the farthest

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INDOXXI
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[wind blowing, static radio and chimes]

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[wind blowing, electronic sounds,
faint radio chatter]

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[wind blowing, electronic sounds]

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[radio static, faint radio chatter]

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[wind blowing, wolf howling]

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[faint Morse code style beeping]

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LARRY SODERBLOM:
It is really true

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that you can only explore
the solar system

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for the first time once.

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Ah... Voyager did that.

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[whale sounds]

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TOM KRIMIGIS:
How could one be so lucky?

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It's a dream and it came true.

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[Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F
(Golden Record)]

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BRAD SMITH:
Fifty years from now,

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Voyager will be the science project

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of the 20th century.

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The mission.

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The big mission.

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[Melancholy Blues (Louis Armstrong)]

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CANDY HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
It opened our eyes to worlds,

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to real worlds.

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[aircraft/rocket noises]

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[faint plucked guitar string]

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FRANK DRAKE:
This may in the long run be

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the only evidence that we ever existed.

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[faint plucked guitar string]

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CAROLYN PORCO:
Voyager to me was Homeric,

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it was years of passing
across the solar system

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from one planet to the other

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and then it was a week or two

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of frenzied activity
and discovery and conquest

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and then it was, well,
back in the boats,

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oars in the water and
then on to the next conquest.

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[faint white noise]

36
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["Wishing on a Star," Rose Royce]

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♪ I'm wishing on a star ♪

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♪ to follow where you are ♪

39
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♪ I'm wishing on a dream ♪

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SUZANNE DODD:
It is the little engine that could.

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Nobody really knows how it does it,

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but everybody's rooting for it.

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♪ ...and I wish on all
the rainbows that I've seen ♪

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TOM SPILKER:
Every second, it goes to another place

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where we have never been before.

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♪ ...who really dream,
and I'm wishing on tomorrow ♪

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DAVE LINICK:
Voyager takes the cake.

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It's the most audacious mission.

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Who'd have thought

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that we'd actually be able
to do that in 1977?

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♪ I'm wishing on a star... ♪

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[music finishes with final line]

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[soft piano]

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NARRATOR: In 1977, a team
of scientists and engineers

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launched a mission
of staggering ambition.

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Voyager.

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The initial idea was a grand
tour of the outermost planets...

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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

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What were their atmospheres like?

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Their moons?

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At the time, our knowledge
of these worlds was scant.

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[mechanical noises
and piano music plays]

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ED STONE: We knew a little
because you can observe

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from the Earth with telescopes.

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DON GURNETT:
We knew for example at Jupiter

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that there were moons...

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Io, Europa, Ganymede
and Callisto going around.

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[soft piano continues]

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STONE: We knew that
there were winds on Jupiter,

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we knew about the great
red spot on Jupiter,

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we knew that there was
trapped radiation,

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so we knew there was a magnetic field.

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[soft piano]

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CHARLEY KOHLHASE:
It was big.

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No, let's see, what did we know?

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We knew they were all gas giants,

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mostly made up of hydrogen and helium

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and some methane on the outer planets.

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[soft piano continues]

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TOM KRIMIGIS:
For Saturn, we knew about the rings

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and we knew about the major satellites,

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but hardly anything more than that,

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and it was all very fuzzy.

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[soft piano continues
and rattling noise comes in]

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HEIDI HAMMEL:
I had been staring at these planets

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through some of the best
telescopes on Earth,

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and yet all I could see was fuzzy blobs.

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[soft piano continues, chain
rattling, squeaking, clanking]

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FRAN BAGENAL:
Astronomers had worked pretty hard

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to know what the physical make-up was,

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there were some basic characteristics,

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but their real nature,
what they were really made of

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and what the means, moons, were like,

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we had none of that,
just little glimpses.

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[soft piano continues, now
accompanied by light guitar]

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[sea and bird sounds]

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HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
Human beings are a curious bunch.

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We want to know
what's around the corner.

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We have to go past
that next bend in the road,

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so it's some sort
of innate drive, I think,

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that we have, as a species.

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[light guitar & glockenspiel
music plays in the background]

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STONE: One of the key things
that made this mission possible

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was gravity assist.

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That is when you fly by Jupiter,
you turn the corner

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and you take a little bit

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of Jupiter's orbital speed with you.

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Like a slingshot,

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so you better make sure
Saturn's in the right place.

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NARRATOR:
The positions of the outer planets

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presented an opportunity.

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A rare alignment meant the time

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needed to cross the solar system

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could be slashed.

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[light guitar& glockenspiel music
continues in the background]

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SODERBLOM:
It would go Jupiter boom, Saturn boom,

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Uranus boom, Neptune boom.

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HAMMEL: The planets had to be
lined up in just the right way

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to allow one spacecraft to do that.

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SODERBLOM:
And that aligning up only occurs rarely.

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HAMMEL: That only happens
once like once every hundred,

122
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more than a hundred years.

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JIM BELL:
...175 years, something like that.

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KOHLHASE:
Once every 176 years.

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BELL:
The previous time it happened,

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exploration was wooden sailing ships.

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[guitar music continues]
[ocean]

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KRIMIGIS: It was named
"The Outer Planets Grand Tour,"

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and the cost of the mission
was estimated to be

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in excess of a billion dollars.

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The NASA administrator
went to the President,

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and he said the last time the planets

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were lined up like that,

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President Jefferson was sitting
at your desk, and he blew it.

135
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So, Mr. Nixon laughed
and said all right, just do two.

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So, only two planets.

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[electric guitar music begins]

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NARRATOR:
Jupiter and Saturn were officially a go.

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It would be a less grand...
but still ambitious... tour.

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00:06:13,249 --> 00:06:14,550
Yet the Voyager team

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wasn't ready to give up
on going farther.

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As they assembled the spacecraft
in a giant hangar,

143
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some of them kept a secret goal alive.

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[sounds of light turning on]

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KRIMIGIS:
We knew right from the get-go

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that we were going to try
as hard as we could

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to extend the mission
to go to Uranus and Neptune.

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KOHLHASE:
We designed that in from the beginning.

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We knew that we were endowing
Voyager with the option

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if the chance was there to use it.

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[percussion kicks in as music continues]

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JOHN CASANI: We didn't want to
build anything into the design

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00:06:57,659 --> 00:07:00,196
that would have prevented us
from going further.

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So, it was a mission
within a mission, yeah.

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00:07:04,333 --> 00:07:08,370
[heartbeat, bottle falls,
water splashes]

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BELL: A group of scientists
and visionaries realized

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that these spacecraft
would leave the solar system.

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They figured don't let
this opportunity pass,

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you're going to throw a bottle
into the ocean.

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Put a message in it.

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[high pitched string music begins]

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NARRATOR: What would we
want to tell intelligent aliens

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about our planet?

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What would we want
to tell them about us?

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The driving force behind the message

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was the astronomer Carl Sagan.

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WATERS: Would you expect someone
to find this record out there?

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Is there something out there?

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CARL SAGAN:
Well, nobody knows.

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One of the great unsolved questions

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is whether we're alone or whether...

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JON LOMBERG:
Carl Sagan has become probably

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the best-known scientist
of the late 20th century.

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00:07:47,943 --> 00:07:51,913
He was a working scientist,
he played a key role

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in many of the NASA missions
to the planets,

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including the Voyager one.

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00:07:56,485 --> 00:07:59,187
He was one of the scientists
on the Voyager imaging team,

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00:07:59,221 --> 00:08:03,525
but he also was the astronomer
who as much as any one person

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00:08:03,559 --> 00:08:07,229
made the study of
extraterrestrial life credible.

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CARL SAGAN:
A comment by Thomas Carlyle,

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a somewhat crusty old fellow

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who upon thinking about the stars said,

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"A sad spectacle.

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If they be inhabited, what
a scope for misery and folly.

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If they be not inhabited...
what a waste of space."

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[laughter]

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CASANI:
Carl Sagan was a good friend of mine,

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and I called him up and said,

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00:08:34,189 --> 00:08:36,157
"Hey, would you be willing to undertake

190
00:08:36,191 --> 00:08:37,526
to come up with something

191
00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:38,960
for us to put
on the Voyager spacecraft?"

192
00:08:38,994 --> 00:08:40,862
He says, "Yes, sure."

193
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And he told me he could do it
for 25,000 bucks,

194
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so I authorized him
to go ahead and do it,

195
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and I sort of was hands-off
at that point.

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BELL: The Golden Record
followed in the footsteps

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of a project called the Pioneer plaque.

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CASANI: The Pioneer spacecraft
had some line drawings

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00:08:57,579 --> 00:08:59,548
of a male and female form,

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and some people went absolutely bonkers.

201
00:09:01,350 --> 00:09:02,651
I don't know if you've seen it,

202
00:09:02,684 --> 00:09:04,353
but it's the most innocent thing
you can imagine,

203
00:09:04,386 --> 00:09:06,922
and it caused a lot of commotion.

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00:09:06,955 --> 00:09:08,824
But I thought that was great.

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LOMBERG: At first Carl thought
they'd simply do another plaque,

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00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:13,762
maybe with some more information,

207
00:09:13,795 --> 00:09:15,030
but Frank Drake...

208
00:09:15,063 --> 00:09:16,565
a brilliant theoretical physicist

209
00:09:16,598 --> 00:09:19,335
but also a very hands-on kind of guy,

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00:09:19,368 --> 00:09:20,736
he came up with the idea

211
00:09:20,769 --> 00:09:23,539
that for the same amount
of weight and space,

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00:09:23,572 --> 00:09:25,574
you could send a phonograph record.

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00:09:25,607 --> 00:09:28,510
[harp music]

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00:09:28,544 --> 00:09:31,347
DRAKE: The people who actually
did the science part of Voyager

215
00:09:31,380 --> 00:09:32,781
are always jealous and mad

216
00:09:32,814 --> 00:09:34,750
because the Golden Record
gets more attention

217
00:09:34,783 --> 00:09:36,652
than all the wonderful things they did

218
00:09:36,685 --> 00:09:39,220
exploring the outer planets
of the solar system

219
00:09:39,254 --> 00:09:41,089
except Pluto and all that.

220
00:09:41,122 --> 00:09:45,060
But the main attention goes
to the Golden Record.

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Because of the aura
that surrounds anything to do

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with extraterrestrial intelligent life,

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any kind of effort to contact
extraterrestrial life

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00:09:54,370 --> 00:09:56,672
is more fascinating
than knowing the chemical makeup

225
00:09:56,705 --> 00:09:59,107
of a mineral on Mars or something.

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00:09:59,140 --> 00:10:00,776
[laughs]

227
00:10:00,809 --> 00:10:03,612
LOMBERG:
The record is an old-style LP recording.

228
00:10:03,645 --> 00:10:05,681
The only difference is it's on metal,

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00:10:05,714 --> 00:10:08,484
and that's so it will last a long time.

230
00:10:08,517 --> 00:10:10,619
TIMOTHY FERRIS:
And it was recorded at half-speed

231
00:10:10,652 --> 00:10:12,921
so that gave us two hours of total time.

232
00:10:12,954 --> 00:10:15,290
An hour and a half of it
was devoted to music

233
00:10:15,323 --> 00:10:17,626
and the other half hour contains

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00:10:17,659 --> 00:10:19,628
all of the other data on the record,

235
00:10:19,661 --> 00:10:23,131
the natural sounds of Earth,
the spoken greetings

236
00:10:23,164 --> 00:10:25,901
and the encoded photographs of Earth.

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00:10:25,934 --> 00:10:27,836
LOMBERG: One of the first
questions a lot of people ask

238
00:10:27,869 --> 00:10:30,372
is, well, they'll never
figure out how to play it.

239
00:10:30,406 --> 00:10:32,641
And in fact, we included

240
00:10:32,674 --> 00:10:35,577
a cartridge and stylus
in the package with the record,

241
00:10:35,611 --> 00:10:39,047
and the drawing on the cover
of the record shows the method

242
00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:43,251
by which the stylus is to be
placed on the record.

243
00:10:43,284 --> 00:10:44,986
BELL:
Maybe what's written on it

244
00:10:45,020 --> 00:10:47,656
will seem like kindergarten
scribbles to them,

245
00:10:47,689 --> 00:10:49,925
but they should be able to figure it out

246
00:10:49,958 --> 00:10:53,695
if they've got some smart minds
or whatever's in their heads,

247
00:10:53,729 --> 00:10:55,063
if they even have heads.

248
00:10:55,096 --> 00:10:56,231
[spraying sounds]

249
00:10:56,264 --> 00:10:57,533
KOHLHASE:
What I find interesting

250
00:10:57,566 --> 00:10:59,635
is to protect it from the dust

251
00:10:59,668 --> 00:11:01,937
and tiny particles of the journey,

252
00:11:01,970 --> 00:11:03,772
they put a cover over it,

253
00:11:03,805 --> 00:11:09,411
and on the cover was engraved
the location of Earth,

254
00:11:09,445 --> 00:11:10,946
our solar system,

255
00:11:10,979 --> 00:11:14,816
in terms of its direction
from different pulsars.

256
00:11:14,850 --> 00:11:16,284
CASANI: A lot of people said,
well, why would you do that?

257
00:11:16,317 --> 00:11:17,786
I said what do you mean?

258
00:11:17,819 --> 00:11:19,387
They say, well, why would you
announce where you are,

259
00:11:19,421 --> 00:11:20,889
you know, because there
are aliens out there,

260
00:11:20,922 --> 00:11:23,492
that probably raid planets
and use them for food

261
00:11:23,525 --> 00:11:25,060
or eat the people or make them slaves.

262
00:11:25,093 --> 00:11:26,495
You know, if they find it,

263
00:11:26,528 --> 00:11:28,396
their technology is probably
more advanced than ours,

264
00:11:28,430 --> 00:11:29,765
they'll come here and destroy us,

265
00:11:29,798 --> 00:11:31,366
so why would you do something like that.

266
00:11:31,399 --> 00:11:33,469
Why would these people expose themselves

267
00:11:33,502 --> 00:11:35,704
to our voracious appetite?

268
00:11:35,737 --> 00:11:38,339
They must be very altruistic, you know?

269
00:11:41,142 --> 00:11:45,781
[whale sounds]

270
00:11:45,814 --> 00:11:49,751
[radio signals scrambling
and faint radio chatter]

271
00:11:49,785 --> 00:11:54,255
NARRATOR: In 1972, preparation
for the mission got underway.

272
00:11:54,289 --> 00:11:56,224
Other great journeys of discovery...

273
00:11:56,257 --> 00:11:58,927
by Magellan, Columbus, Da Gama...

274
00:11:58,960 --> 00:12:01,162
all involved more than one ship.

275
00:12:01,196 --> 00:12:03,431
And so would Voyager.

276
00:12:03,465 --> 00:12:07,435
Two spacecraft would be built...
two chances for success.

277
00:12:07,469 --> 00:12:08,737
[birds and wildlife noises]

278
00:12:08,770 --> 00:12:10,572
BELL:
One of the things I just admire most

279
00:12:10,606 --> 00:12:12,908
about the engineers who built Voyager

280
00:12:12,941 --> 00:12:14,209
is that they're always thinking

281
00:12:14,242 --> 00:12:17,513
about the most improbable things
happening.

282
00:12:17,546 --> 00:12:19,114
You know, you want to take those people

283
00:12:19,147 --> 00:12:21,049
on a camping trip with you
because they will think of...

284
00:12:21,082 --> 00:12:22,684
well, you've got to bring...

285
00:12:22,718 --> 00:12:25,053
what if these bugs come out,
what if the tent gets flooded,

286
00:12:25,086 --> 00:12:26,588
what if you run out of gas,

287
00:12:26,622 --> 00:12:28,524
what if you can't
start the fire, you know.

288
00:12:28,557 --> 00:12:30,325
They're the what if people,

289
00:12:30,358 --> 00:12:33,394
and when you're sending
something out into space

290
00:12:33,428 --> 00:12:36,732
you can't go do a service call,
you can't bring it back,

291
00:12:36,765 --> 00:12:40,536
so your what if list
had better be like that long

292
00:12:40,569 --> 00:12:44,506
or you're not going to be able
to survive.

293
00:12:44,540 --> 00:12:48,744
[machines spinning and grinding]

294
00:12:48,777 --> 00:12:50,979
FRANK LOCATELL:
These projects begin

295
00:12:51,012 --> 00:12:55,350
with a conceptualization period.

296
00:12:55,383 --> 00:12:57,218
How do we arrange the spacecraft,

297
00:12:57,252 --> 00:13:00,922
how do we take
the communications system,

298
00:13:00,956 --> 00:13:04,793
this large 12-foot diameter
fixed antenna,

299
00:13:04,826 --> 00:13:09,397
and arrange it relative
to the propulsion system?

300
00:13:09,430 --> 00:13:12,834
The spacecraft took on
the dimension of being a child,

301
00:13:12,868 --> 00:13:16,572
and our design teams, you know,
were like kind of parents.

302
00:13:16,605 --> 00:13:20,542
This was actually a nurturing process.

303
00:13:20,576 --> 00:13:28,183
Bringing that child,
if you will, into reality.

304
00:13:28,216 --> 00:13:31,152
CASANI: All spacecraft are made
basically of the same things,

305
00:13:31,186 --> 00:13:33,288
silicon and aluminum, that's about it.

306
00:13:33,321 --> 00:13:35,223
You know, that's probably 95% of it.

307
00:13:35,256 --> 00:13:37,025
Silicon and aluminum is cheap

308
00:13:37,058 --> 00:13:39,595
until you start making stuff
out if it, you know.

309
00:13:39,628 --> 00:13:41,362
[beeping machines
and low bass drum beats]

310
00:13:41,396 --> 00:13:43,364
RICH TERRILE: 1972 was when
you had the technology freeze,

311
00:13:43,398 --> 00:13:45,333
remember we launched in 1977,

312
00:13:45,366 --> 00:13:47,703
so you freeze technology
several years earlier,

313
00:13:47,736 --> 00:13:50,672
and at the time the biggest
computers in the world

314
00:13:50,706 --> 00:13:52,373
were comparable to the kinds of things

315
00:13:52,407 --> 00:13:54,309
we have in our pockets today,

316
00:13:54,342 --> 00:13:56,612
and I'm not talking about a cell phone.

317
00:13:56,645 --> 00:13:59,514
I'm actually talking about a key fob.

318
00:13:59,547 --> 00:14:01,149
CASANI:
What's wrong with 70s technology?

319
00:14:01,182 --> 00:14:06,121
I mean, you're looking at me,
I'm a 30s technology, right?

320
00:14:06,154 --> 00:14:08,123
I don't apologize for the limitations

321
00:14:08,156 --> 00:14:10,058
that we were working with at the time.

322
00:14:10,091 --> 00:14:15,230
We milked the technology
for what we could get from it.

323
00:14:15,263 --> 00:14:18,133
ED STONE:
Voyager is about 800 kilograms.

324
00:14:18,166 --> 00:14:20,802
Its main antenna is 12 feet in diameter,

325
00:14:20,836 --> 00:14:23,171
which was the largest we could launch.

326
00:14:23,204 --> 00:14:24,539
BELL:
There's this body,

327
00:14:24,572 --> 00:14:27,508
this ten-sided can called the bus,

328
00:14:27,542 --> 00:14:30,511
and that's got all the
electronics and the computers.

329
00:14:30,545 --> 00:14:33,749
And that's got these arms and
these appendages that stick out.

330
00:14:33,782 --> 00:14:36,317
It has these feet
that connected it to the rocket

331
00:14:36,351 --> 00:14:38,219
and then a really long arm

332
00:14:38,253 --> 00:14:40,488
with a magnetic field sensor
on it over here

333
00:14:40,521 --> 00:14:43,291
and another arm over there
with this plutonium power supply

334
00:14:43,324 --> 00:14:44,793
to give it its electricity.

335
00:14:44,826 --> 00:14:46,561
You can't keep that too close
to the spacecraft

336
00:14:46,594 --> 00:14:48,396
because it will radiate the spacecraft.

337
00:14:48,429 --> 00:14:50,298
And another arm with this device

338
00:14:50,331 --> 00:14:52,367
that had the cameras
and other instruments on it

339
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:54,535
that could point around,
kind of like the eyes,

340
00:14:54,569 --> 00:14:58,339
and the big antenna was the ears.

