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Israeli Politics (Political Science)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Israel is a parliamentary democracy that was established in 1948. However, the foundations of its political system were laid before the state was established, in the framework of the Zionist movement and the Jewish community in Palestine, especially at the time of the British Mandate (1920–1948). Israel is a multicleavage society. The main rift is between Jews (about 75 percent of the population, as of 2011) and Arab/Palestinian citizens (about 20 percent). Prominent rifts also exist among the Jews: the religious–secular rift, the intra-Jewish communal rift (Ashkenazi–Mizrachi), the ideological rift (left–right), and the rift among new immigrants and natives and veteran immigrants. Partly as a result of the highly proportional electoral system, these social rifts are translated into multiparty politics and coalition governments.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews and Textbooks
  6.  
  7. Galnoor and Blander 2013, Arian 2005 and Mahler 2010 are basic introductory textbooks. Shapira 2014 presents the history of the Yishuv and Israel from the late 19th century to the present day. Freedman 2009 is a recent collection that contains overviews on domestic politics, foreign affairs, and security. Dowty 1998 also covers a lot of ground in an attempt to assess the shaping of Israeli democracy and its challenges. Shafir and Peled 2002 is a critical study that focuses on identity and citizenship and its development from the beginning of the modern Zionist movement to the present. Eisenstadt 1992 presents a historical and comparative perspective on the survival and adaptations of the Jewish culture and discusses the Israeli polity within this perspective. Barnett 1996 and Levi-Faur, et al. 1999 struggle with claims concerning Israel’s uniqueness and look at various issues, making the case for its comparability and for its understanding through comparative tools.
  8.  
  9. Arian, Asher. Politics in Israel: The Second Republic. 2d ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2005.
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  11. A basic introductory textbook that centers on Israeli political institutions (parties, interest group, state institutions); behavioral aspects (electoral behavior, political culture); and issues such as political economy and public policy.
  12. Find this resource:
  13. Barnett, Michael N., ed. Israel in Comparative Perspective: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
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  15. The chapters in this collection look at the general question of comparability, drawing on an array of international relations and domestic issues to make their case. These include foreign policy, the Diaspora, gender, economy, society formation, and Zionism.
  16. Find this resource:
  17. Dowty, Alan. The Jewish State: A Century Later. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
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  19. This book examines the shaping of Israeli democracy, specifically with the influences of Jewish politics, Zionism, the security threat, and ideology. It then examines the main challenges to democracy: the rifts between Jews originating from different countries and regions (Ashkenazi and Mizrachi), between the secular and religious sectors, and between Jews and Arabs, as well as the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. Jewish Civilization: The Jewish Historical Experience in a Comparative Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
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  23. This work presents a historical and comparative perspective on the survival and adaptations of the Jewish culture and presents the Israeli polity within this perspective.
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  25. Freedman, Robert O., ed. Contemporary Israel: Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy, and Security Challenges. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2009.
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  27. A recent collection that contains chapters written by prominent scholars of Israeli politics. It covers, for example, domestic politics, Israel’s political parties, the Supreme Court and the economy; foreign affairs (with special attention given to Israel’s relations with the Palestinians), the Arab world and the United States, and security challenges.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Galnoor, Itzhak, and Dana Blander. Hamaarechet Hapolitit Beyisrael. Tel Aviv: Am Oved and Israel Democracy Institute, 2013.
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  31. A two-volume comprehensive introductory textbook. The first volume includes chapters on state formation, political institutions, civil society, and various aspects of political behavior. The second volume discusses the problems of security, the status of Israel’s Arab/Palestinian citizens, economic inequality and social gaps, religion and state, and overviews Israel’s political culture.
  32. Find this resource:
  33. Levi-Faur, David, Gabriel Sheffer, and David Vogel, eds. Israel: Dynamics of Change and Continuity. London: Frank Cass, 1999.
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  35. A group of leading scholars struggle with claims concerning Israel’s uniqueness. They explore the general question of comparability and also address issues such as the courts, constitutional politics, leadership, interest politics, political economy, and public policy.
  36. Find this resource:
  37. Mahler, Gregory S. Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State. 2d ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010.
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  39. A basic introductory textbook that supplies an overview of the historical, political, and social setting; the main political institutions (governmental, parties, interest groups); and foreign policy, including the Palestinians and the peace process.
  40. Find this resource:
  41. Shafir, Gershon, and Yoav Peled. Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  42. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139164641Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  43. A critical study that focuses on identity and citizenship and its development from the beginning of the modern Zionist movement up to the present. The book deals with the various social rifts and their development, with changes in the economy and the implications of the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.
