2019-11-12 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-animals-see-in-the-dark-anna-stockl
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Word Roots (list 2) - work together to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = cholor
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = with/together
          col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
          com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
          cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
          con before other consonants (except H): (concave, condone, confer)
          (co before vowels and H, and in new words like “copilot”)
cogni (cognizance, incognito) = think, know
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against (co+tra=contra; it’s the same ending that gives “extra”, “intro”, “retro”, which often expresses a direction)
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hide/secret (many words that start with “crypto” refer specifically to “cryptography”, which is a specific set of ways to hide information)
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away/apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialogue) = through/across/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = tell/say
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct, abduct) = lead/guide
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/movement
dys (dysfunction, dystopia, dyslexia) = bad
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-ed pronunciation:
/əd/ after /t/ or /d/ - needed, wanted, visited
/t/ after other voiceless sounds - stopped, missed, washed, laughed, walked
/d/ after everything else - stabbed, used, loved, begged, stayed, owed, called, judged, banged, banned
-s pronunciation:
/əs/ after /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ - misses, uses, washes, judges
/s/ after other voiceless sounds - stops, hits, laughs, walks
/z/ after everything else - stabs, loves, begs, stays, owes, calls, bangs, bans
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https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/ - See how common different words and expressions are, compare across genre (fiction, academic, news, etc.), and find words with a particular root in them.
	dys* - find all words that begin with “dys”, in order of frequency (in American English)
	*crypt* - find all words with the letters “crypt” in them somewhere
	*cline - find all words that end with “cline”
	depend * - find the most common words that come after “depend”
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- paraphrase / sentence restatement
- purpose
- inference
- reference/pronouns (probably not on the test any more)
- sentence insertion
- summary
- organize/categorize (probably not on the test any more)
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Restatement/Paraphrase Questions
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Cambridge exercise R11 - For each pair of sentences, is the meaning the Same or Different?
1 S
2 S
3 S
4 D
5 D
6 S
7 D
8 S
exercise R13 - Choose the correct restatement. Compare with your partners. If you disagree, try to convince them. (Pay close attention to the agent and receiver of each verb. Most of the wrong answer choices change who does what to whom.)
1 B
2 D
3 C (The width depends on the strength and nature of the fire. Only C says this.)
4 B (A and D don’t talk about medical quackery, which is the subject of the original sentence. C doesn’t mention that some of the diseases don’t really exist.)
5 D (The fly carries the protozoa. The protozoa causes sleeping sickness. The compound kills the protozoa. The other answer choices mix up one or more of these facts.)
6 A
7 B
8 C
9 A
10 A
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In a passage, the highlighted sentence might not make sense by itself. You may need to read at least the previous sentence and possibly skim more of the passage to understand what the sentence is about.
(For example, if the highlighted sentence starts with “for this reason”, the reason will be given in the previous sentence, and the correct answer may include a paraphrase of that sentence as well.)

Cengage exercise 5.2 - Take 10 minutes to answer the paraphrase questions. (Don’t try to read more than the bold sentence unless you need to in order to understand that sentence.)
1 C (A and D don’t mention the fight, and C is false because the first clause should be negative.)
2 A (B and C add comparisons that aren’t in the original; D adds the idea of validity which is not in the original)
3 B (A is true but incomplete.)
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Homework: finish exerciese 5.2