341
00:14:58,373 --> 00:15:00,241
STONE:
We had eleven scientific instruments

342
00:15:00,275 --> 00:15:03,378
peeking out to see what's out there.

343
00:15:03,411 --> 00:15:05,246
BELL:
When everything is fully extended

344
00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:06,915
to its greatest dimensions,

345
00:15:06,948 --> 00:15:11,486
it's comparable in size
to sort of a small school bus.

346
00:15:11,519 --> 00:15:14,589
A strange-looking being for our planet,

347
00:15:14,622 --> 00:15:17,025
but perfectly happy in space.

348
00:15:17,058 --> 00:15:27,101
[Beethoven's 5th]

349
00:15:27,102 --> 00:15:32,874
[Beethoven's 5th]

350
00:15:32,908 --> 00:15:38,179
[music continues]

351
00:15:38,213 --> 00:15:39,480
[Tchenhoukoumen percussion, Senegal]

352
00:15:39,514 --> 00:15:41,216
NARRATOR:
Beethoven's Fifth Symphony

353
00:15:41,249 --> 00:15:43,384
was one of twenty-seven pieces of music

354
00:15:43,418 --> 00:15:45,520
chosen for the Golden Record.

355
00:15:45,553 --> 00:15:49,524
FERRIS: I became the producer
of only one record in my career,

356
00:15:49,557 --> 00:15:51,359
and only two copies of it were made,

357
00:15:51,392 --> 00:15:53,261
and they were both hurled off the earth,

358
00:15:53,294 --> 00:15:55,230
so I don't know if that's
a credential or not.

359
00:15:55,263 --> 00:15:56,464
[needle sliding off record]

360
00:15:56,497 --> 00:15:58,666
[Izlel je Delyo Hajdutin
(Golden Record)]

361
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:01,169
The launch window for Voyager was set.

362
00:16:01,202 --> 00:16:04,472
and they sure as hell weren't
going to wait for the record.

363
00:16:04,505 --> 00:16:06,207
[Fairie Round--David Munrow]

364
00:16:06,241 --> 00:16:07,709
LOMBERG:
We had six weeks to do it,

365
00:16:07,743 --> 00:16:10,045
that's what always draws
the biggest gasp,

366
00:16:10,078 --> 00:16:13,048
that you had to figure out a way
to explain the world to aliens,

367
00:16:13,081 --> 00:16:15,616
and by the way it has to be
finished in six weeks.

368
00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:18,086
[Melancholy Blues--Louis Armstrong]

369
00:16:18,119 --> 00:16:21,356
FERRIS: We had two goals
in making the Voyager record,

370
00:16:21,389 --> 00:16:23,491
we wanted the music to represent

371
00:16:23,524 --> 00:16:25,593
many different cultures around the world

372
00:16:25,626 --> 00:16:28,163
and not just the culture of the society

373
00:16:28,196 --> 00:16:31,099
that had built and launched
the spacecraft.

374
00:16:31,132 --> 00:16:32,968
[Ugam--Azerbaijan bagpipes]

375
00:16:33,001 --> 00:16:36,637
The other criterion was we
wanted it to be a good record.

376
00:16:36,671 --> 00:16:38,206
[Mozart--Queen of the Night--Eda Moser]

377
00:16:38,239 --> 00:16:40,408
LOMBERG:
It's a very idiosyncratic message.

378
00:16:40,441 --> 00:16:42,911
It doesn't seem like something
made by a committee.

379
00:16:42,944 --> 00:16:44,412
It's too quirky.

380
00:16:44,445 --> 00:16:50,718
[Mozart--Queen of the Night--Eda Moser]

381
00:16:50,752 --> 00:16:54,455
[Cranes in Their Nest,
Japan (Shakuhachi)]

382
00:16:54,489 --> 00:16:56,157
FERRIS:
If you listen to the Voyager record,

383
00:16:56,191 --> 00:16:58,894
it would be remarkable if you
didn't hear some pieces of music

384
00:16:58,927 --> 00:17:01,362
that were quite unlike anything
you had heard before.

385
00:17:01,396 --> 00:17:03,431
The Japanese shakuhachi piece

386
00:17:03,464 --> 00:17:06,634
or the sixteen-year-old
pygmy girl singing

387
00:17:06,667 --> 00:17:08,169
what's called an initiation song,

388
00:17:08,203 --> 00:17:09,805
a kind of puberty song,

389
00:17:09,838 --> 00:17:14,810
in the Ituri forest of Africa
is just unbelievably beautiful.

390
00:17:14,843 --> 00:17:18,847
[Pygmy girl initiation song]

391
00:17:18,880 --> 00:17:20,181
There was a certain amount

392
00:17:20,215 --> 00:17:23,852
of hunting up rare records
here and there.

393
00:17:23,885 --> 00:17:28,556
I remember the back of an Indian
appliance store in New York

394
00:17:28,589 --> 00:17:30,591
where they had some Indian records,

395
00:17:30,625 --> 00:17:32,794
and there was one copy of a raga

396
00:17:32,828 --> 00:17:35,230
that we ended up putting on the record.

397
00:17:35,263 --> 00:17:40,035
[Jaat Kahan Ho--India--Surshri]

398
00:17:40,068 --> 00:17:41,803
[piano note]

399
00:17:41,837 --> 00:17:44,840
[cello]

400
00:17:44,873 --> 00:17:46,707
[cymbal crash]

401
00:17:46,741 --> 00:17:48,910
FERRIS: I would love
to have had a Bob Dylan piece.

402
00:17:48,944 --> 00:17:50,678
But really there's only room

403
00:17:50,711 --> 00:17:55,050
for at most one contemporary rock piece.

404
00:17:55,083 --> 00:17:56,717
[electric guitar]

405
00:17:56,751 --> 00:17:58,719
But you know you're up against
Chuck Berry's Johnny B. Goode,

406
00:17:58,753 --> 00:18:01,722
which Bob Dylan himself would
admit is an awfully good single.

407
00:18:01,756 --> 00:18:04,325
STEVE MARTIN:
It may be just four simple words,

408
00:18:04,359 --> 00:18:06,461
but it is the first positive proof

409
00:18:06,494 --> 00:18:09,397
that other intelligent beings
inhabit the universe.

410
00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:11,499
LARAINE NEWMAN:
What are the four words, Cocuwa?

411
00:18:11,532 --> 00:18:14,135
MARTIN:
Send more Chuck Berry.

412
00:18:14,169 --> 00:18:15,803
[laughter and applause]

413
00:18:15,837 --> 00:18:18,573
FERRIS:
The world is full of fantastic music,

414
00:18:18,606 --> 00:18:20,976
and it goes without saying
there's a lot more great music

415
00:18:21,009 --> 00:18:24,412
that's not on the Voyager record
than there is on it.

416
00:18:24,445 --> 00:18:25,780
Which is a good thing, too,

417
00:18:25,813 --> 00:18:27,883
I mean, if you imagine
living on a planet

418
00:18:27,916 --> 00:18:29,684
that was so pathetic

419
00:18:29,717 --> 00:18:33,421
that it only had 90 minutes
of decent music.

420
00:18:33,454 --> 00:18:35,556
NARRATOR:
In the summer of 1977,

421
00:18:35,590 --> 00:18:39,861
final preparations for two
launches began in Florida.

422
00:18:42,530 --> 00:18:43,999
BELL:
When it was launched,

423
00:18:44,032 --> 00:18:47,969
it was of course all folded up,
it was like origami.

424
00:18:48,003 --> 00:18:54,575
LOCATELL: Here was this almost
unexpected encapsulation.

425
00:18:54,609 --> 00:18:57,278
I mean, we knew that we were
going to be encapsulated,

426
00:18:57,312 --> 00:19:00,615
but the emotional effect on that
was kind of surprising,

427
00:19:00,648 --> 00:19:04,619
I noticed that
in just looking around me.

428
00:19:04,652 --> 00:19:07,688
I realized that this was the last time

429
00:19:07,722 --> 00:19:14,129
any of us were going to see
the spacecraft with eyes.

430
00:19:14,162 --> 00:19:19,300
And, um, that's a f...

431
00:19:19,334 --> 00:19:23,271
that's a fairly moving experience.

432
00:19:23,304 --> 00:19:24,805
[picture flash sounds]

433
00:19:24,839 --> 00:19:27,375
NARRATOR:
Journalists converged on Cape Canaveral

434
00:19:27,408 --> 00:19:30,745
to cover a once in a lifetime mission.

435
00:19:30,778 --> 00:19:32,547
FERRIS:
When the reporters came to the launch,

436
00:19:32,580 --> 00:19:35,750
they all wanted to know more
about the record.

437
00:19:35,783 --> 00:19:38,119
Most of the press release drawings

438
00:19:38,153 --> 00:19:40,121
show the other side of the spacecraft

439
00:19:40,155 --> 00:19:41,856
so you can't see the record.

440
00:19:41,889 --> 00:19:44,859
There was always a lot of
ambiguity in NASA about this.

441
00:19:44,892 --> 00:19:47,495
There's no question that
the Voyager record is useless

442
00:19:47,528 --> 00:19:49,564
from a scientific standpoint,

443
00:19:49,597 --> 00:19:53,001
and the officials reluctantly
arranged a press conference.

444
00:19:53,034 --> 00:19:56,837
[polka music plays]

445
00:19:56,871 --> 00:19:59,074
FERRIS:
The press conference was a joke really.

446
00:19:59,107 --> 00:20:01,476
It was held in a hotel room

447
00:20:01,509 --> 00:20:04,845
separated by one of those
accordion folding barriers

448
00:20:04,879 --> 00:20:07,415
from what was literally,
as memory serves me,

449
00:20:07,448 --> 00:20:09,550
a Polish wedding reception.

450
00:20:09,584 --> 00:20:11,086
We did the whole press conference

451
00:20:11,119 --> 00:20:14,889
with the oompah sound of
a wedding reception next door.

452
00:20:14,922 --> 00:20:17,292
But I think the public seemed to get it.

453
00:20:17,325 --> 00:20:20,428
[polka music plays]

454
00:20:20,461 --> 00:20:22,130
MAN ON LOUDSPEAKER:
Environmental control, ready.

455
00:20:22,163 --> 00:20:23,498
MAN: Roger.

456
00:20:23,531 --> 00:20:26,634
KOHLHASE:
We actually launched Voyager 2 first,

457
00:20:26,667 --> 00:20:32,107
and this gave the media,
uh, drove them nuts.

458
00:20:32,140 --> 00:20:34,309
We launched Voyager 1 later,

459
00:20:34,342 --> 00:20:36,811
but it was launched
on a faster trajectory,

460
00:20:36,844 --> 00:20:41,282
so it overtook Voyager 2
in December of 1977.

461
00:20:41,316 --> 00:20:42,783
From that point on, Voyager 1

462
00:20:42,817 --> 00:20:45,520
always got to the planet
before Voyager 2,

463
00:20:45,553 --> 00:20:47,455
and the press was happy,
they understood it.

464
00:20:47,488 --> 00:20:48,889
SPEAKER OVER TANNOY:
We have just had a report

465
00:20:48,923 --> 00:20:52,460
from John Casani,
the Voyager project manager,

466
00:20:52,493 --> 00:20:56,364
that we'll be able
to count down at 10:25.

467
00:20:56,397 --> 00:21:00,135
[gentle guitar music]

468
00:21:00,168 --> 00:21:02,203
NARRATOR:
After five years of planning,

469
00:21:02,237 --> 00:21:05,473
the assembly of the spacecraft's
65,000 parts

470
00:21:05,506 --> 00:21:08,176
and untold mathematical calculations,

471
00:21:08,209 --> 00:21:09,810
it all came down to this.

472
00:21:09,844 --> 00:21:11,179
[gentle guitar music]

473
00:21:11,212 --> 00:21:16,784
SPEAKER:
Five, four, three, two, one.

474
00:21:16,817 --> 00:21:20,288
We have ignition and we have lift-off.

475
00:21:20,321 --> 00:21:22,790
LOCATELL:
You see those solids ignite,

476
00:21:22,823 --> 00:21:26,427
and you are really not prepared
for what's about to occur.

477
00:21:26,461 --> 00:21:28,696
[gentle guitar music]

478
00:21:28,729 --> 00:21:36,804
The sound waves then catch up
and then this forceful shaking,

479
00:21:36,837 --> 00:21:43,978
the body is actually moved
in resonance with this energy,

480
00:21:44,011 --> 00:21:45,946
shaking it, right.

481
00:21:45,980 --> 00:21:48,416
[audio of rocket taking off]

482
00:21:48,449 --> 00:21:49,884
LOMBERG:
We were sitting in bleachers,

483
00:21:49,917 --> 00:21:52,453
and they keep you pretty far
from the launch vehicle

484
00:21:52,487 --> 00:21:55,656
because they can explode, and
it's basically, it's a big bomb.

485
00:21:55,690 --> 00:21:57,425
LINDA SPILKER:
So there's a little bit

486
00:21:57,458 --> 00:21:59,694
of holding your breath and
wanting to make sure you see it

487
00:21:59,727 --> 00:22:04,365
get that first little motion
off the pad starting into space.

488
00:22:04,399 --> 00:22:05,766
[atmospheric guitar music]

489
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:07,535
DRAKE:
We were all thinking this thought.

490
00:22:07,568 --> 00:22:10,405
There it goes, it's going to be
out there to represent us

491
00:22:10,438 --> 00:22:12,240
for the next five billion years.

492
00:22:12,273 --> 00:22:19,614
[audio of crowd cheering and clapping]

493
00:22:19,647 --> 00:22:23,384
LOCATELL:
There were outbursts of joy.

494
00:22:23,418 --> 00:22:25,786
We were on our way!

495
00:22:27,122 --> 00:22:28,356
CASANI:
And then we launched it,

496
00:22:28,389 --> 00:22:30,425
and then other things went crazy.

497
00:22:30,458 --> 00:22:33,161
[piano music]
[radio noises]

498
00:22:33,194 --> 00:22:34,729
The spacecraft began to do things

499
00:22:34,762 --> 00:22:37,932
that we had no expectation
that it would have done.

500
00:22:37,965 --> 00:22:39,867
STONE:
Voyager was not in control of itself,

501
00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:41,736
it's just riding this big rocket,

502
00:22:41,769 --> 00:22:43,404
and that was shaking it in such a way

503
00:22:43,438 --> 00:22:45,506
that it thought it was failing,

504
00:22:45,540 --> 00:22:47,775
and so it started
switching off various boxes,

505
00:22:47,808 --> 00:22:50,044
changing to the back-up this,
to the back-up that.

506
00:22:50,077 --> 00:22:52,547
Trying to figure out why
all this stuff was happening.

507
00:22:52,580 --> 00:22:54,549
CASANI: As the launch vehicle
leaves the launchpad,

508
00:22:54,582 --> 00:22:56,951
it has to roll through a certain angle

509
00:22:56,984 --> 00:22:59,820
to get to the right direction
for departure,

510
00:22:59,854 --> 00:23:02,823
and the rate that it rolls at
is a much higher rate

511
00:23:02,857 --> 00:23:06,161
than the spacecraft would ever
normally experience flying,

512
00:23:06,194 --> 00:23:09,130
and so the gyro hits the stops.

513
00:23:09,164 --> 00:23:11,266
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
Us poor people on Earth,

514
00:23:11,299 --> 00:23:13,934
we're like what is it doing?

515
00:23:13,968 --> 00:23:16,437
CASANI: For a couple of days
it was a real nail-biter.

516
00:23:16,471 --> 00:23:18,773
People were asking us,
have you lost the spacecraft

517
00:23:18,806 --> 00:23:21,008
and we would say we don't know for sure

518
00:23:21,041 --> 00:23:22,477
because we didn't know for sure.

519
00:23:22,510 --> 00:23:26,281
LINICK:
And the headline read "Mutiny in Space".

520
00:23:26,314 --> 00:23:28,416
The Voyager spacecraft had decided

521
00:23:28,449 --> 00:23:30,818
it just didn't want
to follow the instructions

522
00:23:30,851 --> 00:23:32,687
that its human controllers
were giving it

523
00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:35,022
and it was going to do
what it wanted to do.

524
00:23:35,055 --> 00:23:37,057
BELL: So early in the
mission it's like, oh, man,

525
00:23:37,091 --> 00:23:39,694
is this mission going to be
plagued with problems?

526
00:23:39,727 --> 00:23:43,331
Is there some fundamental flaw
in the design?

527
00:23:43,364 --> 00:23:46,201
LOCATELL:
That was a cliff hanger.

528
00:23:46,234 --> 00:23:48,135
That was the end of the mission.

529
00:23:48,169 --> 00:23:50,738
It could have been
the end of the mission.

530
00:23:50,771 --> 00:23:52,507
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
Fortunately, the person

531
00:23:52,540 --> 00:23:54,141
who had written that code

532
00:23:54,175 --> 00:23:58,012
was able to say this is OK,
it's doing this, it tried that,

533
00:23:58,045 --> 00:24:02,082
it's doing this, it tried that
and calm everyone else down.

534
00:24:02,116 --> 00:24:06,654
[bird sounds]

535
00:24:06,687 --> 00:24:08,756
The limits were set simply too tight.

536
00:24:08,789 --> 00:24:13,928
It needed to be able
to wiggle more and vibrate more.

537
00:24:13,961 --> 00:24:15,530
[bird sounds]

538
00:24:15,563 --> 00:24:19,267
NARRATOR: Finally stabilized,
Voyager 2 was bound for Jupiter.

539
00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:22,036
The launch of Voyager 1
was coming up fast,

540
00:24:22,069 --> 00:24:23,338
so the team scrambled

541
00:24:23,371 --> 00:24:25,473
to fine-tune the spacecraft's software

542
00:24:25,506 --> 00:24:27,708
to head off another mutiny.

543
00:24:27,742 --> 00:24:29,877
With the launch window closing soon,

544
00:24:29,910 --> 00:24:33,214
Voyager 1 finally took off.

545
00:24:33,248 --> 00:24:37,252
But rocket science
is famously complicated.

546
00:24:37,285 --> 00:24:39,454
SPEAKER:
Centaur 6, Titan Centaur 6

547
00:24:39,487 --> 00:24:40,955
has lifted off at 8:56 from here

548
00:24:40,988 --> 00:24:43,458
at the Cape Canaveral
Air Force Station...

549
00:24:43,491 --> 00:24:45,025
KOHLHASE:
We're thinking everything's OK,

550
00:24:45,059 --> 00:24:48,195
and then we begin to hear
that something wasn't right.

551
00:24:48,229 --> 00:24:49,764
CASANI:
I looked over at him

552
00:24:49,797 --> 00:24:51,499
and he looked like he was
a little worried, you know.

553
00:24:51,532 --> 00:24:53,000
And I said what's the matter, Charley?

554
00:24:53,033 --> 00:24:54,502
And he says I don't know,

555
00:24:54,535 --> 00:24:57,472
I don't think we're
going to make it, you know.

556
00:24:57,505 --> 00:24:59,507
There was a leak in the propellant line,

557
00:24:59,540 --> 00:25:01,409
and we were losing propellant overboard,

558
00:25:01,442 --> 00:25:03,143
so while it was burning,

559
00:25:03,177 --> 00:25:05,045
propellant was escaping
from the launch vehicle

560
00:25:05,079 --> 00:25:08,148
and second stage never got
to deliver its full thrust

561
00:25:08,182 --> 00:25:09,917
because it ran out of fuel.

562
00:25:09,950 --> 00:25:12,353
STONE: And so, the upper stage
which was a Centaur...

563
00:25:12,387 --> 00:25:15,055
liquid hydrogen and oxygen stage...

564
00:25:15,089 --> 00:25:16,557
had to make up for that.

565
00:25:16,591 --> 00:25:18,058
CASANI:
And the Centaur is the stage

566
00:25:18,092 --> 00:25:19,294
that's doing the guidance,

567
00:25:19,327 --> 00:25:20,728
so the Centaur knows

568
00:25:20,761 --> 00:25:22,863
that it's not reaching
the required velocity,

569
00:25:22,897 --> 00:25:25,933
and when it separates
from the second stage

570
00:25:25,966 --> 00:25:30,905
it knows it has to burn longer
to add more velocity.