  44. Find this resource:
  45. Shapira, Anita. Israel: A History. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2014.
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  47. History of Israel from the origins of the Zionist movement in the late 19th century to the early 21st century.
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  49. Journals
  50.  
  51. Journals and periodicals in English that touch on a variety of topics pertaining to Israeli politics, sometimes in the format of special issues or other particular formats, include Israel Affairs, Israel Studies Review, and Israel Studies. The Hebrew Journals Politica and Medina Vechevra focus on Israeli politics. The journals Iyunim Betkumat Yisrael and Journal of Israeli History examine various topics relating to Israel’s political history. Coverage of elections, government, and key political developments can be found in the European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook, published annually since 1991 (Diskin 1991–).
  52.  
  53. Diskin, Avaraham. “Israel.” European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook. 1991–.
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  55. Annual coverage of elections, government, and key political developments.
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  57. Israel Affairs. 1994–.
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  59. A peer-reviewed journal that includes numerous articles and book reviews on Israeli politics and to date has published more than twenty special issues centering on topics such as elections, identity, foreign relations, and security.
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  61. Israel Studies. 1996–.
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  63. A peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal that includes numerous articles and book reviews on Israeli politics; and each issue publishes small collections of articles that focus on specific topics.
  64. Find this resource:
  65. Israel Studies Review. 1985–.
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  67. The official journal of the Association for Israel Studies. It includes articles and book reviews on Israeli politics. Formerly called Israel Studies Forum, in 2011 the journal was relaunched under the name Israel Studies Review.
  68. Find this resource:
  69. Iyunim Betkumat Yisrael. 1991–.
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  71. This peer-reviewed journal is published once a year and covers various topics relating to Israel’s political history.
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Journal of Israeli History. 1980–.
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  75. This peer-reviewed journal presents articles and book reviews on issues and ideas concerning the history of Israel and the Zionist movement.
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Medina Vechevra. 2001–.
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  79. A peer-reviewed journal that includes special issues on parties in Israel, Israeli Arabs, the extreme right, terror, and local elections.
  80. Find this resource:
  81. Politica. 1998–.
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  83. This peer-reviewed journal usually appears as a special issue, focusing on different aspects of Israeli politics.
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  85. Websites
  86.  
  87. The Israel Democracy Institute website has both English and Hebrew overviews and position papers that can be downloaded at no charge. It covers religion/state and legal/constitutional issues, as well as other topics relevant to Israeli politics. The Guttman Center for Surveys provides reports on public opinion surveys and cross-national comparisons of Israeli democracy. The Israel Studies: An Anthology is a collection of chapters that covers Israeli political history, society, institutions, policies, and international relations. The Knesset Research and Information Center website produces interesting reports in both English and Hebrew. The website of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs presents basic information about Israel and its foreign affairs, as well as official documents.
  88.  
  89. Guttman Center for Surveys.
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  91. The oldest public opinion research institute in Israel. Offers reports on public opinion surveys and cross-national comparisons of Israeli democracy.
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Israel Democracy Institute.
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  95. Contains both English and Hebrew overviews and position papers on topics relevant to Israeli politics. Most of the studies are conducted or supervised by leading academics.
  96. Find this resource:
  97. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  98. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  99. Plenty of basic information about Israel and its foreign relations, as well as official documents including translations of laws, treaties, and agreements. A news archive and collections of videos, maps, and articles are also included.
  100. Find this resource:
  101. Israel Studies: An Anthology. Edited by Mitchell G. Bard and David Nachimas.
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. This anthology includes chapters, most written by leading scholars of Israeli politics, on Israeli political history, society, institutions, policies, and international relations.
  104. Find this resource:
  105. Knesset Research and Information Center.
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  107. Contains a wealth of information on Israeli politics in Hebrew and in English. The Knesset Research and Information Center produces interesting and high-quality reports in both English and Hebrew.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. State Building
  110.  
  111. Horowitz and Lissak 1978 analyzes the building of the state and its first decades from a functional-society-centered perspective. Galnoor 1982 used a political communication model of political development to analyze the creation and functioning of the Israeli polity. Migdal 2001 analyzes state and society building in Israel using the state-in-society approach. Karsh 1999 presents thirteen articles that deal with various aspects of state building, some comparative and general and some that concentrate on more specific aspects. Elazar 1986 compares Israel with societies created a novo and discusses the consequences of its uniqueness and its struggle with the frontier. Halpern and Reinharz 2000 presents a historical and political-philosophical analysis of the linkage between Zionism and the emergence of the state of Israel.
