2018-02-09 TOEFL: behavior vocab, ind writing

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgrXd0NM2y8
What was the original scale Fahrenheit based his on?
- Water froze at 7.5 degrees and body temperature was 22.5
What was Fahrenheit’s first scale?
- Water froze at 8 degrees and body temperature was 24.
According to the speaker, why did he later multiply these numbers by 4 to get 32 and 96?
- An increase of 1 degree Fahrenheit is now almost exactly an expansion of 0.01% in the volume of mercury.
-40F = -40C
...
32F = 0C
41F = 5C
50F = 10C
59F = 15C
68F = 20C
77F = 25C
86F = 30C
95F = 35C
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Homework: finish the first page of the handout with your own definitions for the vocabulary
migration = movement of animals from one place to another (migrate, migratory)
population = a group of organisms of the same species (or the number in the group)
decline = decrease (n and v) (declining)
habitat = native environment for an organism
climate = average weather conditions (climatology)
trigger = cause (especially suddenly)
pattern = repeated or regular way something happens (patterned)
endangered = in danger of dying out
extinct = died out, not exist any more (extinction)
species = a related group of organisms, everywhere they exist (a type) (singular and plural)
colony = a group of organisms (of one species) living together in one place (colonize)
function = purpose, role
mechanism = method, system, or process
predator = an animal that kills and eats other animals (predate, predation, predatory)
herbivore = an animal that eats plants (herbivorous)
	carnivore = an animal that eats meat (carnivorous)
	omnivore = an animal that eats “everything” (omnivorous)
	(Bears are predators but not carnivores (they’re omnivores), vultures are carnivores but not predators.)
average = arithmetic mean (usually), or median or mode
theory = a well-tested and well-supported explanation for how something happens (theoretical, theorize)
	 (This means something more like “guess” or “hypothesis” when used outside of science.)
trait = characteristic
research = study scientifically (n or v)
contribute = help (contribution)
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Handout p. 33 part A - Write words from above that can replace the italic words in the sentences.
1 a population
  b triggered
2 a species
  b migration
3 a trait
  b defense mechanism
  c predators
4 a colonies
  b function
5 a endangered
  b extinct
6 a theory
  b habitat
7 a an average
  b herbivores
8 a mechanisms
  b contribute
part B - Complete the paragraph with the correct forms of the words.
1 patterns
2 migrate
3 endanger
4 climate (rising temperatures are an example of climate change)
5 research
6 average
7 climate
8 contribute
9 decline
10 extinction
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p. 34 - Take 3 minutes to answer the questions about the paragraph.
1 C - fact
2 B - negative fact
3 A - vocabulary
4 D - vocabulary
5 D - paraphrase
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p. 35 - take 45 seconds to read the text and take notes. Then listen and take notes.
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Writing Section: fourth and final section on the test, two tasks, 20 and 30 minutes of writing
1 integrated: 3 minutes to read a passage, listen to a lecture about the same topic, 20 minutes to write about the points from the lecture and how they relate to the points from the reading passage
2 independent: read a prompt (choice question), 30 minutes to write about and support your opinion
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A choice question can take two general forms:
- agree/disagree: “Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?”
- some people/other people: “Some people think…. Other prefer…. Which is better for you?”
The prompt always ends with “Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.”
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BREAK
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“word form problems” are usually about the part of speech you use
*I disagreement with the statement.
	-> I disagree with the statement.
*Taxes created financially fair.
	-> Taxes created financial fairness.
*Sometimes it is not safety enough.
	-> Sometimes it is not safe enough.
“identity” is a noun
“identify” is a verb
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“word choice” or “vocabulary choice” often means you used the wrong translation (because you’re thinking in your language) or you misspelled a word so now it’s another word.
*The lecture states that it is good, but the speaker disagrees.
	-> The reading states that it is good, but the speaker/lecturer disagrees.
	(In English, a lecture is something you listen to.)
*The speaker, in contract, gives the opposite opinion.
	-> in contrast
(This is more difficult to understand than something like “cntrast” or “contrasr”.)
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DELTA p. 404 - Six example prompts for independent writing.
- Strategies for answering and supporting your ideas for each one.
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The response will usually be a 5-paragraph essay:
1 Introduction: summarize the options you’re choosing between and state your choice
2-4 Body: state each reason for your opinion, support it with details ane examples
5 Conclusion: restate your opinion and summarize the reasons, prediction/recommendation/advice/plan
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You could type your outline on the computer, and you could also write a “framework” of transition signals to fill in with details as you go.
Some people believe
Others think
In my opinion,
I have three reasons for this opinion.

First of all,
This means
For example,

Second,
In other words,
For instance,

Finally,
To illustrate,
That is,

In conclusion, I believe
because
If you
you should remember
I hope
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A body paragraph needs to do a few different things:
- Express one reason for your opinion.
- Argue that the reason is true.
- Argue that the reason supports your thesis. (Explain the consequence of the reason.)
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Typically, an effective independent writing response has at least 300 words.
When writing at home, you can take more than 30 minutes, so you are able to finish all your sentences and paragraphs, but don’t take more than an hour.
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Homework: Write a response to this independent prompt:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
 In twenty years there will be fewer cars in use than there are today.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Email your responses to me at [email protected]