571
00:25:30,938 --> 00:25:33,341
KOHLHASE:
The Centaur had to use

572
00:25:33,374 --> 00:25:37,778
1,200 pounds of extra propellant.

573
00:25:37,812 --> 00:25:39,414
Now we're all thinking

574
00:25:39,447 --> 00:25:42,283
is it going to have enough
left in the tanks

575
00:25:42,317 --> 00:25:46,821
or is it going to run out of fuel?

576
00:25:46,854 --> 00:25:51,759
Fortunately, it had three and
a half seconds of thrusting left

577
00:25:51,792 --> 00:25:54,495
before it had run to fuel depletion.

578
00:25:54,529 --> 00:25:56,397
Three and a half seconds,

579
00:25:56,431 --> 00:25:59,667
so Voyager 1 just barely made it.

580
00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:01,268
CASANI:
It wouldn't have gotten enough velocity

581
00:26:01,302 --> 00:26:02,703
to get to Jupiter, you know,

582
00:26:02,737 --> 00:26:04,405
so instead of getting
to Jupiter, you know,

583
00:26:04,439 --> 00:26:06,073
we'd have gotten almost to Jupiter

584
00:26:06,106 --> 00:26:08,042
and then we'd come back toward the sun,

585
00:26:08,075 --> 00:26:10,277
which would not have been good.
[laughs]

586
00:26:10,311 --> 00:26:11,879
[Gallagher & Lyle "Breakaway"]

587
00:26:11,912 --> 00:26:16,551
♪ I watch the distant lights
go down the runway ♪

588
00:26:16,584 --> 00:26:21,021
♪ Disappear into the evening sky ♪

589
00:26:21,055 --> 00:26:26,427
♪ Oh, you know I'm with you
on your journey ♪

590
00:26:26,461 --> 00:26:29,063
♪ Never could say goodbye ♪

591
00:26:29,096 --> 00:26:32,533
LOCATELL: And then of course,
you know, there's the thought

592
00:26:32,567 --> 00:26:37,004
that it's out of our hands.

593
00:26:37,037 --> 00:26:43,310
Now the major reason for this
mission was about to unfold,

594
00:26:43,344 --> 00:26:45,546
that is the science.

595
00:26:45,580 --> 00:26:55,222
But our role as keepers,
as progenitors, as...

596
00:26:55,255 --> 00:26:58,292
our role had been finished.

597
00:26:58,325 --> 00:27:00,094
[Gallagher & Lyle "Breakaway"]

598
00:27:00,127 --> 00:27:04,064
♪ Though I won't stop you,
I don't want you to ♪

599
00:27:04,098 --> 00:27:09,370
♪ Break away ♪

600
00:27:09,404 --> 00:27:13,273
♪ Fly across your ocean ♪

601
00:27:13,307 --> 00:27:18,579
♪ Break away ♪

602
00:27:18,613 --> 00:27:22,450
♪ Time has come for you ♪

603
00:27:22,483 --> 00:27:27,988
♪ Break away ♪

604
00:27:28,022 --> 00:27:31,859
♪ Fly across your ocean ♪

605
00:27:31,892 --> 00:27:37,131
♪ Break away ♪

606
00:27:37,164 --> 00:27:42,803
♪ Time has come ♪

607
00:27:42,837 --> 00:27:44,138
[radio signals and white noise]

608
00:27:44,171 --> 00:27:45,740
NARRATOR:
Thanks to the dedicated work

609
00:27:45,773 --> 00:27:48,543
of hundreds of the world's best
scientists and engineers,

610
00:27:48,576 --> 00:27:52,447
the twin Voyagers had at last
embarked on their odyssey

611
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:54,449
across the solar system.

612
00:27:54,482 --> 00:27:59,153
The first leg was almost
400 million miles to Jupiter.

613
00:27:59,186 --> 00:28:02,356
SODERBLOM:
You can never really imagine...

614
00:28:02,389 --> 00:28:04,391
you can try, but you can
never really imagine

615
00:28:04,425 --> 00:28:09,163
what mother nature
will actually have in store

616
00:28:09,196 --> 00:28:10,798
when you get there.

617
00:28:10,831 --> 00:28:20,874
[classical music]

618
00:28:20,875 --> 00:28:25,846
[classical music]

619
00:28:27,515 --> 00:28:29,817
LAWRENCE KRAUSS: It's worth
realizing that a human life ago,

620
00:28:29,850 --> 00:28:32,286
less than 100 years ago, 87 years ago,

621
00:28:32,319 --> 00:28:35,322
the universe consisted of one,
of one galaxy,

622
00:28:35,355 --> 00:28:36,924
our Milky Way galaxy,

623
00:28:36,957 --> 00:28:40,761
in a static eternal universe
with eternal empty space.

624
00:28:40,795 --> 00:28:43,363
We didn't know about the other
hundred billion galaxies

625
00:28:43,397 --> 00:28:45,132
a single human lifetime ago.

626
00:28:45,165 --> 00:28:47,134
[classical string melody]

627
00:28:47,167 --> 00:28:49,169
NARRATOR:
In January 1979,

628
00:28:49,203 --> 00:28:56,076
Voyager 1 was coming up on its
first planetary encounter,

629
00:28:56,110 --> 00:28:59,013
and Voyager 2 was four months behind.

630
00:28:59,046 --> 00:29:02,249
[classical string melody]

631
00:29:02,282 --> 00:29:06,320
SODERBLOM:
It seems like time really flew.

632
00:29:06,353 --> 00:29:09,724
SMITH:
I don't think we really fully understood

633
00:29:09,757 --> 00:29:11,592
before the first Jupiter encounter

634
00:29:11,626 --> 00:29:13,260
just how intense it was going to be.

635
00:29:13,293 --> 00:29:15,763
No, we didn't.

636
00:29:15,796 --> 00:29:18,899
We found out.
[laughs]

637
00:29:18,933 --> 00:29:21,936
STONE:
You start working on a mission in 1972,

638
00:29:21,969 --> 00:29:26,874
you launch in 1977,
all of that there's no science,

639
00:29:26,907 --> 00:29:28,576
it's all getting ready.

640
00:29:28,609 --> 00:29:32,012
And then March '79... the flood.

641
00:29:32,046 --> 00:29:42,088
[piano music]

642
00:29:42,089 --> 00:29:47,494
[piano music]

643
00:29:47,528 --> 00:29:52,733
TERRILE:
The encounters, they creep up on you.

644
00:29:52,767 --> 00:29:54,802
LINICK: When we were
approaching, every picture

645
00:29:54,835 --> 00:29:58,405
was the greatest picture
ever taken of Jupiter.

646
00:29:58,438 --> 00:30:00,107
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
In the beginning,

647
00:30:00,140 --> 00:30:01,408
it would be just a little dot

648
00:30:01,441 --> 00:30:03,611
getting bigger on the screen every day,

649
00:30:03,644 --> 00:30:06,547
and as we would get closer and closer

650
00:30:06,581 --> 00:30:10,350
the images became more dramatic.

651
00:30:10,384 --> 00:30:12,687
BELL:
Incredibly strange and beautiful,

652
00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:19,426
and now by Voyager revealed
in all of its splendor.

653
00:30:19,459 --> 00:30:21,829
TERRILE: That acceleration
as you're approaching encounters

654
00:30:21,862 --> 00:30:24,398
is really something that becomes
very, very exciting.

655
00:30:24,431 --> 00:30:26,400
We called it drinking
out of a fire hose, you know,

656
00:30:26,433 --> 00:30:27,635
you're trying to take a little sip,

657
00:30:27,668 --> 00:30:30,370
and this torrent of data is coming out.

658
00:30:32,439 --> 00:30:33,841
JOURNALIST:
Would someone care to speculate

659
00:30:33,874 --> 00:30:36,310
what you would say to Galileo Galilei

660
00:30:36,343 --> 00:30:39,346
if he walked into the room today?

661
00:30:39,379 --> 00:30:42,282
SMITH: How... how,
how are you able to live so long?

662
00:30:42,316 --> 00:30:47,521
[laughter]

663
00:30:47,554 --> 00:30:49,123
STONE:
I think Galileo...

664
00:30:49,156 --> 00:30:51,592
STONE: Jupiter is more than
ten times the diameter of Earth,

665
00:30:51,626 --> 00:30:54,294
it's huge, and it's mainly
hydrogen and helium,

666
00:30:54,328 --> 00:30:55,963
there are no solid surface
on these planets.

667
00:30:55,996 --> 00:30:59,800
These planets are liquid,
gas and liquid deep inside.

668
00:30:59,834 --> 00:31:01,669
ANDREW INGERSOLL:
The gas is compressed

669
00:31:01,702 --> 00:31:02,870
the farther down you go,

670
00:31:02,903 --> 00:31:05,339
and it gets very hot indeed

671
00:31:05,372 --> 00:31:09,476
and you would melt, vaporize, in fact,

672
00:31:09,509 --> 00:31:11,578
if you tried to fly through Jupiter.

673
00:31:11,612 --> 00:31:14,014
INGERSOLL:
Let me first modify your statement,

674
00:31:14,048 --> 00:31:15,582
not that it was wrong...

675
00:31:15,616 --> 00:31:19,353
INGERSOLL: The atmospheric
scientists got long-range views

676
00:31:19,386 --> 00:31:22,089
because we weren't looking
at tiny moons,

677
00:31:22,122 --> 00:31:24,558
we were looking at the big planet,

678
00:31:24,591 --> 00:31:26,593
and so we could see things going on

679
00:31:26,627 --> 00:31:29,897
before the other groups
could see things,

680
00:31:29,930 --> 00:31:35,335
and we were always the first
to start shouting.

681
00:31:35,369 --> 00:31:39,674
SMITH: Even to this day
we don't fly color detectors.

682
00:31:39,707 --> 00:31:43,744
You get a much higher-resolution
image in black and white,

683
00:31:43,778 --> 00:31:45,680
and so when we want to make color,

684
00:31:45,713 --> 00:31:47,414
we take them through different filters

685
00:31:47,447 --> 00:31:49,283
and then on the ground
you put it together

686
00:31:49,316 --> 00:31:51,551
and make a color image out of it.

687
00:31:51,585 --> 00:31:57,391
[low dramatic electronic rhythm music]

688
00:31:57,424 --> 00:31:59,026
INGERSOLL:
You go to Jupiter

689
00:31:59,059 --> 00:32:02,229
and you have a storm that's been
around for more than 300 years,

690
00:32:02,262 --> 00:32:03,798
that's the Great Red Spot.

691
00:32:03,831 --> 00:32:08,202
You could fit two or three
Earths inside it.

692
00:32:08,235 --> 00:32:10,705
When Voyager started getting
close-up images,

693
00:32:10,738 --> 00:32:13,440
we realized that it was very active,

694
00:32:13,473 --> 00:32:15,542
and that deepened the mystery

695
00:32:15,575 --> 00:32:18,679
of how these big storms could even exist

696
00:32:18,713 --> 00:32:22,683
with all this turbulence going on.

697
00:32:22,717 --> 00:32:26,821
SMITH: It was swallowing up
clouds and spitting out others.

698
00:32:26,854 --> 00:32:32,426
We knew that it was a vortex,
but to see it in action...

699
00:32:32,459 --> 00:32:35,295
NARRATOR: Another feature
of Jupiter's dynamic environment

700
00:32:35,329 --> 00:32:37,798
posed a great danger to Voyager.

701
00:32:37,832 --> 00:32:43,203
Powerful radiation might destroy
the spacecraft's electronics.

702
00:32:43,237 --> 00:32:44,538
BELL:
Every day you're wondering

703
00:32:44,571 --> 00:32:46,273
did we build the spacecraft well enough?

704
00:32:46,306 --> 00:32:48,809
Did we anticipate
all the possible things

705
00:32:48,843 --> 00:32:50,410
that could go wrong?

706
00:32:50,444 --> 00:32:58,052
[low dramatic electronic rhythm music]

707
00:32:58,085 --> 00:33:00,687
BELL: You're approaching
this monster magnetic field,

708
00:33:00,721 --> 00:33:03,824
this monster radiation
environment on purpose,

709
00:33:03,858 --> 00:33:05,826
because you need to get close
because you want to see

710
00:33:05,860 --> 00:33:08,796
all the little moons
and the clouds and the storms

711
00:33:08,829 --> 00:33:11,465
and you want to slingshot on to Saturn,

712
00:33:11,498 --> 00:33:14,568
but you just don't know
if you're going to survive.

713
00:33:14,601 --> 00:33:16,103
Thing gets fried, you lose the mission.

714
00:33:16,136 --> 00:33:18,105
Still out there physically
intact probably,

715
00:33:18,138 --> 00:33:21,776
but unable to communicate
with it, the mission's over.

716
00:33:21,809 --> 00:33:25,612
LOCATELL: Two months before
shipping to the Cape for launch,

717
00:33:25,645 --> 00:33:28,115
the scientists were predicting

718
00:33:28,148 --> 00:33:31,085
that the magnetic fields around Jupiter

719
00:33:31,118 --> 00:33:35,689
were intense enough that they
would accelerate particles.

720
00:33:35,722 --> 00:33:39,559
Whoa! We were hearing
initially 40,000 volts,

721
00:33:39,593 --> 00:33:42,662
that would be the end of our spacecraft.

722
00:33:42,696 --> 00:33:46,133
Cabling on these appendages
were conductors

723
00:33:46,166 --> 00:33:48,035
that would take these destroying pulses

724
00:33:48,068 --> 00:33:51,806
and just feed them right
into our systems and kill us,

725
00:33:51,839 --> 00:33:55,709
so we needed to ground everything.

726
00:33:55,742 --> 00:33:56,877
We didn't have time

727
00:33:56,911 --> 00:33:59,613
to go through the normal design reviews,

728
00:33:59,646 --> 00:34:03,517
so in order to get this
protection done quickly enough,

729
00:34:03,550 --> 00:34:06,353
an ad hoc team was formed

730
00:34:06,386 --> 00:34:08,889
and we did some things
that were out of the ordinary,

731
00:34:08,923 --> 00:34:11,525
very out of the ordinary.

732
00:34:11,558 --> 00:34:14,161
I can remember asking
one of the technicians

733
00:34:14,194 --> 00:34:17,531
to go out and buy aluminum foil.

734
00:34:17,564 --> 00:34:20,467
It was the only material
that was available to us.

735
00:34:20,500 --> 00:34:26,706
Normally our procurement
of spacecraft hardware supplies,

736
00:34:26,740 --> 00:34:32,312
materials, are a much more
sophisticated process.

737
00:34:32,346 --> 00:34:35,315
We're actually cutting continuous strips

738
00:34:35,349 --> 00:34:38,819
and then cleaning them
with wipes and alcohol

739
00:34:38,853 --> 00:34:43,690
and then finally wrapping these
on all of our exterior cabling,

740
00:34:43,723 --> 00:34:48,528
but yeah, same material
that's in your Christmas turkey.

741
00:34:48,562 --> 00:34:51,165
I don't think we created
any shortage per se.

742
00:34:51,198 --> 00:34:53,533
It may have been a local shortage

743
00:34:53,567 --> 00:34:55,970
in the local grocery store
for a few days

744
00:34:56,003 --> 00:34:57,804
until they reordered right.

745
00:34:57,838 --> 00:35:00,875
Your turkey wrapping
is protecting Voyager,

746
00:35:00,908 --> 00:35:03,477
and now fast forward, you know,

747
00:35:03,510 --> 00:35:06,646
did we know whether we had done enough?

748
00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:11,551
[radiation sounds Voyager
recorded at Jupiter]

749
00:35:11,585 --> 00:35:13,787
NARRATOR:
Voyager survived the onslaught

750
00:35:13,820 --> 00:35:18,658
and went on to record signals
that led to a discovery.

751
00:35:18,692 --> 00:35:20,560
DON GURNETT:
If you had the right kind of antennas

752
00:35:20,594 --> 00:35:24,498
on your ears, you could go out
and hear what we record.

753
00:35:24,531 --> 00:35:26,200
I'm going to call them radio sounds

754
00:35:26,233 --> 00:35:28,802
because we have to detect them
with antennas.

755
00:35:28,835 --> 00:35:32,272
Amazingly we heard all kinds of sounds.

756
00:35:32,306 --> 00:35:35,609
[whistling frequency sounds]

757
00:35:35,642 --> 00:35:36,944
Whistlers.

758
00:35:36,977 --> 00:35:40,881
These things that go,
[whistling sound] like that.

759
00:35:40,915 --> 00:35:43,317
Yeah, whistlers mean lightning.

760
00:35:43,350 --> 00:35:45,719
There are lightning flashes at Jupiter

761
00:35:45,752 --> 00:35:47,187
that would go halfway

762
00:35:47,221 --> 00:35:48,822
from the east coast of the United States

763
00:35:48,855 --> 00:35:50,424
to the west coast.

764
00:35:50,457 --> 00:35:52,326
That was the first detection
of lightning

765
00:35:52,359 --> 00:35:54,895
on a planet other than Earth.

766
00:35:54,929 --> 00:35:56,596
NARRATOR:
The two Voyagers were poised

767
00:35:56,630 --> 00:35:58,899
to study Jupiter's little known moons.

768
00:35:58,933 --> 00:36:00,300
[background music,
fast strings with slow piano chords]

769
00:36:00,334 --> 00:36:03,137
[high pitched radio noises]

770
00:36:03,170 --> 00:36:05,439
Having picked up 36,000 miles an hour

771
00:36:05,472 --> 00:36:07,707
from Jupiter's gravity assist,

772
00:36:07,741 --> 00:36:09,977
the spacecraft were now traveling fast.

773
00:36:10,010 --> 00:36:12,146
[background music,
fast strings with slow piano chords]

774
00:36:12,179 --> 00:36:14,148
SODERBLOM:
When you're on a flyby mission,

775
00:36:14,181 --> 00:36:16,783
there ain't no second chance.

776
00:36:16,816 --> 00:36:18,252
KOHLHASE:
We were getting pictures,

777
00:36:18,285 --> 00:36:19,686
they were getting better and better,

778
00:36:19,719 --> 00:36:21,956
and you could begin to see detail

779
00:36:21,989 --> 00:36:23,723
as these moons got bigger.

780
00:36:23,757 --> 00:36:26,693
You know the dread you have
is that you don't want to see

781
00:36:26,726 --> 00:36:28,562
a lot of worlds that look
like Earth's moon.

782
00:36:28,595 --> 00:36:30,064
Let's face it, it's dull.

783
00:36:30,097 --> 00:36:34,534
SODERBLOM:
I think everyone figured they would be

784
00:36:34,568 --> 00:36:37,871
just battered ice-balls, you know,

785
00:36:37,904 --> 00:36:39,573
kind of like the highlands of the moon,

786
00:36:39,606 --> 00:36:41,308
nothing but impact craters.

787
00:36:41,341 --> 00:36:42,709
And when we saw Callisto,

788
00:36:42,742 --> 00:36:45,079
basically it's totally hammered, right,

789
00:36:45,112 --> 00:36:46,913
it's saturated with impact craters.

790
00:36:46,947 --> 00:36:51,151
Ganymede shows a lot of
interesting grooves and ridges,

791
00:36:51,185 --> 00:36:54,788
but it's pretty blasted
with impact craters.

792
00:36:54,821 --> 00:36:56,756
NARRATOR:
Every crater lasts for eons

793
00:36:56,790 --> 00:37:01,861
because no forces were present
to resculpt the surface.

794
00:37:01,895 --> 00:37:05,065
The first two moons were dormant worlds.

795
00:37:05,099 --> 00:37:08,802
SODERBLOM:
And then as we went into the inner two.

796
00:37:08,835 --> 00:37:12,006
KOHLHASE: You could not see
craters on either one of them.

797
00:37:12,039 --> 00:37:13,473
Well, this was encouraging,

798
00:37:13,507 --> 00:37:16,010
because now we think maybe this mission

799
00:37:16,043 --> 00:37:18,979
is going to find a lot of diversity.

800
00:37:19,013 --> 00:37:24,284
BELL: Discovering this
billiard ball smooth icy crust

801
00:37:24,318 --> 00:37:26,420
of Europa with cracks in it

802
00:37:26,453 --> 00:37:28,588
and what looked like plates of ice

803
00:37:28,622 --> 00:37:31,058
that might be moving
relative to each other,

804
00:37:31,091 --> 00:37:32,726
the best explanation for that

805
00:37:32,759 --> 00:37:35,895
is that there's a thick ocean
of liquid water, salty water

806
00:37:35,929 --> 00:37:39,266
underneath that icy crust.