  112.  
  113. Elazar, J. Daniel. Israel, Building a New Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.
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  115. Compares Israel with societies created a novo and discusses the consequences of its uniqueness and its struggle with the frontier.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. Galnoor, Itzhak. Steering the Polity: Communication and Politics in Israel. London: SAGE, 1982.
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  119. This book uses a political communication model of political development, inspired by Karl Deutsch, to analyze the creation and functioning of the Israeli polity. The book (especially chapter 5) emphasizes the central role of the political parties in the creation of the Israeli polity and its functioning in its first years.
  120. Find this resource:
  121. Halpern, Ben, and Jehuda Reinharz. Zionism and the Creation of a New Society. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2000.
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  123. A historical examination of the linkage between Zionism and the emergence of the state of Israel. Combines a study in the history of social and political thought and political analysis.
  124. Find this resource:
  125. Horowitz, Dan, and Moshe Lissak. Origins of the Israeli Polity: Palestine under the Mandate. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
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  127. Considered a classic. The principal theme is that when the state was officially announced in 1948, a social, political, and institutional infrastructure was largely ready. Like Galnoor 1982, the authors also emphasize the central role of the political parties.
  128. Find this resource:
  129. Karsh, Efraim, ed. Special Issue: Israel’s Transition from Community of State. Israel Affairs 5.4 (1999).
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  131. Presents thirteen articles that deal with various aspects of state building. Some articles are comparative and general; others deal with political, social, and cultural aspects of the development of the Yishuv (pre-state) community and the armed and diplomatic struggle for independence.
  132. Find this resource:
  133. Migdal, Joel S. Through the Lens of Israel: Explorations in State and Society. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.
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  135. A critical analysis by a scholar of state building and Israeli politics. Analyzes state and society building in Israel using the state-in-society approach.
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  137. Society
  138.  
  139. This section includes references that examine the various social groups that comprise Israeli society, including their social status, political significance, and relationships. A special subsection is dedicated to the Arab/Palestinian citizens of Israel. This section also includes references that examine developments in Israeli civil society, interest groups, protest politics, and political violence. The section on Political Culture presents references about the Sabra and his demise, and the impact of globalization on Israeli politics, society, and sports.
  140.  
  141. General
  142.  
  143. Horowitz and Lissak 1989 analyzes the centrifugal developments in society and politics in Israel’s first forty years. Smooha 1978 outlines several different types of social cleavages that make up Israel’s society and polity and analyzes the extent to which these divisions offer a threat to national integration. Kimmerling 2005 presents an overview of the shaping and decline of the hegemonic identity in Israel and the emergence of a more pluralistic setting. Dowty 2004 covers social and economic trends as well as developments in the public sphere and the perception of security issues. Ben-Rafael and Sternberg 2007 examines Israeli elites. Khazzoom 2008 looks at labor market experiences in the 1950 and 1960s, arguing that Mizrachi discrimination was mainly a result of the Westernization of Israeli society. Ben-Rafael and Peres 2005 is an analysis of various aspects of Israeli society and its rifts, based on extensive use of data from public opinion surveys. Lijphart, et al. 2000 is a short, systematic cross-national comparison between Israel’s main social cleavages and those of thirty-five other democracies and their influence on the nature of the party system. Ben-Eliezer 2008 analyzes the reaction of Israeli society to Ethiopian immigrants.
  144.  
  145. Ben-Eliezer, Uri. “Multicultural Society and Everyday Cultural Racism: Second Generation of Ethiopian Jews in Israel’s ‘Crisis of Modernization.’” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31.5 (2008): 935–961.
  146. DOI: 10.1080/01419870701568866Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147. An analysis of the reaction of Israeli society over time to the difference and foreignness marked by the skin color and cultural traits of Ethiopian immigrants.
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, and Yochanan Peres. Is Israel One? Religion, Nationalism, and Multiculturalism Confounded. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005.
  150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  151. Two sociologists present an analysis of Israeli society from various perspectives, including its rifts, based on extensive use of data from public opinion surveys.
  152. Find this resource:
  153. Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, and Yitzhak Sternberg, eds. Elitot Hadashot Beyisrael. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 2007.
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  155. Israeli elites are examined in this collection of twenty-two chapters. The chapters analyze developments in the political, economic, administrative, military, judicial, academic, and mass communication elites as well as the elites of the religious communities, feminist movement, Arab community, and new immigrants.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Dowty, Alan, ed. Critical Issues in Israeli Society. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
  158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  159. Eleven chapters written by leading scholars, covering issues such as corruption and judicial politics, social cleavages, economic trends, and the perception of security issues.
