighteenth-century social and political order.
-Enlightenment didnt always mean democracy
-property -owning members of the third estate wanted a political order that would protect their property an give them representation accrding to their productive role in society
-the lower orders wanted to redistribute wealth and do away with structural inequality
-french revolution wold see these tensions come to a head

Radical revolutionaries
Rousseau influenced the radical phase of the French revolution- specifically the Social contract where he outlines the idea of popular sovereignty and the idea of the general will

Changed in manner - Changed form of address, the clothes changed, changed games played

Followers of Rousseau
Example- Robespierre
Wanted a radical redistribution of property and a remaking of society
Willing to use violence to enforce the general will
Wanted a republic with no king

Moderate revolutionaries
this was inspired by John locke and carried out by property owning men who wanted to stabilize the condition ad wanted to secure their property

followers of Locke
Example: Abbe Sieyes
Wanted checks on the kings power, not a complete social upheaval
Wanted to defend property rights
Wanted a constitutional Monarchy

Conservatives
Followers of Burke
Example: Louis Joseph, Prince of Conde
Wanted to maintain the old regime
willing to conspire with foreign monarchs to invade France and end the rovolution
wanted absolute monarchy

absolutism.
absolutism- A politcal theory that encouraged rulers to claim complete sovereignty within their territories
*An absolute monarch could make law, dispense justice, create and direct a bureaucracy, declare war, and levy taxation without the approval of any other governing bod

major characteristics of absolutism.

control of taxation
control of military
development of bureaucracy


end of the Thirty Years War and the Treaty of Westphalia, which brought in a codification of these territorial nation states. And which paved the way for the rise of Absolute monarchy and the eventual rise of the nation state.

Galileo
Galileo had no intention of overthrowing the Catholic Church or undermining people's faith. These were still deeply religious thinkers and there was not great battle between science and religion in the seventeenth century. Now some of that will develop later. But we're still in a very different world here. And so we can see similar aspects in the work of Isaac Newton who was able to account for the planetary motions that Galileo had observed. And his simple, elegant laws of planetary motion were able to describe the behavior of bodies both on Earth and in the heavens




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