807
00:37:39,299 --> 00:37:41,535
More ocean water
than on the entire Earth,

808
00:37:41,568 --> 00:37:42,936
probably two or three times.

809
00:37:42,969 --> 00:37:45,105
It's the largest ocean
in the solar system

810
00:37:45,139 --> 00:37:47,307
in a moon going around Jupiter.

811
00:37:47,341 --> 00:37:48,775
SPILKER:
And then of course, you know,

812
00:37:48,808 --> 00:37:52,412
kind of the showstopper
for Voyager, we get to Io.

813
00:37:52,446 --> 00:37:55,249
TERRILE: Io, of course,
Io was the star of the show

814
00:37:55,282 --> 00:37:58,885
and we didn't learn that
until after the encounter.

815
00:37:58,918 --> 00:38:00,487
[soft piano music]

816
00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:02,289
INGERSOLL:
Everyone had gone home,

817
00:38:02,322 --> 00:38:05,792
and Linda Morabito,
an engineer whose job

818
00:38:05,825 --> 00:38:09,696
was to find out the positioning
and the orbit of the spacecraft,

819
00:38:09,729 --> 00:38:14,268
noticed some bumps on images of Io.

820
00:38:14,301 --> 00:38:15,969
LINDA MORABITO:
I was on the mission

821
00:38:16,002 --> 00:38:18,238
as a mission navigator,

822
00:38:18,272 --> 00:38:21,275
and our job involved just looking back

823
00:38:21,308 --> 00:38:23,943
over the shoulder of the spacecraft

824
00:38:23,977 --> 00:38:27,947
to say, OK, one more picture
of the realm of Jupiter,

825
00:38:27,981 --> 00:38:30,717
so it wasn't high-priority work.

826
00:38:30,750 --> 00:38:33,820
SMITH:
It was an optical navigation image,

827
00:38:33,853 --> 00:38:38,792
and Linda saw this strange thing
on the limb.

828
00:38:38,825 --> 00:38:42,896
MORABITO:
An enormous object emerged, enormous.

829
00:38:42,929 --> 00:38:46,400
And the first thing I said
to myself... What is that?

830
00:38:46,433 --> 00:38:51,505
And I'm like it looks
like another satellite

831
00:38:51,538 --> 00:38:55,642
in the picture emerging from behind Io.

832
00:38:55,675 --> 00:38:59,679
An object that size,
at that range, at that distance,

833
00:38:59,713 --> 00:39:03,550
would have been seen from Earth,
it was sufficiently large.

834
00:39:03,583 --> 00:39:06,420
I felt with certainty,
it's the only thing I knew,

835
00:39:06,453 --> 00:39:10,224
that I was seeing something
that had never been seen before.

836
00:39:10,257 --> 00:39:14,394
This was an umbrella-shaped plume

837
00:39:14,428 --> 00:39:20,234
rising 250 kilometers
above the surface of Io

838
00:39:20,267 --> 00:39:22,936
with volcanic activity.

839
00:39:22,969 --> 00:39:25,805
[soft piano music]

840
00:39:25,839 --> 00:39:31,545
I found the very first evidence
of active volcanism

841
00:39:31,578 --> 00:39:34,114
on a world beyond the Earth.

842
00:39:34,148 --> 00:39:38,252
[soft piano music]

843
00:39:38,285 --> 00:39:40,320
STONE: It was so hard
to believe that a little moon

844
00:39:40,354 --> 00:39:42,556
could have 10 times
the volcanic activity of Earth,

845
00:39:42,589 --> 00:39:44,424
which was the only known
active volcanoes

846
00:39:44,458 --> 00:39:46,726
in the solar system were here on Earth.

847
00:39:46,760 --> 00:39:47,927
And then there's Io.

848
00:39:47,961 --> 00:39:50,330
Suddenly we had realized

849
00:39:50,364 --> 00:39:53,333
this was a different journey we were on.

850
00:39:53,367 --> 00:39:55,269
NARRATOR:
Io's volcanoes can shoot lava

851
00:39:55,302 --> 00:39:57,704
over 200 miles into space.

852
00:39:57,737 --> 00:40:00,374
These eruptions are powered
by Jupiter's gravity,

853
00:40:00,407 --> 00:40:04,311
which endlessly compresses
and releases the moon.

854
00:40:04,344 --> 00:40:05,879
SODERBLOM:
I wanted to say one other thing,

855
00:40:05,912 --> 00:40:07,747
we've been saying that perhaps
there's some funny way

856
00:40:07,781 --> 00:40:10,417
in which Jupiter gobbles up all
the things that are coming in

857
00:40:10,450 --> 00:40:12,452
and doesn't let Io be hit by any.

858
00:40:12,486 --> 00:40:15,722
Well, we aimed a spacecraft
and went very close,

859
00:40:15,755 --> 00:40:19,659
and had we missed we would have
made the first impact crater.

860
00:40:19,693 --> 00:40:20,960
[laughter]

861
00:40:20,994 --> 00:40:25,332
SODERBLOM: The flyby
is basically a week-long affair

862
00:40:25,365 --> 00:40:28,268
that's 24 hours a day.

863
00:40:28,302 --> 00:40:29,669
It's intense.

864
00:40:29,703 --> 00:40:32,572
ANNOUNCER:
There will be a Voyager report

865
00:40:32,606 --> 00:40:34,241
in 30 seconds.

866
00:40:34,274 --> 00:40:42,749
[electric guitar music]

867
00:40:42,782 --> 00:40:44,184
BELL:
Instant science,

868
00:40:44,218 --> 00:40:46,152
because there's going to be
a press conference that night.

869
00:40:46,186 --> 00:40:47,754
This picture comes down,

870
00:40:47,787 --> 00:40:50,357
and you've got three hours
to figure out what's going on

871
00:40:50,390 --> 00:40:52,259
and then tell the world about it.

872
00:40:52,292 --> 00:40:54,127
Oh, no pressure there, right?

873
00:40:54,160 --> 00:40:55,629
[heavy guitar music]

874
00:40:55,662 --> 00:40:57,831
TERRILE:
The confines of being a piece of biology

875
00:40:57,864 --> 00:40:59,165
got in the way of that.

876
00:40:59,199 --> 00:41:01,067
I mean, you got hungry,
you got tired, you know,

877
00:41:01,100 --> 00:41:02,369
you had to go to the bathroom,

878
00:41:02,402 --> 00:41:04,103
I mean, you're going to miss something,

879
00:41:04,137 --> 00:41:05,672
you don't want to miss anything

880
00:41:05,705 --> 00:41:08,275
because every 48 seconds
a new image would come down.

881
00:41:08,308 --> 00:41:12,912
[heavy guitar music]

882
00:41:12,946 --> 00:41:15,882
INGERSOLL: No one got any sleep
during one of these flybys

883
00:41:15,915 --> 00:41:18,952
when the spacecraft
would go zooming past.

884
00:41:18,985 --> 00:41:22,589
The photo labs were working
day and night,

885
00:41:22,622 --> 00:41:25,892
and people were sleeping in their cars.

886
00:41:25,925 --> 00:41:31,431
[heavy guitar music]

887
00:41:31,465 --> 00:41:35,735
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK: It was just
way too exciting to... to sleep.

888
00:41:35,769 --> 00:41:42,809
[heavy guitar music]

889
00:41:42,842 --> 00:41:46,145
[heavy guitar music ends and fades out]

890
00:41:46,179 --> 00:41:47,847
NARRATOR:
During its Jupiter encounter,

891
00:41:47,881 --> 00:41:50,317
Voyager revealed a feature
of the giant planet

892
00:41:50,350 --> 00:41:53,887
never seen before.

893
00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:55,455
Jupiter had something in common

894
00:41:55,489 --> 00:41:58,191
with its flashier neighbor, Saturn.

895
00:41:58,224 --> 00:42:02,362
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK: The engineer
in charge of the camera came in,

896
00:42:02,396 --> 00:42:06,065
and he was like, Candy,
what have you done?

897
00:42:06,099 --> 00:42:08,535
What is the matter with our camera?

898
00:42:08,568 --> 00:42:14,474
And I looked at it and went,
ah, it's Jupiter's ring.

899
00:42:14,508 --> 00:42:17,577
It went from being
you've broken the camera

900
00:42:17,611 --> 00:42:21,548
to, "This is the first picture
ever of Jupiter's ring."

901
00:42:21,581 --> 00:42:29,155
[atmospheric piano music]

902
00:42:29,188 --> 00:42:30,424
TERRILE:
Jupiter was a game-changer.

903
00:42:30,457 --> 00:42:32,526
Jupiter reset all the registers.

904
00:42:32,559 --> 00:42:35,495
Now we're really up for something.

905
00:42:35,529 --> 00:42:37,030
And to know that this was just

906
00:42:37,063 --> 00:42:39,799
the very, very beginning
of this journey.

907
00:42:39,833 --> 00:42:41,735
If we're blown away by Jupiter,

908
00:42:41,768 --> 00:42:43,637
just wait until we get to Saturn.

909
00:42:43,670 --> 00:42:51,077
[electronic version
of atmospheric motif]

910
00:42:51,110 --> 00:42:53,980
NARRATOR: The journey to Saturn
would take over a year

911
00:42:54,013 --> 00:42:55,715
and bring Voyager and its message

912
00:42:55,749 --> 00:42:58,985
one tiny step closer to other stars

913
00:42:59,018 --> 00:43:00,620
where, just possibly,

914
00:43:00,654 --> 00:43:03,122
intelligent aliens might discover it.

915
00:43:03,156 --> 00:43:04,558
[atmospheric music on strings]

916
00:43:04,591 --> 00:43:08,495
[atmospheric rhythmic music]

917
00:43:08,528 --> 00:43:11,565
The Golden Record contained
the call of a humpback whale

918
00:43:11,598 --> 00:43:15,134
and greetings in 55 human languages.

919
00:43:15,168 --> 00:43:17,671
Most were recorded
at Cornell University,

920
00:43:17,704 --> 00:43:20,340
where Carl Sagan was
professor of astronomy.

921
00:43:20,374 --> 00:43:22,676
[atmospheric rhythmic music]

922
00:43:22,709 --> 00:43:24,411
NICK SAGAN:
My father was Carl Sagan,

923
00:43:24,444 --> 00:43:27,280
and my mother is Linda Salzman Sagan,

924
00:43:27,313 --> 00:43:29,282
and she's a writer and an artist

925
00:43:29,315 --> 00:43:31,751
and she designed
the iconic Pioneer plaque,

926
00:43:31,785 --> 00:43:32,952
she actually drew it,

927
00:43:32,986 --> 00:43:35,422
and she's the one
who got all the greetings

928
00:43:35,455 --> 00:43:37,791
for the Voyager Golden Record.

929
00:43:37,824 --> 00:43:39,759
I like to think of her,
that she kind of put together

930
00:43:39,793 --> 00:43:42,829
a kind of a choir of voices
of greetings to the stars.

931
00:43:42,862 --> 00:43:52,406
[recordings of voices
with rock music plays]

932
00:43:52,439 --> 00:43:53,907
JANET STERNBERG:
The greetings to the universe

933
00:43:53,940 --> 00:43:56,610
are almost like proto-tweets,
the first tweets,

934
00:43:56,643 --> 00:43:58,612
keep it short, keep it simple,

935
00:43:58,645 --> 00:44:03,216
and there was a limit to what
they could put on the record.

936
00:44:03,249 --> 00:44:07,120
It's like kind of a tasting menu.

937
00:44:07,153 --> 00:44:09,222
It's enough to get the aliens

938
00:44:09,255 --> 00:44:13,226
to understand that, um, we're diverse.

939
00:44:13,259 --> 00:44:15,328
NICK SAGAN:
My parents wanted a child

940
00:44:15,361 --> 00:44:17,464
to have a voice of one of the voices,

941
00:44:17,497 --> 00:44:19,098
and they just came to me one day

942
00:44:19,132 --> 00:44:21,435
and said, Nick, if you'd like
to leave a message to aliens

943
00:44:21,468 --> 00:44:23,069
if they happen to exist,

944
00:44:23,102 --> 00:44:25,171
what would you like to say to them?

945
00:44:25,204 --> 00:44:28,207
[tape rewinding]

946
00:44:28,241 --> 00:44:31,745
SAGAN AS A CHILD:
Hello from the children of planet Earth.

947
00:44:31,778 --> 00:44:33,413
NICK SAGAN: "Oh, hello from
the children of planet Earth,"

948
00:44:33,447 --> 00:44:36,049
that's what I would say to aliens.

949
00:44:36,082 --> 00:44:40,854
They loved that, and so it's
like great, let's record you.

950
00:44:40,887 --> 00:44:42,822
It's a bit of a blur.

951
00:44:42,856 --> 00:44:45,525
Like the only thing that I know
that I remember from that time

952
00:44:45,559 --> 00:44:47,827
is those knobs
and the little recording level

953
00:44:47,861 --> 00:44:50,096
that goes into the red
if you speak too much,

954
00:44:50,129 --> 00:44:52,131
this 70s, kind of, um...

955
00:44:52,165 --> 00:44:53,600
so I remember that,

956
00:44:53,633 --> 00:44:56,035
and I remember watching
the needle move as I spoke

957
00:44:56,069 --> 00:44:58,371
and seeing where it got,
oh, that got close to the red

958
00:44:58,404 --> 00:44:59,372
but actually didn't go into the red,

959
00:44:59,405 --> 00:45:00,840
OK, that's probably good.

960
00:45:00,874 --> 00:45:02,241
And that was that.

961
00:45:02,275 --> 00:45:04,878
And then I, you know,
drank my apple juice

962
00:45:04,911 --> 00:45:07,847
and went back to my books.

963
00:45:07,881 --> 00:45:10,116
It was really not
till considerably later

964
00:45:10,149 --> 00:45:14,287
that the kind of enormity of
what that meant actually hit me.

965
00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:24,362
[greetings in various languages]

966
00:45:24,363 --> 00:45:30,436
[greetings in various languages]

967
00:45:33,573 --> 00:45:35,542
KOHLHASE:
Well, that brings up the whole question,

968
00:45:35,575 --> 00:45:39,012
is there anybody out there?

969
00:45:39,045 --> 00:45:43,550
Listen, there are, give or take,

970
00:45:43,583 --> 00:45:46,920
200 billion stars
in the Milky Way galaxy.

971
00:45:46,953 --> 00:45:49,823
There are about 200 billion
galaxies in the universe,

972
00:45:49,856 --> 00:45:53,092
or at least in the universe
we know about.

973
00:45:53,126 --> 00:45:55,495
HAMMEL:
It's a pretty small spacecraft,

974
00:45:55,529 --> 00:45:58,532
and it's a pretty big universe.

975
00:45:58,565 --> 00:46:04,103
If you take a piece of sky
the size of a soda straw

976
00:46:04,137 --> 00:46:06,940
up there in the Big Dipper

977
00:46:06,973 --> 00:46:10,409
in that tiny piece of what
we thought was blank sky,

978
00:46:10,443 --> 00:46:13,146
there's thousands of galaxies.

979
00:46:13,179 --> 00:46:15,248
And each one of those galaxies

980
00:46:15,281 --> 00:46:19,152
is filled with billions of stars.

981
00:46:19,185 --> 00:46:20,520
That's just the soda straw,

982
00:46:20,554 --> 00:46:23,189
and now you imagine the whole sky filled

983
00:46:23,222 --> 00:46:26,292
with thousands upon thousands
upon thousands of galaxies,

984
00:46:26,325 --> 00:46:28,695
each of which is billions
and billions of stars,

985
00:46:28,728 --> 00:46:32,766
there's a lot of possibility out there.

986
00:46:32,799 --> 00:46:39,839
[atmospheric guitar music]

987
00:46:39,873 --> 00:46:42,308
PORCO:
There has to be other civilizations,

988
00:46:42,341 --> 00:46:44,844
the numbers just compel it.

989
00:46:44,878 --> 00:46:47,013
It would be almost
statistically impossible

990
00:46:47,046 --> 00:46:50,717
for there not to be other life forms

991
00:46:50,750 --> 00:46:52,485
and other life forms that have evolved

992
00:46:52,518 --> 00:46:54,788
to a state of intelligence.

993
00:46:54,821 --> 00:46:56,956
NARRATOR:
But the chance that an intelligent alien

994
00:46:56,990 --> 00:47:00,526
might encounter Voyager
also hinges on another factor...

995
00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:03,563
the sheer vastness of space.

996
00:47:03,597 --> 00:47:05,431
SODERBLOM:
The bigger you think space is,

997
00:47:05,464 --> 00:47:07,734
the less probable it is
you're going to find them

998
00:47:07,767 --> 00:47:12,471
because they're needles
in infinite haystacks.

999
00:47:12,505 --> 00:47:14,774
KRAUSS: If you want to realize
how empty our galaxy is,

1000
00:47:14,808 --> 00:47:16,776
the nearest galaxy to our own
is Andromeda,

1001
00:47:16,810 --> 00:47:18,812
it's about two million light years away.

1002
00:47:18,845 --> 00:47:22,816
It's on a collision course
with us right now,

1003
00:47:22,849 --> 00:47:24,283
and in five billion years

1004
00:47:24,317 --> 00:47:26,185
that galaxy's going to collide
with our own.

1005
00:47:26,219 --> 00:47:27,654
And you might say, oh, no, oh, no,

1006
00:47:27,687 --> 00:47:31,991
but it turns out space is,
even in our galaxy,

1007
00:47:32,025 --> 00:47:33,092
it's mostly empty space.

1008
00:47:33,126 --> 00:47:35,061
When our two galaxies collide,

1009
00:47:35,094 --> 00:47:37,163
almost no stars will hit any other star.

1010
00:47:37,196 --> 00:47:41,067
CASANI: There's just a lot of
room out there, a lot of room.

1011
00:47:41,100 --> 00:47:44,137
BAGENAL: Once you start getting
into the astronomical scales,

1012
00:47:44,170 --> 00:47:46,039
our solar system is pretty tiny,

1013
00:47:46,072 --> 00:47:48,541
and so this adventure of Voyager

1014
00:47:48,574 --> 00:47:51,678
which seems so remote and distant

1015
00:47:51,711 --> 00:47:55,715
for this little spacecraft
to go out to the giant planets

1016
00:47:55,749 --> 00:48:01,387
is really just exploring
the tiniest closest neighborhood

1017
00:48:01,420 --> 00:48:04,323
when you start thinking
about cosmic scales.

1018
00:48:06,726 --> 00:48:10,496
BELL:
The distances are almost unfathomable.

1019
00:48:10,529 --> 00:48:12,398
These were the fastest spacecraft

1020
00:48:12,431 --> 00:48:15,601
that had ever been built
and launched and flown,

1021
00:48:15,635 --> 00:48:21,207
and they're travelling
at ten miles per second.

1022
00:48:21,240 --> 00:48:22,876
You wouldn't even see it, right?

1023
00:48:22,909 --> 00:48:24,577
And yet, even at those

1024
00:48:24,610 --> 00:48:28,147
unfathomable by Earth standard speeds,

1025
00:48:28,181 --> 00:48:32,418
it takes decades,
decades to get out there

1026
00:48:32,451 --> 00:48:34,020
into the outer solar system.

1027
00:48:34,053 --> 00:48:38,291
[music playing]

1028
00:48:38,324 --> 00:48:41,695
HAMMEL: I'd like to know
the answer, are we alone?

1029
00:48:41,728 --> 00:48:44,563
I'd like to know the answer
to that question.

1030
00:48:44,597 --> 00:48:52,839
[music playing]

1031
00:48:52,872 --> 00:48:55,208
FERRIS: The big division
with extraterrestrial life

1032
00:48:55,241 --> 00:48:57,643
is not space, it's time.

1033
00:48:57,677 --> 00:49:01,981
[music playing]

1034
00:49:02,015 --> 00:49:05,218
KRAUSS: In our galaxy,
our sun is relatively young.