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Horowitz, Dan, and Moshe Lissak. Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
  162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163. Considered a classic, this work analyzes the centrifugal developments in Israeli society and politics in Israel’s first forty years. The main hypothesis concerns the decline in the abilities of both government and society to cope with existing challenges.
  164. Find this resource:
  165. Khazzoom, Aziza. Shifting Ethnic Boundaries and Inequality in Israel: Or, How the Polish Peddler Became a German Intellectual. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.
  166. DOI: 10.11126/stanford/9780804756976.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. Looking at labor market experiences in the 1950 and 1960s and comparing the Ashkenazi elite treatment of the different Mizrachi groups, this book argues the latters’ discrimination was mainly a result of the large-scale effort to Westernize Israeli society.
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  169. Kimmerling, Baruch. The Invention and Decline of Israeliness: State, Society, and the Military. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. A sociologist presents a controversial overview of the shaping and decline of the hegemonic identity in Israel and the emergence of a more pluralistic setting.
  172. Find this resource:
  173. Lijphart, Arend, Peter J. Bowman, and Reuven Y. Hazan. “Party Systems and Issue Dimensions: Israel and Thirty-Five Other Old and New Democracies Compared.” In Parties, Elections, and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Edited by Reuven Y. Hazan and Moshe Maor, 29–51. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
  174. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  175. Cooperation between leading scholars of democratic institutions produced a systematic cross-national comparison between Israel’s main social cleavages and those of thirty-five other democracies and their influence on the nature of the party system.
  176. Find this resource:
  177. Smooha, Sammy. Israel: Pluralism and Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
  178. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179. Outlines several types of social cleavages that make up Israel’s society and polity: Palestinian Arabs in the occupied territories versus Israeli citizens, Israeli Arabs versus Jews, Druze versus Christian versus Muslim Arabs, religious versus nonreligious Jews, and Mizrachi versus Ashkenazi Jews. It analyzes the extent to which these cleavages offer a threat to national integration.
  180. Find this resource:
  181. Civil Society, Interest Groups, and Protest Movements
  182.  
  183. Yishai 1998 is a short overview of the development of Israel’s civil society and its relations with the state. Zalmanovitch 1998 captures some of the main developments in the spread of power among political actors in Israeli state and society. Yishai 1991 examines various aspects in the development of interest groups in Israel in an arena in which they faced a strong state and powerful parties. Wolfsfeld 1988 analyzes the changing patterns of political participation and protest. Shalom Chetrit 2010 presents a historical account of the Mizrachi’s (Jews that immigrated from Asia and northern Africa) struggle and protest vis-à-vis the dominant Askenazi (Jews that immigrated from Europe and America) elite. Pedahzur and Perliger 2009 offers a historical account of Jewish terrorism, analyzing its origins and causes.
  184.  
  185. Pedahzur, Ami, and Arie Perliger. Jewish Terrorism in Israel. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187. The book includes a historical account of Jewish terrorism and an analysis of its origins and causes.
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  189. Shalom Chetrit, Sami. Intra-Jewish Conflict in Israel: White Jews, Black Jews. London: Routledge, 2010.
  190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. A historical account of the struggle and protest of the Mizrachi against the dominant Askenazi elite.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Wolfsfeld, Gadi. The Politics of Provocation: Participation and Protest in Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
  194. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. This book analyzes patterns of political participation and protest in Israel. It is based on quantitative empirical research and makes comparisons of Israel with patterns of behavior and perceptions that are common in other democracies.
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  197. Yishai, Yael. Land of Paradoxes: Interest Politics in Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199. This book examines the development of interest groups in Israel.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Yishai, Yael. “Civil Society in Transition: Interest Politics in Israel.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 555.1 (1998): 147–162.
  202. DOI: 10.1177/0002716298555001010Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  203. A short, systematic, historical overview of the development of Israel’s civil society and its relations with the state.
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  205. Zalmanovitch, Yair. “Transitions in Israel’s Policymaking Network.” The ANNALS of the American Academy 555.1 (1998): 193–208.
  206. DOI: 10.1177/0002716298555001013Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. This article discusses power distributions among political actors in Israel. The main argument is that Israel was transformed from a country with an integrated policy community into one with a loosely integrated policy issue network.
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  209. Political Culture
  210.  