1035
00:49:05,251 --> 00:49:06,786
The galaxy's about 12 billion years old,

1036
00:49:06,820 --> 00:49:08,387
our sun's four and a half
billion years old,

1037
00:49:08,421 --> 00:49:09,956
there are many stars
that are a lot older,

1038
00:49:09,989 --> 00:49:11,925
therefore, you could have
imagined some civilization

1039
00:49:11,958 --> 00:49:14,694
around such a star that might
have watched our Earth form

1040
00:49:14,728 --> 00:49:16,395
over the last
four and a half billion years.

1041
00:49:16,429 --> 00:49:18,531
Well, over that last
four and a half billion years,

1042
00:49:18,564 --> 00:49:20,800
the only evidence of intelligent life

1043
00:49:20,834 --> 00:49:22,535
would have been in the last
fifty or sixty years

1044
00:49:22,568 --> 00:49:24,303
by watching Star Trek or I Love Lucy

1045
00:49:24,337 --> 00:49:27,406
or whatever signals we sent out,
so even if you knew,

1046
00:49:27,440 --> 00:49:30,176
even if someone told you
look at that star,

1047
00:49:30,209 --> 00:49:32,111
and then look at the third rock
from that star,

1048
00:49:32,145 --> 00:49:33,479
and that's where
you're going to find life.

1049
00:49:33,512 --> 00:49:36,015
Even if they knew which object
to look for,

1050
00:49:36,049 --> 00:49:39,685
there's only a 50-year period
over five billion years almost

1051
00:49:39,719 --> 00:49:43,622
where you'd be able to find
intelligent life.

1052
00:49:47,326 --> 00:49:50,096
NICK SAGAN: If we're alone,
then we're truly unique,

1053
00:49:50,129 --> 00:49:52,398
and how did that happen and why us

1054
00:49:52,431 --> 00:49:54,167
and how are we so special

1055
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:56,169
and yet in such a kind of far-flung

1056
00:49:56,202 --> 00:49:58,371
kind of humdrum part of the universe?

1057
00:49:58,404 --> 00:50:01,007
And if we're not alone,
how did we all get here

1058
00:50:01,040 --> 00:50:04,277
and can we learn about ourselves
by these other groups out there

1059
00:50:04,310 --> 00:50:05,879
and what are they like

1060
00:50:05,912 --> 00:50:09,315
and are they the creatures
of our dreams or our nightmares?

1061
00:50:09,348 --> 00:50:18,124
[music playing]

1062
00:50:18,157 --> 00:50:19,826
NARRATOR:
In the fall of 1980,

1063
00:50:19,859 --> 00:50:23,830
Voyager got its first close
views of the planet Saturn.

1064
00:50:23,863 --> 00:50:36,275
[light piano music plays]

1065
00:50:36,309 --> 00:50:37,877
SMITH:
We started off with images

1066
00:50:37,911 --> 00:50:39,112
that were probably no better

1067
00:50:39,145 --> 00:50:40,814
than what you can get from the ground,

1068
00:50:40,847 --> 00:50:42,949
and then it keeps getting better
and better and better

1069
00:50:42,982 --> 00:50:44,884
as you get closer and closer.

1070
00:50:44,918 --> 00:50:48,587
What are we going to see
when we get really close?

1071
00:50:48,621 --> 00:50:51,090
SPILKER: Having seen Saturn
in a telescope with the rings

1072
00:50:51,124 --> 00:50:53,927
just looking like these little
tiny ears on either side,

1073
00:50:53,960 --> 00:50:57,296
to now seeing detail and
the beauty of Saturn's rings,

1074
00:50:57,330 --> 00:50:58,597
you know, looking like,

1075
00:50:58,631 --> 00:51:01,167
almost like the grooves
on a phonograph record.

1076
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:03,870
BELL:
The rings of Saturn, what are they?

1077
00:51:03,903 --> 00:51:07,974
Billions of icy particles,
some the size of a house.

1078
00:51:08,007 --> 00:51:11,477
They're enormous, much wider
than many Earths strung together

1079
00:51:11,510 --> 00:51:14,848
but less than a kilometer thick.

1080
00:51:14,881 --> 00:51:16,349
PORCO:
We get there and we find

1081
00:51:16,382 --> 00:51:19,953
that it's a blizzard of features
throughout the rings,

1082
00:51:19,986 --> 00:51:22,822
and it got very complex.

1083
00:51:22,856 --> 00:51:35,434
[guitar music]

1084
00:51:35,468 --> 00:51:37,937
PORCO:
We become junkies who...

1085
00:51:37,971 --> 00:51:41,807
This is how you become
a planetary flyby junkie,

1086
00:51:41,841 --> 00:51:43,476
it's because you've gone through
one of them

1087
00:51:43,509 --> 00:51:44,944
and you just know
it's the greatest feeling

1088
00:51:44,978 --> 00:51:48,081
and you want to keep doing it
again and again.

1089
00:51:48,114 --> 00:51:51,985
SMITH: At some point,
perhaps a year or so from now,

1090
00:51:52,018 --> 00:51:56,355
it may be possible to put
all of this into perspective,

1091
00:51:56,389 --> 00:51:59,625
but right at the moment I cannot recall

1092
00:51:59,658 --> 00:52:03,562
being in such a state of euphoria

1093
00:52:03,596 --> 00:52:06,199
for any previous planetary encounter,

1094
00:52:06,232 --> 00:52:12,271
including our two remarkable
Voyager encounters at Jupiter.

1095
00:52:12,305 --> 00:52:25,384
[electric guitar music]

1096
00:52:25,418 --> 00:52:38,764
[electric guitar music]

1097
00:52:43,302 --> 00:52:44,770
CARL SAGAN:
The largest moon of Saturn,

1098
00:52:44,803 --> 00:52:47,406
Titan's the most extraordinary place.

1099
00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:49,943
There's a dense methane atmosphere

1100
00:52:49,976 --> 00:52:52,946
where a complex organic
chemistry has been going on

1101
00:52:52,979 --> 00:52:54,547
for perhaps billions of years,

1102
00:52:54,580 --> 00:52:59,418
and we are in a moment
of extraordinary discovery.

1103
00:52:59,452 --> 00:53:02,088
CASANI:
We had both spacecraft programmed

1104
00:53:02,121 --> 00:53:04,557
to do identical missions at Saturn,

1105
00:53:04,590 --> 00:53:09,095
and that was the prime mission
and it involved Titan.

1106
00:53:09,128 --> 00:53:11,430
BELL: There's a huge amount
of scientific interest in Titan

1107
00:53:11,464 --> 00:53:13,799
because many people think
that early in our own history,

1108
00:53:13,832 --> 00:53:15,601
our own planet may have been like that

1109
00:53:15,634 --> 00:53:19,138
with very little oxygen,
lots of hydrocarbons,

1110
00:53:19,172 --> 00:53:22,041
very thick, different, smoggy atmosphere

1111
00:53:22,075 --> 00:53:25,678
that was changed dramatically
on our planet by life,

1112
00:53:25,711 --> 00:53:27,913
so if you want to understand
the starting conditions,

1113
00:53:27,947 --> 00:53:29,815
go study Titan.

1114
00:53:29,848 --> 00:53:32,718
KOHLHASE:
If Voyager 1 was successful at Titan,

1115
00:53:32,751 --> 00:53:36,055
Voyager 2, which is nine months
behind going to Saturn,

1116
00:53:36,089 --> 00:53:39,959
would be free to continue to
Uranus and to go on to Neptune.

1117
00:53:39,993 --> 00:53:43,762
But it depended upon Voyager 1
succeeding at Titan.

1118
00:53:43,796 --> 00:53:47,266
TERRILE: Because Voyager 1
had to be in a certain place

1119
00:53:47,300 --> 00:53:49,135
in order to pass Titan,

1120
00:53:49,168 --> 00:53:51,670
it couldn't go on to Uranus and Neptune.

1121
00:53:51,704 --> 00:53:53,939
There was just no way
to bend its trajectory

1122
00:53:53,973 --> 00:53:56,475
to go anywhere else.

1123
00:53:56,509 --> 00:54:00,746
STONE: Voyager 2 would have
done exactly that same thing

1124
00:54:00,779 --> 00:54:02,715
if Voyager 1 had failed,

1125
00:54:02,748 --> 00:54:05,651
we would have gone like this,
no more planets.

1126
00:54:05,684 --> 00:54:07,553
KOHLHASE:
That would have been really tough.

1127
00:54:07,586 --> 00:54:11,090
You gonna try for Titan again
and give up two other worlds...

1128
00:54:11,124 --> 00:54:13,792
Uranus and Neptune?

1129
00:54:13,826 --> 00:54:19,065
BELL: So there was a lot
of pressure on Voyager 1.

1130
00:54:19,098 --> 00:54:20,399
SODERBLOM:
Mostly what we looked at

1131
00:54:20,433 --> 00:54:23,502
was a giant ball of brown smog

1132
00:54:23,536 --> 00:54:28,407
with some sort of electric blue
hazes above it.

1133
00:54:28,441 --> 00:54:29,742
INGERSOLL:
With the Voyager camera,

1134
00:54:29,775 --> 00:54:32,945
you couldn't see through
the clouds and haze.

1135
00:54:32,978 --> 00:54:38,684
[radio chatter]

1136
00:54:38,717 --> 00:54:41,787
But the radio signal from the spacecraft

1137
00:54:41,820 --> 00:54:44,523
passed through the atmosphere
of the moon,

1138
00:54:44,557 --> 00:54:48,461
and that gave them a measure
of the pressure at the surface

1139
00:54:48,494 --> 00:54:50,796
and also the temperature at the surface,

1140
00:54:50,829 --> 00:54:56,135
and so we learned a lot about
Titan from that radio signal.

1141
00:54:56,169 --> 00:54:57,536
NARRATOR:
Voyager 1 revealed a world

1142
00:54:57,570 --> 00:55:00,906
at nearly 300 degrees
below zero Fahrenheit

1143
00:55:00,939 --> 00:55:03,209
that might have lakes of liquid methane

1144
00:55:03,242 --> 00:55:06,445
under its smoggy atmosphere.

1145
00:55:06,479 --> 00:55:10,849
STONE:
Voyager 1 had succeeded.

1146
00:55:10,883 --> 00:55:13,819
And shortly after that,
NASA Headquarters agreed

1147
00:55:13,852 --> 00:55:16,189
that we should continue with Voyager 2

1148
00:55:16,222 --> 00:55:17,856
on its Uranus trajectory.

1149
00:55:20,626 --> 00:55:23,696
NARRATOR:
Voyager 1, its planetary mission over,

1150
00:55:23,729 --> 00:55:26,399
sped away from the plane of the planets.

1151
00:55:26,432 --> 00:55:30,536
Voyager 2... in part to get
on its trajectory to Uranus...

1152
00:55:30,569 --> 00:55:34,140
would have to fly dangerously
close to Saturn's rings.

1153
00:55:34,173 --> 00:55:40,879
[music playing]

1154
00:55:40,913 --> 00:55:43,949
BELL: We're getting pictures and
other data back from Voyager 2.

1155
00:55:43,982 --> 00:55:47,453
But at some point in time,
it had to go behind the planet,

1156
00:55:47,486 --> 00:55:51,390
and that blocks us from getting
radio signals to the Earth,

1157
00:55:51,424 --> 00:55:53,592
and that happened to be
in the middle of the night.

1158
00:55:53,626 --> 00:55:55,828
It was a period of time, several hours,

1159
00:55:55,861 --> 00:55:57,296
that everybody knows we're going to be

1160
00:55:57,330 --> 00:55:59,298
out of contact with the spacecraft.

1161
00:55:59,332 --> 00:56:01,267
Everybody's expecting
to pop champagne corks

1162
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:02,601
and say hey, we made it,

1163
00:56:02,635 --> 00:56:04,337
and all the data's on the tape recorder

1164
00:56:04,370 --> 00:56:06,539
because it couldn't be
transmitted to the Earth,

1165
00:56:06,572 --> 00:56:09,208
and instead it pops
out of the other side,

1166
00:56:09,242 --> 00:56:11,444
and there's all these
crazy error signals

1167
00:56:11,477 --> 00:56:12,545
coming from the spacecraft.

1168
00:56:12,578 --> 00:56:14,180
Something bad has happened.

1169
00:56:14,213 --> 00:56:16,415
[machines beeping]

1170
00:56:16,449 --> 00:56:17,616
TERRILE:
Something happened

1171
00:56:17,650 --> 00:56:19,218
right around ring-plane crossing,

1172
00:56:19,252 --> 00:56:21,520
and the images that were
coming back were blank.

1173
00:56:25,791 --> 00:56:27,260
BELL:
People thought maybe it crashed

1174
00:56:27,293 --> 00:56:28,827
into the rings of Saturn.

1175
00:56:28,861 --> 00:56:30,896
Is this it, is it dead?

1176
00:56:33,866 --> 00:56:36,402
SPEAKER: OK.

1177
00:56:36,435 --> 00:56:39,205
Ladies and gentlemen,
we can start the briefing.

1178
00:56:39,238 --> 00:56:41,540
[tapping microphone]

1179
00:56:41,574 --> 00:56:43,976
SPEAKER:
I wanted to make a very brief statement.

1180
00:56:44,009 --> 00:56:46,912
We do have a problem on board
the Voyager 2 spacecraft.

1181
00:56:46,945 --> 00:56:48,681
AL HIBBS:
The spacecraft has a problem.

1182
00:56:48,714 --> 00:56:51,450
The scan platform operating mechanism

1183
00:56:51,484 --> 00:56:52,985
is not operating properly.

1184
00:56:53,018 --> 00:56:54,887
SPEAKER: Make sure we
understand where we're headed

1185
00:56:54,920 --> 00:56:57,923
for the following instruments
are mounted on the platform,

1186
00:56:57,956 --> 00:57:00,559
the wide-angle camera,
the narrow-angle camera,

1187
00:57:00,593 --> 00:57:03,529
the infrared instrument,
the ultraviolet instrument

1188
00:57:03,562 --> 00:57:05,431
and the photopolarimeter.

1189
00:57:05,464 --> 00:57:07,666
SODERBLOM:
A frozen scan platform

1190
00:57:07,700 --> 00:57:11,537
could be a fatal, crippling event.

1191
00:57:11,570 --> 00:57:15,874
SMITH: Yeah, that was
the darkest, the darkest day

1192
00:57:15,908 --> 00:57:17,276
of the whole mission.

1193
00:57:17,310 --> 00:57:19,378
SPEAKER:
There is circumstantial evidence...

1194
00:57:19,412 --> 00:57:21,914
SMITH:
I came into the auditorium,

1195
00:57:21,947 --> 00:57:25,618
and there was just gloom
on everybody's face.

1196
00:57:25,651 --> 00:57:27,686
SPEAKER:
You're beginning to speculate.

1197
00:57:27,720 --> 00:57:30,356
SMITH:
I quickly learned what had happened.

1198
00:57:30,389 --> 00:57:33,426
The scan platform had frozen.

1199
00:57:33,459 --> 00:57:35,294
SMITH:
The problem is not with the camera,

1200
00:57:35,328 --> 00:57:37,396
it's with the articulated platform

1201
00:57:37,430 --> 00:57:38,964
that moves all of the instruments.

1202
00:57:38,997 --> 00:57:41,434
Our cameras, as far as we know,
are working just fine,

1203
00:57:41,467 --> 00:57:45,771
it's just that we're taking
lots of pictures of black space.

1204
00:57:45,804 --> 00:57:47,673
SMITH:
The rest of the Saturn mission

1205
00:57:47,706 --> 00:57:51,610
and Uranus and Neptune were dead.

1206
00:57:51,644 --> 00:57:57,750
And seeing everything
that we were planning just gone,

1207
00:57:57,783 --> 00:58:02,187
just suddenly gone.

1208
00:58:02,221 --> 00:58:04,457
All of the science
that we had hoped to do,

1209
00:58:04,490 --> 00:58:05,958
and Uranus and Neptune...

1210
00:58:05,991 --> 00:58:07,293
there were no other spacecraft

1211
00:58:07,326 --> 00:58:08,961
that were going to be going there.

1212
00:58:08,994 --> 00:58:11,196
It was up to Voyager to do it,
and all of a sudden it looked

1213
00:58:11,230 --> 00:58:13,299
as though Voyager
was not going to do it.

1214
00:58:13,332 --> 00:58:15,301
It was devastating, it was...

1215
00:58:15,334 --> 00:58:17,403
[electronic inquisitive music]

1216
00:58:17,436 --> 00:58:21,274
SPEAKER:
So, we've analyzed the slew data.

1217
00:58:21,307 --> 00:58:22,908
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
It took a couple of days

1218
00:58:22,941 --> 00:58:27,145
while the engineering team went
to work diagnosing the problem.

1219
00:58:27,179 --> 00:58:29,715
SPEAKER:
We are going to command an azimuth slew

1220
00:58:29,748 --> 00:58:33,419
and an elevation slew
to the Saturn position...

1221
00:58:33,452 --> 00:58:35,153
STONE:
It turns out the scan platform

1222
00:58:35,187 --> 00:58:37,256
has small motors to rotate it,

1223
00:58:37,290 --> 00:58:39,157
and we could run it at slow speed...

1224
00:58:39,191 --> 00:58:40,659
tick, tick, tick, tick...

1225
00:58:40,693 --> 00:58:43,596
fast... medium speed or very fast.
(makes turning noise)

1226
00:58:43,629 --> 00:58:45,564
We were of course wanting
to look at lots of places,

1227
00:58:45,598 --> 00:58:47,933
so we had the thing looking
lots of places,

1228
00:58:47,966 --> 00:58:52,871
and the lubrication wasn't
adequate and it just jammed.

1229
00:58:52,905 --> 00:58:56,008
SMITH:
It was frozen sort of like a car

1230
00:58:56,041 --> 00:58:57,876
stuck in the, stuck in the snow.

1231
00:58:57,910 --> 00:58:59,945
You try to go forward
or backward little bit...

1232
00:58:59,978 --> 00:59:02,915
lil... and keep working on it
and try to get it out,

1233
00:59:02,948 --> 00:59:04,817
and that's what we did
with the scan platform.

1234
00:59:04,850 --> 00:59:07,886
We would try to push it
a little bit in one direction

1235
00:59:07,920 --> 00:59:09,322
and it would yield a little bit,

1236
00:59:09,355 --> 00:59:11,290
and then we'd push it
in the other direction,

1237
00:59:11,324 --> 00:59:12,925
and it would yield a little bit more,

1238
00:59:12,958 --> 00:59:16,329
and then we kept doing that
back and forth, back and forth,

1239
00:59:16,362 --> 00:59:19,398
and finally that was enough

1240
00:59:19,432 --> 00:59:22,801
to get the lubrication into the gears.

1241
00:59:22,835 --> 00:59:26,138
SODERBLOM: It was freed up
and back came the spacecraft

1242
00:59:26,171 --> 00:59:28,607
and back came the imaging system,

1243
00:59:28,641 --> 00:59:31,677
and there was Saturn on exit.

1244
00:59:33,912 --> 00:59:36,882
SMITH: [laughing]
Yeah.

1245
00:59:36,915 --> 00:59:45,090
["Us & Them," Pink Floyd]

1246
00:59:45,123 --> 00:59:48,794
TERRILE: We were looking at
the shadow of Saturn on the rings,

1247
00:59:48,827 --> 00:59:53,632
and it was clearly
from this wild, crazy angle.

1248
00:59:53,666 --> 00:59:57,770
Wow. Holy cow, we're on
the other side of Saturn.

1249
00:59:57,803 --> 01:00:00,005
["Us & Them," Pink Floyd]

1250
01:00:00,038 --> 01:00:14,520
♪ Us and them ♪

1251
01:00:14,553 --> 01:00:22,628
♪ And after all we're only
ordinary men... ♪

1252
01:00:22,661 --> 01:00:25,163
SODERBLOM:
We felt like we were there.

1253
01:00:25,197 --> 01:00:29,101
Nobody even thought about it.

1254
01:00:29,134 --> 01:00:32,538
Voyager was part of us.

1255
01:00:32,571 --> 01:00:33,472
We...

1256
01:00:33,506 --> 01:00:47,453
♪ Me and you... ♪

1257
01:00:47,486 --> 01:00:49,555
PORCO:
All of planetary exploration to me

1258
01:00:49,588 --> 01:00:54,427
is a story about longing, it's
a longing to know ourselves.