  211. Almog 2000 examines the creation of the Sabra, the model for the new Jew in Israel, while Almog 2004 is an impressive, two-volume analysis of changes in Israeli society—including the demise of the Sabra—looking at mass communications, judicial culture, psychology, feminism, and family, among other realms. Ram 2008 analyzes the duel impact of globalization on Israel using Benjamin Barber’s Jihad versus McWorld thesis. Aronoff 1989 analyzes the common and the dividing elements in the Israeli political culture(s). Schuman, et al. 2003 maps the collective memory of Israeli Jews at the turn of the millennium. Nevo 2000 is a short, systematic analysis of the changing nature of the relations between sports and politics in Israel over the years, while Galily and Ben-Porat 2007 is a collection of nine articles, some general and others that touch on various aspects of this development.
  212.  
  213. Almog, Oz. The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
  214. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520216426.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215. A sociologist examines the creation of the Sabra. The Sabras were a small group that represented the type of men that led the ideal of Zionist–Socialist socialization.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Almog, Oz. Preda MeSrulik: Shinuy Arachim BaElita Hayisraelit. Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa Press, 2004.
  218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. Analyzes the transformation of Israeli society in the late 2000s by considering different aspects, such as mass communication, judicial culture, psychology, feminism, and family.
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  221. Aronoff, Myron J. Israeli Visions and Divisions: Cultural Change and Political Conflict. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1989.
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223. Analyzes the shared and different aspects of Israeli political cultures.
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  225. Galily, Yair, and Amir Ben-Porat, eds. Special Issue: Sport, Politics and Society in the Land of Israel: Past and Present. Israel Affairs 13.3 (2007).
  226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. Contains nine articles that discuss sports and politics in Israel.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Nevo, Iddo. “Sport Institutions and Ideology in Israel: The Development and Transformation of Israeli Sport.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 24.4 (2000): 334–343.
  230. DOI: 10.1177/0193723500244002Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. This article analyzes the influence of the ideological and cultural shifts in Israeli society on the changing relations between sports and politics in Israel.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Ram, Uri. The Globalization of Israel: McWorld in Tel Aviv, Jihad in Jerusalem. London: Routledge, 2008.
  234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235. A sociologist, Ram discusses globalization’s impact on Israel using the Jihad versus McWorld thesis.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Schuman, Howard, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, and Amiram D. Vinokur. “Keeping the Past Alive: Memories of Israeli Jews at the Turn of the Millennium.” Sociological Forum 18.1 (2003): 103–136.
  238. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022606912871Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. This article discusses the collective memory of Israeli Jews at the end of the 20th century. It does so through a survey that asks respondents what they think are the most important world and national events.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Arab/Palestinian Citizens of Israel
  242.  
  243. Tessler and Grant 1998 provides a short, basic account of the status of and the challenges that the Israeli Palestinian/Arab citizens face within Israel. Peleg and Waxman 2011 is a brief, concise analysis of this conflict and its possible resolutions. Al-Haj 2004 analyzes the evolution of Palestinian society within the state of Israel from its establishment in 1948 to the outbreak of Al-Aqsa Intifada. Migdal and Kimmerling 2001 presents an analysis of the treatment of the Palestinian/Arab minority by the Israeli state and the actions and reactions of the latter. Landau 1993 analyzes various aspects—political behavior, organizations, electoral trends, education, culture—and points to the growing politicization and radicalization of the Palestinian/Arab minority. Bligh 2003 is a collection that touches on various political, social, and historical issues concerning the Arab/Palestinian community and its stands and behaviors. Gavison and Hacker 2000 is a reader that deals with the Arab–Israeli cleavage in which fourteen Arab/Palestinian and Jewish scholars examine questions of identity, status, policies, political stands, and behaviors. Reiter 2009 examines the development of Palestinian nationalism in Israel, while Jamal 2011 provides a comparative account of the Arab/Palestinian minority nationalism and its relations with the state. Frisch 2011 examines the influences of Israel’s international security perspective on its policy toward its Arab/Palestinian citizens. Haklai 2011 analyzes the shifts in the patterns of political mobilization by Arabs in Israel since the 1990s. Rouhana 1997 analyzes how the Palestinian identity has evolved in Israel in response to the nation’s potentially conflicting self-perception as a Jewish and democratic state and as a state with deep security needs.
  244.  
  245. Al-Haj, Majid. “The Status of Palestinians in Israel: A Double Periphery in an Ethno-National State.” In Critical Issues in Israeli Society. Edited by Alan Dowty, 109–126. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. A sociologist presents a short yet thorough analysis of the evolution of Palestinian society in Israel from 1948 to the start of Al-Aqsa Intifada.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Bligh, Alexander, ed. The Israeli Palestinians: An Arab Minority in the Jewish State. London: Frank Cass, 2003.