1259
01:00:54,460 --> 01:00:57,262
It's a longing to understand
the significance

1260
01:00:57,295 --> 01:00:59,164
of our own existence.

1261
01:00:59,197 --> 01:01:00,699
It's a longing to communicate,

1262
01:01:00,733 --> 01:01:04,102
to say to the universe
we're here, you know, know us.

1263
01:01:04,136 --> 01:01:07,139
You know, where are you?

1264
01:01:07,172 --> 01:01:09,942
♪ Forward! He cried ♪

1265
01:01:09,975 --> 01:01:19,952
♪ from the rear and
the front rank died ♪

1266
01:01:19,985 --> 01:01:23,789
♪ And the general sat,
and the lines... ♪

1267
01:01:23,822 --> 01:01:26,324
NARRATOR:
In the grooves of the Golden Record

1268
01:01:26,358 --> 01:01:30,295
was another gift from us to them.

1269
01:01:30,328 --> 01:01:31,964
[guitar music]

1270
01:01:31,997 --> 01:01:35,568
DRAKE: The Voyager record
has a set of pictures on it.

1271
01:01:35,601 --> 01:01:38,036
It depicts our civilization,

1272
01:01:38,070 --> 01:01:41,373
but we only had the ability
to do about a hundred pictures,

1273
01:01:41,406 --> 01:01:43,842
that was as much data as we could send,

1274
01:01:43,876 --> 01:01:45,678
so that was kind of hard.

1275
01:01:45,711 --> 01:01:48,013
LOMBERG:
It was a process of distillation.

1276
01:01:48,046 --> 01:01:49,748
You can't describe the Earth

1277
01:01:49,782 --> 01:01:51,517
in a hundred pictures.

1278
01:01:51,550 --> 01:01:54,386
You can't describe the Earth
in a thousand pictures,

1279
01:01:54,419 --> 01:02:00,125
but what art is about
is taking something that's small

1280
01:02:00,158 --> 01:02:02,160
but can represent the whole.

1281
01:02:02,194 --> 01:02:13,539
[guitar music]

1282
01:02:13,572 --> 01:02:15,040
DRAKE:
We thought it was very important

1283
01:02:15,073 --> 01:02:18,210
to put some pictures
of humans nude on the record

1284
01:02:18,243 --> 01:02:23,415
to show just what our anatomy
and physiology was really like.

1285
01:02:23,448 --> 01:02:26,485
NASA had been seriously criticized

1286
01:02:26,519 --> 01:02:28,120
about the Pioneer plaque.

1287
01:02:28,153 --> 01:02:31,156
There were actually letters
to the editors of newspapers

1288
01:02:31,189 --> 01:02:35,861
saying that NASA
was sending smut to space.

1289
01:02:35,894 --> 01:02:39,431
NARRATOR: For Voyager,
NASA decided to play it safe.

1290
01:02:39,464 --> 01:02:44,670
Still, they gave the aliens
some hints about our bodies.

1291
01:02:44,703 --> 01:02:49,341
BELL: Now it's five years
of cruising out to Uranus.

1292
01:02:49,374 --> 01:02:52,010
STONE: Uranus would be
the most remote object yet

1293
01:02:52,044 --> 01:02:53,411
visited by a spacecraft,

1294
01:02:53,445 --> 01:02:55,413
and it's so remote
that it was not even known

1295
01:02:55,447 --> 01:02:56,849
until 200 years ago,

1296
01:02:56,882 --> 01:02:58,551
and it's a great distance out there,

1297
01:02:58,584 --> 01:02:59,952
and if we'd launched directly from Earth

1298
01:02:59,985 --> 01:03:02,020
it would have taken thirty years
to get there,

1299
01:03:02,054 --> 01:03:03,556
so we were very fortunate

1300
01:03:03,589 --> 01:03:05,724
that we could swing by Jupiter
and Saturn on our way.

1301
01:03:05,758 --> 01:03:07,292
SMITH: I've been trying
to figure this thing out

1302
01:03:07,325 --> 01:03:08,661
for the past 25 years,

1303
01:03:08,694 --> 01:03:11,263
and it's very frustrating in a telescope

1304
01:03:11,296 --> 01:03:12,798
to look at that tiny little disc,

1305
01:03:12,831 --> 01:03:16,101
so the next few days
are going to be very exciting.

1306
01:03:16,134 --> 01:03:22,207
[piano music]

1307
01:03:22,240 --> 01:03:24,677
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
Once we got beyond Saturn,

1308
01:03:24,710 --> 01:03:27,813
essentially the engineers
threw out the rulebook

1309
01:03:27,846 --> 01:03:31,449
and said how are we going
to make this work?

1310
01:03:31,483 --> 01:03:35,187
How are we going
to take pictures of planets

1311
01:03:35,220 --> 01:03:36,822
this far from the sun?

1312
01:03:36,855 --> 01:03:37,990
[piano music]

1313
01:03:38,023 --> 01:03:39,625
BELL:
Voyager was the first

1314
01:03:39,658 --> 01:03:43,395
of a class of NASA spacecraft
that could be reprogrammed.

1315
01:03:43,428 --> 01:03:45,030
They could take what was on the computer

1316
01:03:45,063 --> 01:03:46,398
and just wipe it away

1317
01:03:46,431 --> 01:03:48,667
and give it a whole new set of software.

1318
01:03:48,701 --> 01:03:53,238
They trained the spacecraft to
pirouette like a ballet dancer,

1319
01:03:53,271 --> 01:03:55,507
basically you want to take
a picture of that thing

1320
01:03:55,540 --> 01:03:57,009
and it's going past you really fast,

1321
01:03:57,042 --> 01:04:02,615
so you spin the whole spacecraft
and follow it like this,

1322
01:04:02,648 --> 01:04:05,250
and so even though
it was darker at Uranus

1323
01:04:05,283 --> 01:04:06,752
and really dark at Neptune,

1324
01:04:06,785 --> 01:04:09,888
you could leave the shutter open
without smearing,

1325
01:04:09,922 --> 01:04:13,325
and that was just beautiful.

1326
01:04:13,358 --> 01:04:15,794
SODERBLOM:
We had all of the rich set of goodies

1327
01:04:15,828 --> 01:04:22,400
from Jupiter and from Saturn,
but Uranus was... was unknown.

1328
01:04:22,434 --> 01:04:24,502
[xylophone music]

1329
01:04:24,536 --> 01:04:26,839
NARRATOR:
In January 1986,

1330
01:04:26,872 --> 01:04:29,675
Voyager 2 closed in on Uranus.

1331
01:04:31,376 --> 01:04:32,978
It would be by far

1332
01:04:33,011 --> 01:04:36,915
the most remote planetary
encounter ever attempted.

1333
01:04:36,949 --> 01:04:49,795
[xylophone music]

1334
01:04:49,828 --> 01:04:51,664
TERRILE:
It was like taking something

1335
01:04:51,697 --> 01:04:54,667
that was almost fictional,
almost mythological,

1336
01:04:54,700 --> 01:04:59,938
and then seeing it as a real object.

1337
01:04:59,972 --> 01:05:02,574
BELL: Spacecraft flew through
that system like a bull's eye

1338
01:05:02,607 --> 01:05:04,910
because Uranus is tilted on its side,

1339
01:05:04,943 --> 01:05:08,446
with this beautiful aquamarine
blue methane atmosphere,

1340
01:05:08,480 --> 01:05:09,682
and all these pictures,

1341
01:05:09,715 --> 01:05:11,283
every single one of them is like whoa!

1342
01:05:11,316 --> 01:05:13,418
And you could hear people just whoa!

1343
01:05:13,451 --> 01:05:15,020
And everybody would be doing something

1344
01:05:15,053 --> 01:05:16,288
and somebody would go whoa!

1345
01:05:16,321 --> 01:05:17,555
And everybody would turn and look up.

1346
01:05:17,589 --> 01:05:19,391
Oh, my gosh, look at that!

1347
01:05:19,424 --> 01:05:20,759
There was no Internet,

1348
01:05:20,793 --> 01:05:24,296
there was no news stream
going out to live CNN.

1349
01:05:24,329 --> 01:05:26,899
The only way to experience
that sensation

1350
01:05:26,932 --> 01:05:30,035
of being one of only
a small group of people

1351
01:05:30,068 --> 01:05:34,572
who saw a point of light become a world,

1352
01:05:34,606 --> 01:05:37,776
the only way to experience it
was to be in that room.

1353
01:05:37,810 --> 01:05:39,845
STONE:
Well, just about two minutes ago,

1354
01:05:39,878 --> 01:05:43,682
Voyager 2 passed through
its closest approach to Uranus.

1355
01:05:43,716 --> 01:05:45,550
[applause]

1356
01:05:45,583 --> 01:05:50,889
SMITH:
The new ring is right here.

1357
01:05:50,923 --> 01:05:53,525
Now, I don't...
[laughter]

1358
01:05:53,558 --> 01:05:55,560
you're telling me you can't see it.

1359
01:05:55,593 --> 01:05:56,561
I can.

1360
01:05:56,594 --> 01:05:57,896
JOURNALIST:
Dr. Soderblom,

1361
01:05:57,930 --> 01:05:59,664
as you whizzed through your explanation,

1362
01:05:59,698 --> 01:06:03,235
I couldn't put it all together,
could you try that again?

1363
01:06:03,268 --> 01:06:04,236
SODERBLOM: Slower?

1364
01:06:04,269 --> 01:06:05,603
[laughter]

1365
01:06:05,637 --> 01:06:07,172
JOURNALIST:
Slower and a few more details.

1366
01:06:07,205 --> 01:06:08,540
SODERBLOM:
I thought that was pretty slow.

1367
01:06:08,573 --> 01:06:12,610
[guitar and strings music]

1368
01:06:12,644 --> 01:06:14,412
STONE:
Every time we arrived at a new planet

1369
01:06:14,446 --> 01:06:15,748
there were always surprises,

1370
01:06:15,781 --> 01:06:17,549
even though we had gotten a lot smarter.

1371
01:06:17,582 --> 01:06:20,953
For instance, before Voyager,
all the magnetic fields

1372
01:06:20,986 --> 01:06:24,589
have the magnetic pole near
the rotation axis of the planet,

1373
01:06:24,622 --> 01:06:27,225
and that was true for Jupiter,
it was true for Saturn,

1374
01:06:27,259 --> 01:06:32,330
and then we flew by Uranus and
the pole was near the equator.

1375
01:06:32,364 --> 01:06:33,698
BAGENAL:
There's been a lot of speculation

1376
01:06:33,732 --> 01:06:35,834
about the magnetosphere of Uranus.

1377
01:06:35,868 --> 01:06:38,470
Would there be one,
what would it be like?

1378
01:06:38,503 --> 01:06:40,705
And the magnetosphere of Uranus

1379
01:06:40,739 --> 01:06:42,941
is far more weird and wonderful...

1380
01:06:42,975 --> 01:06:46,078
BAGENAL: We found
the planet's tipped on its side,

1381
01:06:46,111 --> 01:06:48,446
but the magnetic field is then tipped

1382
01:06:48,480 --> 01:06:50,382
relative to the spin axis,

1383
01:06:50,415 --> 01:06:55,287
so you have this huge contortion
in the magnetic field

1384
01:06:55,320 --> 01:07:00,192
as the planet spins around,
just bizarre.

1385
01:07:05,063 --> 01:07:07,032
HAMMEL:
At that point in its orbit,

1386
01:07:07,065 --> 01:07:11,403
the planet didn't look exciting,

1387
01:07:11,436 --> 01:07:15,140
and part of that is Uranus itself,

1388
01:07:15,173 --> 01:07:17,475
holding its secrets back.

1389
01:07:17,509 --> 01:07:21,780
SMITH:
That had to be, I guess, one of the...

1390
01:07:21,814 --> 01:07:26,151
well, disappointments in that Uranus

1391
01:07:26,184 --> 01:07:28,186
was not more photogenic than it was.

1392
01:07:28,220 --> 01:07:30,956
It was actually pretty blah.

1393
01:07:30,989 --> 01:07:32,490
HAMMEL:
Ah... poor Uranus.

1394
01:07:32,524 --> 01:07:34,159
[laughs]

1395
01:07:34,192 --> 01:07:35,327
Poor Uranus.

1396
01:07:35,360 --> 01:07:45,402
[guitar and piano music]

1397
01:07:45,403 --> 01:07:50,943
[guitar and piano music]

1398
01:07:50,976 --> 01:07:54,212
TERRILE:
The big stars of the Uranus encounter

1399
01:07:54,246 --> 01:07:55,780
were actually the moons.

1400
01:07:55,814 --> 01:07:59,551
[guitar music]

1401
01:07:59,584 --> 01:08:01,019
KOHLHASE:
If you're going to go to Neptune,

1402
01:08:01,053 --> 01:08:04,356
you still have to use Uranus
for gravity assist.

1403
01:08:04,389 --> 01:08:08,560
The gravity assist aiming point
at Uranus

1404
01:08:08,593 --> 01:08:13,331
just happened to be pretty close
to the orbit of Miranda.

1405
01:08:13,365 --> 01:08:15,400
If Uranus has been the last stop,

1406
01:08:15,433 --> 01:08:18,136
the scientists might have wanted
to go to a larger moon,

1407
01:08:18,170 --> 01:08:22,507
which ironically, I don't see
how anything could have been

1408
01:08:22,540 --> 01:08:24,009
any more interesting than Miranda...

1409
01:08:24,042 --> 01:08:28,513
[string music]

1410
01:08:28,546 --> 01:08:31,083
It looked like a jumbled-up mess.

1411
01:08:31,116 --> 01:08:34,619
[string music]

1412
01:08:34,652 --> 01:08:37,489
HAMMEL: This moon looked like
it had been ripped to pieces

1413
01:08:37,522 --> 01:08:40,158
and then just sort of shoved
back together again.

1414
01:08:40,192 --> 01:08:41,894
SMITH: Whoa!
Come look at this.

1415
01:08:41,927 --> 01:08:43,461
SPILKER: Going up to the screen
and pointing and saying,

1416
01:08:43,495 --> 01:08:45,263
"did you... look at that, look at that."

1417
01:08:45,297 --> 01:08:47,933
HAMMEL:
No... nobody was ready for Miranda.

1418
01:08:47,966 --> 01:08:51,236
SODERBLOM:
There were enormous cliffs and gashes,

1419
01:08:51,269 --> 01:08:54,239
one of them, you can see
the edge of a cliff,

1420
01:08:54,272 --> 01:08:56,608
it's got to be ten kilometers tall.

1421
01:08:56,641 --> 01:08:59,044
The gravity on Miranda is so weak,

1422
01:08:59,077 --> 01:09:00,745
if you jumped off that cliff,

1423
01:09:00,778 --> 01:09:05,350
you could read the newspaper
on the way down,

1424
01:09:05,383 --> 01:09:06,751
but when you hit the bottom

1425
01:09:06,784 --> 01:09:08,453
you'd still be going
a hundred miles an hour,

1426
01:09:08,486 --> 01:09:11,223
so it probably wouldn't...

1427
01:09:11,256 --> 01:09:14,492
it would be the last newspaper you read.

1428
01:09:14,526 --> 01:09:18,530
NARRATOR: At Uranus, Voyager
detected intense radiation belts

1429
01:09:18,563 --> 01:09:22,867
and discovered two new rings
and ten tiny moons.

1430
01:09:22,901 --> 01:09:28,340
BAGENAL: We were just about
to present all our results,

1431
01:09:28,373 --> 01:09:29,774
we were all about to have

1432
01:09:29,807 --> 01:09:35,213
the big final finale
press conference and...

1433
01:09:35,247 --> 01:09:36,748
came back from breakfast,

1434
01:09:36,781 --> 01:09:41,819
and I went to go watch
the shuttle being launched...

1435
01:09:41,853 --> 01:09:44,089
VO IN ARCHIVE:
We have main engines start...

1436
01:09:44,122 --> 01:09:49,294
4... 3... 2... 1... and lift-off!

1437
01:09:49,327 --> 01:09:52,430
Lift off of the 25th
space shuttle mission,

1438
01:09:52,464 --> 01:09:54,699
and it has cleared the tower.

1439
01:09:54,732 --> 01:09:56,201
BAGENAL:
...and we thought, OK, great,

1440
01:09:56,234 --> 01:09:57,535
we'll watch the shuttle launch

1441
01:09:57,569 --> 01:09:59,704
and then we'll go
to the press conference,

1442
01:09:59,737 --> 01:10:02,740
but of course that was Challenger.

1443
01:10:02,774 --> 01:10:03,976
VO IN ARCHIVE:
Engines throttling up.

1444
01:10:04,009 --> 01:10:05,477
Three engine now at 104%.

1445
01:10:05,510 --> 01:10:07,980
Challenger, go with throttle up.

1446
01:10:08,013 --> 01:10:09,847
Roger, go with throttle up.

1447
01:10:16,854 --> 01:10:18,790
[soft piano music]

1448
01:10:18,823 --> 01:10:20,625
SPILKER:
People were just like astonished.

1449
01:10:20,658 --> 01:10:23,361
This gasp of like, oh, my,
did you see that,

1450
01:10:23,395 --> 01:10:25,097
did it really blow up?

1451
01:10:25,130 --> 01:10:27,132
Because we had stopped in our meeting

1452
01:10:27,165 --> 01:10:28,600
so everyone could watch it,

1453
01:10:28,633 --> 01:10:32,070
and then there was just silence,
people were crying.

1454
01:10:32,104 --> 01:10:33,471
[soft piano music]

1455
01:10:33,505 --> 01:10:36,274
SMITH:
Well, what can you say?

1456
01:10:36,308 --> 01:10:40,678
You knew right away that
a bunch of people were dead.

1457
01:10:40,712 --> 01:10:42,080
VO IN ARCHIVE:
Flight Throttle. Go ahead.

1458
01:10:42,114 --> 01:10:47,719
RSO reports vehicle exploded.

1459
01:10:47,752 --> 01:10:49,021
Copy.

1460
01:10:49,054 --> 01:10:52,257
DODD: And then of course
they showed replays and replays

1461
01:10:52,290 --> 01:10:56,361
and replays over and over
and over again.

1462
01:10:56,394 --> 01:10:58,463
MAN IN ARCHIVE:
We have no downlink.

1463
01:10:58,496 --> 01:11:01,299
OK, everybody, just stay
off the telephones.

1464
01:11:01,333 --> 01:11:03,068
Make sure you maintain all your data,

1465
01:11:03,101 --> 01:11:05,037
start pulling it together.

1466
01:11:05,070 --> 01:11:06,471
SPILKER:
The Challenger accident happened

1467
01:11:06,504 --> 01:11:08,540
as we were receding from Uranus.

1468
01:11:08,573 --> 01:11:11,643
I have this vivid memory
of picture after picture

1469
01:11:11,676 --> 01:11:13,745
of the crescent Uranus coming back

1470
01:11:13,778 --> 01:11:16,481
and the replay
of the Challenger explosion,

1471
01:11:16,514 --> 01:11:18,950
and it was just devastating.

1472
01:11:18,983 --> 01:11:22,520
RONALD REAGAN: Today is a day
for mourning and remembering.

1473
01:11:22,554 --> 01:11:24,356
Nancy and I are pained to the core

1474
01:11:24,389 --> 01:11:26,924
over the tragedy
of the shuttle Challenger.

1475
01:11:26,958 --> 01:11:28,326
We know we share this pain

1476
01:11:28,360 --> 01:11:30,628
with all of the people of our country.

1477
01:11:30,662 --> 01:11:33,265
This is truly a national loss.

1478
01:11:33,298 --> 01:11:34,866
I know it's hard to understand,

1479
01:11:34,899 --> 01:11:37,902
but sometimes painful things
like this happen.

1480
01:11:37,935 --> 01:11:41,873
It's all part of the process
of exploration and discovery.

1481
01:11:41,906 --> 01:11:46,844
It's all part of taking a chance
and expanding man's horizons.

1482
01:11:46,878 --> 01:11:50,248
The future doesn't belong
to the faint hearted,

1483
01:11:50,282 --> 01:11:52,250
it belongs to the brave.

1484
01:11:52,284 --> 01:12:06,264
[sad string music plays]

1485
01:12:07,965 --> 01:12:10,302
DODD: During these closest
approach time periods,

1486
01:12:10,335 --> 01:12:13,705
we would have hundreds
of reporters come to JPL,

1487
01:12:13,738 --> 01:12:18,510
and when the Challenger
exploded, everybody just left.

1488
01:12:18,543 --> 01:12:22,514
[nearly silent save for ring
of unattended microphone]

1489
01:12:29,854 --> 01:12:35,360
[piano music]

1490
01:12:35,393 --> 01:12:37,262
KRAUSS:
Those cosmic questions we hope to learn

1491
01:12:37,295 --> 01:12:38,763
by sending our machines out,

1492
01:12:38,796 --> 01:12:41,099
the very same questions
that you and I and every child

1493
01:12:41,133 --> 01:12:42,400
has asked themselves.

1494
01:12:42,434 --> 01:12:43,835
Where do we come from, are we alone,

1495
01:12:43,868 --> 01:12:46,238
what's the universe made of,
how will it end?

1496
01:12:46,271 --> 01:12:48,173
All of these basic questions

1497
01:12:48,206 --> 01:12:50,608
are the questions that drive science.

1498
01:12:50,642 --> 01:12:52,610
[piano music]

1499
01:12:52,644 --> 01:12:55,213
[traffic]

1500
01:12:58,383 --> 01:13:01,219
[machines beeping]

1501
01:13:01,253 --> 01:13:04,356
STONE:
Finally at Neptune, Voyager has begun

1502
01:13:04,389 --> 01:13:07,292
the last of a decade's worth
of encounters

1503
01:13:07,325 --> 01:13:08,793
with the outer planets.

1504
01:13:08,826 --> 01:13:10,928
BELL:
It was another three and a half years

1505
01:13:10,962 --> 01:13:12,664
to get out to Neptune.

1506
01:13:12,697 --> 01:13:14,699
They had to reprogram
the spacecraft again,

1507
01:13:14,732 --> 01:13:16,234
give it, teach it some new tricks,

1508
01:13:16,268 --> 01:13:18,069
to work in this even darker environment,

1509
01:13:18,102 --> 01:13:21,072
even colder environment.

1510
01:13:21,105 --> 01:13:22,707
BAGENAL:
If we take the Earth

1511
01:13:22,740 --> 01:13:27,111
being one astronomical unit
from the sun, or AU for short.

1512
01:13:27,145 --> 01:13:29,481
Neptune is 30 times that distance.

1513
01:13:29,514 --> 01:13:31,149
STONE:
When we launched Voyager,

1514
01:13:31,183 --> 01:13:35,287
there was no capability to get
any images back from 30 AU.

1515
01:13:35,320 --> 01:13:38,490
That capability happened
all after launch.

1516
01:13:38,523 --> 01:13:41,559
It involved taking two 34-meter antennas

1517
01:13:41,593 --> 01:13:43,795
and adding them to a 70-meter antenna.

1518
01:13:43,828 --> 01:13:45,597
VLA RADIO CONTROL: Copy, we're
ready to run that observation.

1519
01:13:45,630 --> 01:13:47,765
STONE: It meant using the entire
Very Large Array in New Mexico,

1520
01:13:47,799 --> 01:13:51,303
27 antennas to collect
the very weak signal

1521
01:13:51,336 --> 01:13:53,738
that we could get back from 30 AU.

1522
01:13:53,771 --> 01:13:56,073
BELL: The flybys past Jupiter,
Saturn and Uranus

1523
01:13:56,107 --> 01:13:59,511
had sped up the spacecraft too,
so it's going even faster,

1524
01:13:59,544 --> 01:14:03,715
so enormous amounts
of pressure, and one shot.

1525
01:14:03,748 --> 01:14:06,117
[light keyboard music]

1526
01:14:06,150 --> 01:14:07,919
NARRATOR:
In the summer of 1989,

1527
01:14:07,952 --> 01:14:13,958
Voyager 2 finally came up
on the ice giant Neptune.

1528
01:14:13,991 --> 01:14:17,495
Thanks to slingshots at Jupiter,
Saturn and Uranus,

1529
01:14:17,529 --> 01:14:21,366
the trip was almost 20 years
shorter than a direct approach,

1530
01:14:21,399 --> 01:14:23,268
one without gravity assist.

1531
01:14:23,301 --> 01:14:28,540
[music playing]

1532
01:14:28,573 --> 01:14:30,342
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
There it was just sitting

1533
01:14:30,375 --> 01:14:32,109
out on the edge of our solar system

1534
01:14:32,143 --> 01:14:35,680
waiting for somebody to come out
and appreciate its beauty.

1535
01:14:35,713 --> 01:14:36,881
Just waiting for the day

1536
01:14:36,914 --> 01:14:41,953
that humans would get out there,
and go wow!

1537
01:14:41,986 --> 01:14:43,755
HAMMEL:
I had been taking pictures of Neptune

1538
01:14:43,788 --> 01:14:46,758
from the ground where
we couldn't see very much.

1539
01:14:46,791 --> 01:14:49,727
You know, in my head imagining
what it might look like

1540
01:14:49,761 --> 01:14:54,632
and seeing that turned
into reality, it's a rush.

1541
01:14:54,666 --> 01:15:00,272
BAGENAL:
Looking at this blue, bright blue orb,

1542
01:15:00,305 --> 01:15:02,106
it was evocative of the Earth,

1543
01:15:02,139 --> 01:15:06,511
which was bizarre for the last
planet that we were flying by.

1544
01:15:06,544 --> 01:15:09,381
HAMMEL:
I was a meticulous log taker

1545
01:15:09,414 --> 01:15:12,450
and I would make little
notations in these logs

1546
01:15:12,484 --> 01:15:13,951
and I would draw little pictures,

1547
01:15:13,985 --> 01:15:16,454
and you could see
what's this little dark spot,

1548
01:15:16,488 --> 01:15:19,223
bright clouds, I'm like wow!

1549
01:15:19,257 --> 01:15:21,058
Wow! Exclamation point!

1550
01:15:21,092 --> 01:15:23,495
And I'd draw pictures and arrows.

1551
01:15:23,528 --> 01:15:28,900
The most surprising thing
was a giant dark spot.

1552
01:15:28,933 --> 01:15:31,436
Nobody had any idea that would be there.

1553
01:15:31,469 --> 01:15:34,472
It's huge.
It's like a hole in the planet.

1554
01:15:34,506 --> 01:15:36,841
So we called it The Great Dark Spot

1555
01:15:36,874 --> 01:15:39,811
because we're not very original
when it comes to names.

1556
01:15:39,844 --> 01:15:46,618
[electric guitar music]

1557
01:15:46,651 --> 01:15:49,220
INGERSOLL:
We had to basically make a forecast

1558
01:15:49,253 --> 01:15:51,523
of the storms on Neptune

1559
01:15:51,556 --> 01:15:54,759
in order to point the cameras
during the last day,

1560
01:15:54,792 --> 01:15:58,029
and at the same time
there was a hurricane

1561
01:15:58,062 --> 01:16:00,832
off the east coast of the US,

1562
01:16:00,865 --> 01:16:03,535
and the weather forecasters

1563
01:16:03,568 --> 01:16:06,471
were trying to forecast that hurricane,

1564
01:16:06,504 --> 01:16:10,141
but they were trying to forecast
it twelve hours in advance

1565
01:16:10,174 --> 01:16:11,643
and they were having a lot of trouble

1566
01:16:11,676 --> 01:16:13,945
because the storm
kept changing position.

1567
01:16:13,978 --> 01:16:17,882
And we were just calmly plotting
points on graph paper

1568
01:16:17,915 --> 01:16:20,017
and then said, OK, two weeks from now,

1569
01:16:20,051 --> 01:16:24,422
this storm is going to be
right here and it usually was.

1570
01:16:24,456 --> 01:16:28,893
[electric guitar music]

1571
01:16:28,926 --> 01:16:31,929
BAGENAL:
At Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus,

1572
01:16:31,963 --> 01:16:34,499
the goal was to do a flyby

1573
01:16:34,532 --> 01:16:38,436
that would take the spacecraft
on to the next planet.

1574
01:16:38,470 --> 01:16:40,271
When it came to Neptune

1575
01:16:40,304 --> 01:16:42,306
we knew that that was the last planet

1576
01:16:42,340 --> 01:16:43,708
that we were going to fly by,

1577
01:16:43,741 --> 01:16:47,579
and so we could take
a different trajectory.

1578
01:16:47,612 --> 01:16:52,083
This allowed us to get a really
spectacular view of the rings

1579
01:16:52,116 --> 01:16:54,285
and then look back on the system

1580
01:16:54,318 --> 01:16:57,755
in a way that was quite beautiful.

1581
01:16:57,789 --> 01:17:00,692
TERRILE: Think about imaging
the rings of Neptune.

1582
01:17:00,725 --> 01:17:04,396
They have reflectivity which
is twice as dark as soot,

1583
01:17:04,429 --> 01:17:05,897
and the light that's falling on them

1584
01:17:05,930 --> 01:17:09,401
is a thousand times fainter
than on Earth.

1585
01:17:09,434 --> 01:17:11,603
So you have one one-thousandth the light

1586
01:17:11,636 --> 01:17:13,438
and you're trying to image something

1587
01:17:13,471 --> 01:17:16,908
which is twice as dark as soot
against a jet-black background.

1588
01:17:16,941 --> 01:17:20,378
SMITH: More than one ring can be
seen even in the raw images,

1589
01:17:20,412 --> 01:17:22,013
the so-called ring arcs,

1590
01:17:22,046 --> 01:17:26,017
and it seemed reasonable that
this was indeed the lost arc

1591
01:17:26,050 --> 01:17:29,554
that our imaging team raiders
were looking for.

1592
01:17:29,587 --> 01:17:33,758
CROWD: Oh dear!

1593
01:17:33,791 --> 01:17:35,827
SMITH:
Now you're going to turn on me, right?

1594
01:17:35,860 --> 01:17:37,429
[laughter]

1595
01:17:37,462 --> 01:17:41,766
KOHLHASE: We knew at Neptune
we wanted a close flyby of Triton,

1596
01:17:41,799 --> 01:17:44,602
which was a huge world around Neptune.

1597
01:17:44,636 --> 01:17:46,438
SODERBLOM:
If you looked at them on the way in,

1598
01:17:46,471 --> 01:17:48,205
they weren't lined up.

1599
01:17:48,239 --> 01:17:50,141
One's up here, one's down here.

1600
01:17:50,174 --> 01:17:51,342
And so, what are you going to do?

1601
01:17:51,375 --> 01:17:52,777
Well, there was a way...

1602
01:17:52,810 --> 01:17:56,481
fly over the north pole,
very close to Neptune

1603
01:17:56,514 --> 01:17:59,517
to bend the spacecraft
so it would go down.

1604
01:17:59,551 --> 01:18:02,286
BELL: But the meant getting to
within just a few thousand miles

1605
01:18:02,319 --> 01:18:05,457
of the cloud tops skimming the surface.

1606
01:18:05,490 --> 01:18:09,527
And they had to hit that,
you know, exactly right.

1607
01:18:09,561 --> 01:18:11,095
SODERBLOM:
There was a lot of concern

1608
01:18:11,128 --> 01:18:14,699
that we didn't know enough
about Neptune's atmosphere

1609
01:18:14,732 --> 01:18:19,737
to really be sure that
the spacecraft would not tumble.

1610
01:18:19,771 --> 01:18:22,574
BELL:
Just a slight error in the calculations

1611
01:18:22,607 --> 01:18:24,809
and instead of skimming
across the cloud tops,

1612
01:18:24,842 --> 01:18:28,345
you're skimming into the clouds
and the spacecraft burns up.

1613
01:18:28,379 --> 01:18:30,715
Slight error the other way,
you go a little too far,

1614
01:18:30,748 --> 01:18:33,284
you don't bend enough,
maybe you run right into Triton

1615
01:18:33,317 --> 01:18:35,252
and crash, and that's the end
of the mission.

1616
01:18:35,286 --> 01:18:36,488
You don't have enough time,

1617
01:18:36,521 --> 01:18:39,056
you have to make your last best guess,

1618
01:18:39,090 --> 01:18:41,425
hit the send button.

1619
01:18:41,459 --> 01:18:42,694
[atmospheric suspenseful music]

1620
01:18:42,727 --> 01:18:44,395
It would have been just fascinating

1621
01:18:44,428 --> 01:18:46,197
to be hanging on
to that spacecraft, right?

1622
01:18:46,230 --> 01:18:50,434
Skimming over these beautiful
blue cloud tops of Neptune

1623
01:18:50,468 --> 01:18:52,670
and then as you come
over the pole of Neptune

1624
01:18:52,704 --> 01:18:55,807
seeing that big moon Triton rise up...

1625
01:18:55,840 --> 01:19:03,681
[atmospheric suspenseful music]

1626
01:19:03,715 --> 01:19:06,083
TERRILE:
After several billion miles of journey

1627
01:19:06,117 --> 01:19:07,785
to get us to within a few kilometers

1628
01:19:07,819 --> 01:19:08,953
of where we needed to be,

1629
01:19:08,986 --> 01:19:11,288
it's just absolutely remarkable.

1630
01:19:11,322 --> 01:19:14,659
You know, threading
an incredible needle.

1631
01:19:14,692 --> 01:19:16,861
SODERBLOM:
Southern hemisphere of Triton

1632
01:19:16,894 --> 01:19:20,364
is entirely covered with nitrogen ice,

1633
01:19:20,397 --> 01:19:24,736
and as we flew past,
we were able to look down

1634
01:19:24,769 --> 01:19:29,340
at markings on the surface
of the polar cap.

1635
01:19:29,373 --> 01:19:33,978
We were putting together
a mosaic of Triton's globe,

1636
01:19:34,011 --> 01:19:37,915
but we couldn't get things
to line up quite right.

1637
01:19:37,949 --> 01:19:41,753
Some of the dark streaks, two
in particular would not line up.

1638
01:19:41,786 --> 01:19:43,387
BELL:
He's like just scratching his head,

1639
01:19:43,420 --> 01:19:45,757
like I have no idea
what's going on here.

1640
01:19:45,790 --> 01:19:48,225
This guy's one of the world's experts

1641
01:19:48,259 --> 01:19:50,862
on anything having to do
with planets and moons,

1642
01:19:50,895 --> 01:19:52,363
and he can't figure this out.

1643
01:19:52,396 --> 01:19:56,267
SODERBLOM: I said, well,
let's put it in a stereo viewer,

1644
01:19:56,300 --> 01:19:57,835
red and blue glasses.

1645
01:19:57,869 --> 01:20:00,872
And the images fused
into a three-dimensional model

1646
01:20:00,905 --> 01:20:03,374
and up popped these geysers.

1647
01:20:03,407 --> 01:20:07,144
[atmospheric suspenseful music]

1648
01:20:07,178 --> 01:20:12,817
SODERBLOM: And I said holy moly,
and so we knew what we had.

1649
01:20:12,850 --> 01:20:20,925
[music playing]

1650
01:20:20,958 --> 01:20:24,395
[music playing]

1651
01:20:24,428 --> 01:20:25,830
BAGENAL:
These plumes.

1652
01:20:25,863 --> 01:20:31,235
Black geysers spewing out this stuff.

1653
01:20:31,268 --> 01:20:36,874
HAMMEL:
The plumes extending out of the surface

1654
01:20:36,908 --> 01:20:39,210
for like kilometers.

1655
01:20:39,243 --> 01:20:42,580
TERRILE:
We were seeing eruptions on a world

1656
01:20:42,614 --> 01:20:47,151
which should have been
just a frozen cinder.

1657
01:20:47,184 --> 01:20:48,620
The last place we would have expected

1658
01:20:48,653 --> 01:20:51,889
to see further dynamics,
further eruptions

1659
01:20:51,923 --> 01:20:54,525
was at a moon this remote
in the solar system.

1660
01:20:54,558 --> 01:20:56,060
SODERBLOM:
Just because an idea's crazy,

1661
01:20:56,093 --> 01:20:57,662
it's not necessarily wrong.

1662
01:20:57,695 --> 01:21:00,531
CROWD: [laughter]

1663
01:21:00,564 --> 01:21:03,467
NARRATOR: Geysers.
Volcanoes on Io.

1664
01:21:03,500 --> 01:21:06,037
Hints of a giant ocean of liquid water

1665
01:21:06,070 --> 01:21:08,873
under Europa's icy crust.

1666
01:21:08,906 --> 01:21:12,744
Each of these features is
evidence of a source of energy.

1667
01:21:12,777 --> 01:21:16,547
And that's a prerequisite
for life as we know it.

1668
01:21:17,782 --> 01:21:20,217
SPILKER:
We knew this was the last planet,

1669
01:21:20,251 --> 01:21:22,353
Voyager would explore

1670
01:21:22,386 --> 01:21:25,256
before it headed on
for the rest of its journey,

1671
01:21:25,289 --> 01:21:28,860
and so I think
the times together as a team,

1672
01:21:28,893 --> 01:21:31,495
the times to look at the pictures, talk,

1673
01:21:31,528 --> 01:21:33,898
meet together, became more precious.

1674
01:21:33,931 --> 01:21:38,269
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
I was passing by the secretary's desk

1675
01:21:38,302 --> 01:21:39,671
and she said, oh, Candy,

1676
01:21:39,704 --> 01:21:43,074
there's a reporter
that wants to talk to you.

1677
01:21:43,107 --> 01:21:46,443
And he said, the countdown clock

1678
01:21:46,477 --> 01:21:49,413
just went from minus,

1679
01:21:49,446 --> 01:21:54,085
counting down, to counting up.

1680
01:21:54,118 --> 01:21:57,922
Voyager's now leaving Neptune.

1681
01:21:57,955 --> 01:22:02,326
And he said how does that make you feel?

1682
01:22:02,359 --> 01:22:05,997
And in that moment,
I dissolved into tears.

1683
01:22:06,030 --> 01:22:07,364
[piano music]

1684
01:22:07,398 --> 01:22:09,100
BELL:
After the spacecraft went past,

1685
01:22:09,133 --> 01:22:10,634
it turned around and looked back,

1686
01:22:10,668 --> 01:22:13,304
and there's this beautiful
crescent Neptune and Triton,

1687
01:22:13,337 --> 01:22:16,207
and people realized that's the end

1688
01:22:16,240 --> 01:22:18,209
of the planetary part of Voyager.

1689
01:22:18,242 --> 01:22:20,077
That's the last port of call,

1690
01:22:20,111 --> 01:22:24,315
the last thing we'll see in our
solar system is now behind us.

1691
01:22:24,348 --> 01:22:28,886
[piano music]

1692
01:22:28,920 --> 01:22:32,757
SMITH:
We could have enhanced the color a bit

1693
01:22:32,790 --> 01:22:34,491
to make a somewhat prettier picture,

1694
01:22:34,525 --> 01:22:37,461
but out of respect
to the Voyager spacecraft

1695
01:22:37,494 --> 01:22:41,332
we decided to show it to you
just as it is.

1696
01:22:44,201 --> 01:22:47,872
[applause]

1697
01:22:47,905 --> 01:22:51,208
[piano music]

1698
01:22:51,242 --> 01:22:52,543
SMITH:
The way I looked at it

1699
01:22:52,576 --> 01:22:57,048
was gee, we did something really great.

1700
01:22:57,081 --> 01:22:59,951
Very, very successful mission.

1701
01:22:59,984 --> 01:23:01,618
SODERBLOM:
A little weepy.

1702
01:23:01,652 --> 01:23:06,824
I mean it's... there was a lot of
energy put into this mission.

1703
01:23:06,858 --> 01:23:10,694
SPEAKER:
We have ignition and we have lift-off.

1704
01:23:10,728 --> 01:23:19,203
[piano music]

1705
01:23:19,236 --> 01:23:25,209
SODERBLOM:
Years of intense effort.

1706
01:23:25,242 --> 01:23:27,812
It was the end of a sentimental journey.

1707
01:23:27,845 --> 01:23:31,816
[piano music]

1708
01:23:31,849 --> 01:23:33,217
KOHLHASE:
We did it.

1709
01:23:33,250 --> 01:23:36,954
We pulled it off, and that's important.

1710
01:23:36,988 --> 01:23:38,689
It is.