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  251. Thirteen chapters that include analyses of stands and behaviors of the Israeli Palestinian elite; questions pertaining to their identity; historical, cultural, and social issues that concern the Israeli Palestinian community; the Arab mass media; and the patterns of Arab coverage in the Israeli mass media.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Frisch, Hillel. Israel’s Security and Its Arab Citizens. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  254. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511820649Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Examines the influences of Israel’s international security perspective on its policy toward its Arab/Palestinian citizens.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Gavison, Ruth, and Dafna Hacker, eds. HaShesa Hayehudi–Arvi BeYisrael: Mikraa. Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000.
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Arab/Palestinian and Jewish scholars discuss the Arab–Israeli cleavage by examining identity, status, policies, political stands, and behaviors of the Arab community and the way it is perceived and treated by the state and the Jewish majority.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Haklai, Oded. Palestinian Ethnonationalism in Israel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
  262. DOI: 10.9783/9780812204391Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Analyzes the shifts in the patterns of political mobilization by Arabs in Israel and its connection to the changing political system, with special attention to the processes of fragmentation since the 1990s.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Jamal, Amal. Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel: The Politics of Indigeneity. London: Routledge, 2011.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. This book discusses the Israeli Arab/Palestinian minority nationalism and its relations with the state.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Landau, Jacob M. The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967–1991: Political Aspects. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
  270. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198277125.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. This book analyzes a range of issues and suggests the growing politicization and radicalization of the Palestinian/Arab minority.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Migdal, Joel S., and Baruch Kimmerling. “The Odd Man Out: Arabs in Israel.” In Through the Lens of Israel: Explorations in State and Society. Edited by Joel S. Migdal, 173–194. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Analyzes how the Israeli state treats the Palestinian/Arab minority and how the latter reacts to such treatment.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Peleg, Ilan, and Dov Waxman. Israel’s Palestinians: The Conflict Within. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  278. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511852022Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. A brief but concise analysis of the major problems defining the conflict between the Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel and offers suggestions for their resolution.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Reiter, Yitzhak. National Minority, Regional Majority. Palestinian Arabs versus Jews in Israel. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2009.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Examines the manifestations of Palestinian nationalism in Israel and accounts for the development and growing acerbity of Palestinian ethnonationalism.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Rouhana, Nadim N. Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State: Identities in Conflict. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. This book analyzes the way the Palestinian identity has evolved in Israel in response to Israel’s different perceptions of itself.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Tessler, Mark, and Audra K. Grant. “Israel’s Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 555.1 (1998): 97–113.
  290. DOI: 10.1177/0002716298555001007Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Introduction of the status of the Israeli Arab/Palestinian citizens and the challenges they face.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Political Institutions
  294.  
  295. This section presents references that examine the main political institutions in Israel. It starts with studies that present a general overview of the institutional structure and its development over the years. It continues with works that focus on the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and on the changing constitutional setting. It ends by looking at the electoral system, the party system, and Israeli political parties, both in general and specifically (e.g., the main parties).
  296.  
  297. General
  298.  
  299. Lijphart 1993 analyzes the Israeli democratic regime structure through the author’s famous consensual majoritarian models. Medding 1990 and Medding 2000, using the same models, propose a different approach concerning the diagnosis and development of the Israeli regime. Rahat and Sheafer 2007 analyzes the process of personalization of Israeli politics in the institutional, mass media, and behavioral realms. Mendilow 2005 examines the developments in the study of the Israeli political institutions.
  300.  
  301. Lijphart, Arend. “Israeli Democracy and Democratic Reform in Comparative Perspective.” In Israeli Democracy under Stress. Edited by Ehud Sprinzak and Larry Diamond, 107–123. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. The leading scholar of democratic institutions makes a cross-national and historical comparative analysis of the Israeli regime structure using his consensual majoritarian models.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Medding, Peter Y. The Founding of Israeli Democracy 1948–1967. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. Using Lijphart’s models, the book proposes a different approach concerning the diagnosis and development of the Israeli regime. While Lijphart asserts that Israel has become slightly more majoritarian since the 1970s, Medding argues that it has become significantly more consensual.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Medding, Peter Y. “From Government by Party to Government Despite Party.” In Parties, Elections, and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Edited by Reuven Hazan and Moshe Maor, 172–208. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Using Lijphart’s models, the chapter—which contains many of the main claims stated in Medding 1990—proposes a different approach concerning the diagnosis and development of the Israeli regime.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Mendilow, Jonathan. “Uniqueness and Similarities in the Study of Israeli Parties: The Case of the 2003 Elections.” Israel Studies Forum 20.1 (2005): 49–69.
  314. DOI: 10.3167/isf.2005.200104Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. Examines the developments within Israeli scholarship from the notion of Israel as a sui generis to the treatment of the country as a case study, suggests a model for comparison of Israel and other polities, and tests it on the elections of 2003.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Rahat, Gideon, and Tamir Sheafer. “The Personalization(s) of Politics: Israel, 1949–2003.” Political Communication 24.1 (2007): 65–80.
  318. DOI: 10.1080/10584600601128739Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Proposes a typology of political personalization and discusses this in relation to various aspects of Israeli politics.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. The Legislative Branch
  322.  
  323. Mahler 1981 presents a book-length, largely behavioral account of the Knesset (the Israeli parliament), while Sager 1985 reviews the Knesset’s history and its patterns of organization and work. No other general account of the Knesset has been published since, save for the article Chazan 2005, which highlights the developments and changes in the Knesset’s work since the 1980s.
  324.  
  325. Chazan, Naomi. “The Knesset.” Israel Affairs 11.2 (2005): 392–416.
  326. DOI: 10.1080/1353712042000326524Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. The only recent account of the Knesset, written by a political scientist who served as the vice chairperson of Israel’s parliament. Discusses developments and changes in the patterns of behavior of Knesset members since the 1980s.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Mahler, Gregory S. The Knesset: Parliament in the Israeli Political System. London: Associated University Presses, 1981.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Provides both a general and a detailed account of the Knesset, including its position within the political system as well as a closer look at its functioning, members’ backgrounds, their perceptions, and their behaviors on the basis of interviews.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Sager, Samuel. The Parliamentary System of Israel. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1985.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. A book-length account of the Knesset that covers its historical origins, constitutional status, and the patterns of its organization and working procedures.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. The Executive Branch
  338.  
  339. Arian, et al. 2002 is the only available book-length academic account of the Israeli cabinet—its structure, authority, performance, and developments over time. Korn and Shapira 1997 analyzes Israeli coalition politics and covers the history of coalition politics to 1996. Kenig and Barnea 2009 examines the power of the prime minister in appointing ministers and the position’s limitations and development over the years. Galnoor 2010 is a general overview of Israeli public administration: its composition, authorities, functioning, and development.
  340.  
  341. Arian, Asher, David Nachmias, and Ruth Amir. Executive Governance in Israel. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. The only available book-length academic account of the Israeli cabinet.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Galnoor, Itzhak. Public Management in Israel: Development, Structure, Functions, and Reforms. New York: Routledge, 2010.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. A summary of the makeup, authorities, functions, and history of Israeli public administration. The author served as the head of the civil service commission (1994–1996).
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Kenig, Ofer, and Shlomit Barnea. “The Selection of Ministers in Israel: Is the Prime Minister ‘A Master of His Domain’?” Israel Affairs 15.3 (2009): 261–278.
  350. DOI: 10.1080/13537120902983015Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. This article discusses the power of the prime minister in appointing ministers and its limitations.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Korn, Dani, and Boaz Shapira. Co’alitstyot. Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 1997.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Examines the history and development of Israeli coalition politics. The book includes accounts of a hundred coalitional events, as well as appendices that provide invaluable data. It includes names and descriptions of all the parties that were represented in the Knesset until 1997 and a detailed account of all governmental coalitions, including the number of ministers for each party.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. The Judicial Branch and the Changing Constitutional Setting
  358.  
  359. Rubinstein and Medina 2005 is an authoritative and detailed two-volume account of the Israeli constitutional setting. Gutmann 1988 is a chapter-length overview of the political aspects of the debate on the Israeli constitutional setting and its main features until the eve of the “constitutional revolution” of the 1990s. Barak 1998 is a first-hand account of the perceptions of the leading actor of the 1990s constitutional revolution. Avnon 1998 criticizes the transformation of the public debate on Israel’s basic values to the court. Hofnung 1996 argues that the increase in judicial activism led to a decline in its power and authority. Gavison, et al. 2000 presents three different approaches to the increase in the activism of the High Court of Justice. Soffer 2006 presents a more recent account of the development of judicial overview in Israel and the debate surrounding it. Mautner 2011 presents Israeli law and the status and authority of the Supreme Court as a major battlefield in the conflict between religious and secular groups and criticizes the trend of judicial activism.