1711
01:23:38,722 --> 01:23:40,357
["Johnny B. Goode" by Chuck Berry]

1712
01:23:40,391 --> 01:23:41,959
♪ Deep down in Lousiana
close to New Orleans ♪

1713
01:23:41,993 --> 01:23:44,361
♪ Way back up in the woods
among the evergreens ♪

1714
01:23:44,395 --> 01:23:47,098
♪ There stood a log cabin
made of earth and wood ♪

1715
01:23:47,131 --> 01:23:49,700
♪ Where lived a country boy
named Johnny B. Goode ♪

1716
01:23:49,733 --> 01:23:52,069
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
We had a big party at JPL,

1717
01:23:52,103 --> 01:23:53,437
Chuck Berry was there,

1718
01:23:53,470 --> 01:23:55,506
so that was a good send-off for Voyager.

1719
01:23:55,539 --> 01:23:57,208
CHUCK BERRY:
♪ Go, go ♪

1720
01:23:57,241 --> 01:24:00,144
♪ Go, Johnny, go, go ♪

1721
01:24:00,177 --> 01:24:03,047
♪ Go, Johnny, go, go ♪

1722
01:24:03,080 --> 01:24:05,983
♪ Go, Johnny, go, go ♪

1723
01:24:06,017 --> 01:24:09,821
♪ Go, Johnny, go, go ♪

1724
01:24:09,854 --> 01:24:11,255
♪ Johnny B. Goode ♪

1725
01:24:11,288 --> 01:24:13,357
[music ends]

1726
01:24:13,390 --> 01:24:17,995
DODD:
Rockstar moment and sail on Voyager.

1727
01:24:18,029 --> 01:24:19,630
CARL SAGAN:
And I'm going to go get some sleep

1728
01:24:19,663 --> 01:24:21,999
or maybe I'll do
a little more dancing...

1729
01:24:22,033 --> 01:24:23,234
Thank you very much, Lou?

1730
01:24:23,267 --> 01:24:27,171
[clapping]

1731
01:24:28,505 --> 01:24:29,673
BELL:
Meanwhile Voyager 1

1732
01:24:29,706 --> 01:24:31,442
is still kind of cruising out there,

1733
01:24:31,475 --> 01:24:33,144
getting farther and farther out,

1734
01:24:33,177 --> 01:24:34,478
and a number of folks on the team,

1735
01:24:34,511 --> 01:24:36,113
including Carl Sagan,

1736
01:24:36,147 --> 01:24:39,817
had this idea that before we
have to shut the cameras down,

1737
01:24:39,851 --> 01:24:42,753
let's turn around,
look back towards the sun

1738
01:24:42,786 --> 01:24:45,356
and let's take a picture
of our solar system

1739
01:24:45,389 --> 01:24:47,558
unlike any that had ever
been taken before.

1740
01:24:47,591 --> 01:24:49,760
And there was actually opposition to it.

1741
01:24:49,793 --> 01:24:51,228
PORCO:
They just didn't want to do it.

1742
01:24:51,262 --> 01:24:52,629
They couldn't get their heads around

1743
01:24:52,663 --> 01:24:54,765
what would be the point
of taking a picture

1744
01:24:54,798 --> 01:24:56,901
of the Earth and Jupiter and so on

1745
01:24:56,934 --> 01:24:59,670
because they're just going to be
little points of light.

1746
01:24:59,703 --> 01:25:02,339
So Carl being Carl

1747
01:25:02,373 --> 01:25:05,809
actually went all the way
to the NASA administrator

1748
01:25:05,843 --> 01:25:09,213
and got him to direct
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

1749
01:25:09,246 --> 01:25:11,615
to take this series of pictures.

1750
01:25:11,648 --> 01:25:14,085
SMITH:
Absolutely zero science in it.

1751
01:25:14,118 --> 01:25:17,154
Absolutely none.

1752
01:25:17,188 --> 01:25:19,090
NARRATOR:
From a unique vantage point,

1753
01:25:19,123 --> 01:25:21,325
nearly four billion miles away,

1754
01:25:21,358 --> 01:25:24,095
Voyager 1's cameras turned homeward

1755
01:25:24,128 --> 01:25:26,463
to take family snapshots.

1756
01:25:26,497 --> 01:25:29,967
It was Valentine's Day, 1990.

1757
01:25:30,001 --> 01:25:35,372
[music playing]

1758
01:25:40,577 --> 01:25:41,946
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
When we did our portrait

1759
01:25:41,979 --> 01:25:43,915
of each of the planets,

1760
01:25:43,948 --> 01:25:46,350
I was the first person
to look at the pictures

1761
01:25:46,383 --> 01:25:48,052
and I knew every blemish,

1762
01:25:48,085 --> 01:25:51,255
and so I could pretty quickly go
blemish, blemish, blemish,

1763
01:25:51,288 --> 01:25:54,225
and I thought, well, where's the Earth?

1764
01:25:54,258 --> 01:25:56,928
Where?
How could we... you know?

1765
01:25:56,961 --> 01:25:59,830
And then I realized
there was a lot of...

1766
01:25:59,863 --> 01:26:04,735
there were a lot of streaks
of light in that image,

1767
01:26:04,768 --> 01:26:06,737
and I realized finally

1768
01:26:06,770 --> 01:26:12,476
that the Earth was sitting
in one of those rays of light.

1769
01:26:12,509 --> 01:26:14,111
You know, I just sat there for a while

1770
01:26:14,145 --> 01:26:19,216
just kind of realizing wow,
that's the Earth, you know,

1771
01:26:19,250 --> 01:26:21,718
that's Voyager looking back
at the Earth,

1772
01:26:21,752 --> 01:26:23,354
and then once I had sort of recovered,

1773
01:26:23,387 --> 01:26:24,688
I started calling people.

1774
01:26:24,721 --> 01:26:25,856
I called Brad.

1775
01:26:25,889 --> 01:26:28,825
Brad, we got it,
called Carl, Carl, we got it.

1776
01:26:28,859 --> 01:26:29,826
Called my dad.

1777
01:26:29,860 --> 01:26:31,362
[laughs]

1778
01:26:31,395 --> 01:26:33,497
STONE: And so this is
a different kind of milestone

1779
01:26:33,530 --> 01:26:35,566
than the scientific milestones
we've had.

1780
01:26:35,599 --> 01:26:37,401
One that is really symbolic...

1781
01:26:37,434 --> 01:26:39,370
PORCO: I'm an imaging scientist,
so I first realized,

1782
01:26:39,403 --> 01:26:40,771
oh, this didn't turn out

1783
01:26:40,804 --> 01:26:42,473
the way we thought
it was going to turn out,

1784
01:26:42,506 --> 01:26:45,476
and my first impulse is to take my hand

1785
01:26:45,509 --> 01:26:48,512
and wipe away the dust, because
there was some dust on it.

1786
01:26:48,545 --> 01:26:52,216
Well, one of the pieces of dust
that I wanted to wipe away

1787
01:26:52,249 --> 01:26:54,585
was the Earth.

1788
01:26:54,618 --> 01:26:57,488
But it didn't matter
because in the hands of Carl,

1789
01:26:57,521 --> 01:27:02,326
he turned it into an allegory
on the human condition.

1790
01:27:02,359 --> 01:27:05,162
CARL SAGAN:
And the next slide.

1791
01:27:11,468 --> 01:27:13,270
The Earth in a sunbeam.

1792
01:27:15,973 --> 01:27:17,408
And in this color picture

1793
01:27:17,441 --> 01:27:20,611
you can see that it is in fact
less than a pixel,

1794
01:27:20,644 --> 01:27:24,948
and this is where we live,
on a blue dot.

1795
01:27:24,982 --> 01:27:27,684
On that blue dot,

1796
01:27:27,718 --> 01:27:31,855
that's where everyone you know
and everyone you ever heard of

1797
01:27:31,888 --> 01:27:35,126
and every human being who ever lived

1798
01:27:35,159 --> 01:27:38,662
lived out their lives.

1799
01:27:38,695 --> 01:27:43,734
I think this perspective
underscores our responsibility

1800
01:27:43,767 --> 01:27:47,938
to preserve and cherish that blue dot,

1801
01:27:47,971 --> 01:27:50,407
the only home we have.

1802
01:28:53,076 --> 01:28:55,678
NARRATOR: The two Voyagers
still communicate with Earth

1803
01:28:55,711 --> 01:28:57,847
nearly every day.

1804
01:28:57,880 --> 01:29:01,784
It takes huge antennas
to detect their faint signals,

1805
01:29:01,817 --> 01:29:05,588
now less than one trillionth of a watt.

1806
01:29:05,621 --> 01:29:07,557
The spacecraft continue to be tracked

1807
01:29:07,590 --> 01:29:10,926
as they begin the final part
of their mission,

1808
01:29:10,960 --> 01:29:14,197
to travel beyond the edge
of our solar system,

1809
01:29:14,230 --> 01:29:16,632
into interstellar space.

1810
01:29:16,666 --> 01:29:19,569
It's in this never travelled
region between the stars

1811
01:29:19,602 --> 01:29:22,305
that Voyager and its Golden Record

1812
01:29:22,338 --> 01:29:25,608
will have a chance of being discovered.

1813
01:29:25,641 --> 01:29:28,711
KRIMIGIS:
At the time we were designing Voyager,

1814
01:29:28,744 --> 01:29:33,116
interstellar space,
where the boundary was,

1815
01:29:33,149 --> 01:29:35,651
was totally unknown.

1816
01:29:35,685 --> 01:29:39,522
We had our eyes
on the interstellar mission.

1817
01:29:39,555 --> 01:29:41,957
Are we going to boost the spacecraft

1818
01:29:41,991 --> 01:29:46,562
to get out of our solar system
and into the galaxy?

1819
01:29:46,596 --> 01:29:52,935
It was a shot in the dark
because nobody knew how far.

1820
01:29:52,968 --> 01:29:55,037
Uncharted waters.

1821
01:29:55,071 --> 01:30:09,719
[inquisitive uplifting music]

1822
01:30:09,752 --> 01:30:12,655
BELL: The magnetic field of
the sun can only extend so far,

1823
01:30:12,688 --> 01:30:15,558
it's a bubble around our star,
all the stars have bubbles,

1824
01:30:15,591 --> 01:30:18,294
we can see the bubbles
around other stars out there,

1825
01:30:18,328 --> 01:30:19,829
so we know that they have bubbles.

1826
01:30:19,862 --> 01:30:21,731
Where does our bubble end?

1827
01:30:21,764 --> 01:30:23,433
NARRATOR:
Somewhere beyond Neptune

1828
01:30:23,466 --> 01:30:26,302
is the edge of the bubble
around our sun.

1829
01:30:26,336 --> 01:30:29,405
At the heliopause two forces balance...

1830
01:30:29,439 --> 01:30:31,474
the outward pressure of the solar wind

1831
01:30:31,507 --> 01:30:34,577
and the pressure of interstellar space.

1832
01:30:34,610 --> 01:30:38,981
But how far out it was, no one was sure.

1833
01:30:39,014 --> 01:30:40,250
DON GURNETT:
We kept going

1834
01:30:40,283 --> 01:30:41,717
and years went by and years went by

1835
01:30:41,751 --> 01:30:45,421
and we don't detect
the interstellar medium.

1836
01:30:45,455 --> 01:30:50,560
[music continues]

1837
01:30:50,593 --> 01:30:53,263
BELL:
Throughout the 1990s,

1838
01:30:53,296 --> 01:30:55,898
still didn't find
the edge of the bubble.

1839
01:30:55,931 --> 01:30:57,467
Throughout the 2000s,

1840
01:30:57,500 --> 01:31:00,136
still didn't find
the edge of the bubble,

1841
01:31:00,170 --> 01:31:03,973
and then finally in 2012 Voyager 1,

1842
01:31:04,006 --> 01:31:06,909
which is going the fastest,
which is the farthest,

1843
01:31:06,942 --> 01:31:09,179
started to see these funny things happen

1844
01:31:09,212 --> 01:31:10,780
to the squiggly lines.

1845
01:31:10,813 --> 01:31:12,282
This crazy spike.

1846
01:31:12,315 --> 01:31:13,283
And everybody goes, oh, is that it?

1847
01:31:13,316 --> 01:31:15,485
And then it goes back to normal.

1848
01:31:15,518 --> 01:31:18,854
And then it was just literally
one magical day in...

1849
01:31:18,888 --> 01:31:23,426
it was in August of 2012
that everything changed

1850
01:31:23,459 --> 01:31:26,596
and it was like pfff just...
popped out of the bubble.

1851
01:31:26,629 --> 01:31:29,199
Voyager 1 has left our solar system.

1852
01:31:29,232 --> 01:31:30,600
It's the first thing built by humans

1853
01:31:30,633 --> 01:31:32,202
that has left our solar system

1854
01:31:32,235 --> 01:31:33,636
and now it's in interstellar space.

1855
01:31:33,669 --> 01:31:34,670
[violin music]

1856
01:31:34,704 --> 01:31:36,272
VO IN ARCHIVE:
NASA says that Voyager 1

1857
01:31:36,306 --> 01:31:38,541
has become the first man-made object

1858
01:31:38,574 --> 01:31:40,476
to reach interstellar space,

1859
01:31:40,510 --> 01:31:42,845
the cold dark region between stars.

1860
01:31:42,878 --> 01:31:45,047
OBAMA IN ARCHIVE:
And we've slipped the outermost grasp

1861
01:31:45,080 --> 01:31:47,483
of our solar system with Voyager 1,

1862
01:31:47,517 --> 01:31:49,385
the first human-made object

1863
01:31:49,419 --> 01:31:52,722
to venture into interstellar space.

1864
01:31:52,755 --> 01:31:54,324
STONE:
It's a wonderful achievement, actually.

1865
01:31:54,357 --> 01:31:55,625
When you think of it, it's historic,

1866
01:31:55,658 --> 01:31:58,461
it's our first step out of our bubble

1867
01:31:58,494 --> 01:32:01,297
which has been around all the planets

1868
01:32:01,331 --> 01:32:02,965
and around the Earth
essentially forever,

1869
01:32:02,998 --> 01:32:06,702
and now finally some little
thing that we have built

1870
01:32:06,736 --> 01:32:10,806
has left that bubble and is
in the space between the stars.

1871
01:32:10,840 --> 01:32:12,375
PORCO:
It was like humanity

1872
01:32:12,408 --> 01:32:15,578
had just become an interstellar species.

1873
01:32:15,611 --> 01:32:20,383
It was like knocking on eternity's door.

1874
01:32:20,416 --> 01:32:24,186
STERNBERG:
When the Voyagers' power sources go dead

1875
01:32:24,220 --> 01:32:27,823
and when the spacecraft
can no longer send back

1876
01:32:27,857 --> 01:32:29,725
any useful information,

1877
01:32:29,759 --> 01:32:33,596
that's really the point
at which the Golden Record

1878
01:32:33,629 --> 01:32:37,933
becomes the primary function
of those missions,

1879
01:32:37,967 --> 01:32:40,135
that when everything else is turned off,

1880
01:32:40,169 --> 01:32:45,040
those records are still floating
somewhere in interstellar space,

1881
01:32:45,074 --> 01:32:48,778
completing the last part of the mission.

1882
01:32:48,811 --> 01:32:51,080
[splashing noise]

1883
01:32:51,113 --> 01:32:54,650
LOCATELL: The chance that
advanced intelligence beyond us

1884
01:32:54,684 --> 01:32:58,754
would detect oh, hey,
there is a radiating body

1885
01:32:58,788 --> 01:33:00,923
coming into our area,

1886
01:33:00,956 --> 01:33:04,994
let's go out and find out
what this bottle in the ocean,

1887
01:33:05,027 --> 01:33:07,263
what message it might have.

1888
01:33:07,297 --> 01:33:11,534
Now is that a grand mystery?

1889
01:33:11,567 --> 01:33:12,768
Whoa!

1890
01:33:15,305 --> 01:33:17,440
NICK SAGAN:
I love the optimism of it,

1891
01:33:17,473 --> 01:33:19,442
I love the idea that these are things

1892
01:33:19,475 --> 01:33:20,676
that are meaningful to us,

1893
01:33:20,710 --> 01:33:22,478
maybe you'll find them meaningful, too,

1894
01:33:22,512 --> 01:33:28,351
hypothetical alien, and yeah,
it just touches my heart.

1895
01:33:30,686 --> 01:33:32,755
FERRIS:
One thing we know about a metal record

1896
01:33:32,788 --> 01:33:34,857
with these grooves engraved on it

1897
01:33:34,890 --> 01:33:39,028
is that information is good
for at least one billion years.

1898
01:33:39,061 --> 01:33:40,596
The inside of the record,

1899
01:33:40,630 --> 01:33:43,799
which was more protected
from cosmic rays,

1900
01:33:43,833 --> 01:33:46,035
two billion years or more.

1901
01:33:46,068 --> 01:33:49,572
BELL: There's no wind,
water, rain, weathering,

1902
01:33:49,605 --> 01:33:53,309
there's no planets or comets
that they're going to run into,

1903
01:33:53,343 --> 01:33:58,681
and over thousands, millions,
billions of years

1904
01:33:58,714 --> 01:34:02,718
they're predicted to remain
pretty intact.

1905
01:34:02,752 --> 01:34:05,054
NICK SAGAN: Because there's
no proof that there's anything

1906
01:34:05,087 --> 01:34:06,822
that Voyager's ever going to encounter,

1907
01:34:06,856 --> 01:34:10,460
ultimately, it's a story about us.

1908
01:34:10,493 --> 01:34:13,329
LOMBERG:
Voyager is rarely out of my thoughts.

1909
01:34:13,363 --> 01:34:14,764
Always some little part of me

1910
01:34:14,797 --> 01:34:17,467
is wondering where is Voyager tonight.

1911
01:34:17,500 --> 01:34:19,735
Whenever I look up at the night stars,

1912
01:34:19,769 --> 01:34:24,574
I look in the direction
that each of them is going.

1913
01:34:24,607 --> 01:34:27,810
SODERBLOM: There is never going
to be another mission like it.

1914
01:34:27,843 --> 01:34:32,314
It was the first and last
of its own kind.

1915
01:34:32,348 --> 01:34:36,486
KRAUSS: Maybe someday,
another being might find Voyager

1916
01:34:36,519 --> 01:34:38,588
and at least know of our existence.

1917
01:34:38,621 --> 01:34:41,957
It's highly unlikely,
but it's not impossible.

1918
01:34:41,991 --> 01:34:47,430
And that small possibility
surely gives us hope.

1919
01:34:47,463 --> 01:34:50,633
LOCATELL: Is the universe
any different than it was then?

1920
01:34:50,666 --> 01:34:52,067
No.

1921
01:34:52,101 --> 01:34:54,069
But are we different?

1922
01:34:54,103 --> 01:34:56,038
Absolutely!

1923
01:34:56,071 --> 01:35:02,378
The thrill of the discoveries,
reaching the heliopause,

1924
01:35:02,412 --> 01:35:05,247
completing the Grand Tour,

1925
01:35:05,280 --> 01:35:10,119
I mean man, our child has just made it.

1926
01:35:10,152 --> 01:35:19,829
[guitar/xylophone music]

1927
01:35:19,862 --> 01:35:21,464
HANSEN-KOHARCHECK:
We're the generation

1928
01:35:21,497 --> 01:35:23,633
that sent something out into space

1929
01:35:23,666 --> 01:35:26,402
that's not only going to outlive us,

1930
01:35:26,436 --> 01:35:29,972
it's going to outlive our star.

1931
01:35:30,005 --> 01:35:34,777
Four billion years from now when
our sun turns into a red giant,

1932
01:35:34,810 --> 01:35:37,179
Voyager is still going to be trucking

1933
01:35:37,212 --> 01:35:39,815
out there through the stars,

1934
01:35:39,849 --> 01:35:43,453
and the songs of our time
are going to be out there.

1935
01:35:43,486 --> 01:35:45,921
Chuck Berry is still out there...

1936
01:35:45,955 --> 01:35:47,423
We'll still be out there.

1937
01:35:47,457 --> 01:35:54,730
[contemporary guitar interpretation of
"Johnny B. Goode" plays over credits]

1938
01:35:54,764 --> 01:36:01,971
[music continues]

1939
01:36:02,004 --> 01:36:16,652
[music continues]

1940
01:36:16,686 --> 01:36:31,366
[music continues]