  360.  
  361. Avnon, Dan. “The Israeli Basic Laws’ (Potentially) Fatal Flaw.” Israel Law Review 32.4 (1998): 535–566.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. A political philosopher’s critique of the 1992 Basic Laws that transformed the public debate on Israel’s basic values—Jewish and/versus democratic—from the public political realm to the judicial arena.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Barak, Aharon. “The Role of the Supreme Court in a Democracy.” Israel Studies 3.2 (1998): 6–29.
  366. DOI: 10.2979/ISR.1998.3.2.6Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Aharon Barak, the president of the Israeli Supreme Court and leader of the 1990s constitutional revolution, supplies a first-hand account of his perceptions. He explains and defends his stands regarding the place of the court in the Israeli regime concerning the issues of judicial review and judicial activism.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Gavison, Ruth, Mordechai Kremnitzer, and Yoav Dotan. Activism Shiputi: Be’ad Venege. Mekomo Shel Bagatz Bahevra Hayisraelit. Jerusalem: Magnes, 2000.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Three constitutional law scholars present their approaches to the increase in the activism of the High Court of Justice.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Gutmann, Emanuel. “Israel: Democracy Without a Constitution.” In Constitutions in Democratic Politics. Edited by Vernon Bogdanor, 290–308. Aldershot, UK: Gower, 1988.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. The best available chapter-length overview of the political aspects of the debate on the Israeli constitutional setting and its main features until the eve of the constitutional revolution of the 1990s.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Hofnung, Menachem. “The Unintended Consequences of Unplanned Constitutional Reform: Constitutional Politics in Israel.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 44.4 (1996): 585–604.
  378. DOI: 10.2307/840622Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. A convincing analysis that demonstrates that the increase in judicial activism actually led to a decline in the power and authority of the Supreme Court.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Mautner, Menachem. Law and the Culture of Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  382. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600564.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Presents Israeli law and the status and authority of the Supreme Court as a major battlefield in the conflict between religious and secular groups and criticizes the trend of judicial activism.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Rubinstein, Amnon, and Barak Medina. Hamishpat HaKonstitutzioni Shel Medinat Yisrael. 6th ed. 2 vols. Tel Aviv: Schocken, 2005.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. An authoritative, detailed, two-volume account of the Israeli constitutional setting written by two legal scholars. It includes a historical background, an examination of the status and role of the main governmental branches and of the political parties, the rule of law, Israel as a Jewish state, citizenship, and the status of the Arab minority.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Soffer, Oren. “Judicial Review of Legislation in Israel: Problems and Implications of Possible Reform.” Israel Affairs 12.2 (2006): 307–329.
  390. DOI: 10.1080/13537120500535381Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. A thorough, relatively recent presentation of the development of judicial overview in Israel and the debate surrounding it.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. The Electoral System and Political Finance
  394.  
  395. Rahat and Hazan 2005 presents a short overview of the electoral system and analyzes its advantages and faults. Brichta 2001 examines the Israeli electoral and government systems and the proposals for their reform. Rahat 2008 analyzes the politics of electoral reform—the failed attempts to reform the Israeli electoral system and the successful attempt to reform its government system. Mendilow 1989, Mendilow 1992, Hofnung 1996, and Hofnung 2006 are studies of party financing.
  396.  
  397. Brichta, Avraham. Political Reform in Israel: The Quest for a Stable and Effective Government. Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic, 2001.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. An account of the Israeli electoral and government system at both the national and local levels and of the proposals for its reform.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Hofnung, Menachem. “The Public Purse and the Private Campaign: Political Finance in Israel.” Journal of Law and Society 23.1 (1996): 132–148.
  402. DOI: 10.2307/1410471Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. An analysis of the logic behind public funding of parties, candidates (in intraparty elections) and elections in Israel, its unfolding, and initial impacts on the political system.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Hofnung, Menachem. “Financing Internal Party Races in Non-Majoritarian Political Systems: Lessons from the Israeli Experience.” Election Law Journal 5.4 (2006): 372–383.
  406. DOI: 10.1089/elj.2006.5.372Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. A comparative analysis of the Israeli experience with regulating the finance of intraparty races.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Mendilow, Jonathan. “Party Financing in Israel: Experience and Experimentation.” In Comparative Political Finance in the 1980’s. Edited by Herbert E. Alexander, 124–152. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  410. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511598623Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. A legal study of party and campaign funding in Israel and a comparison with European and US practices.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Mendilow, Jonathan. “Public Party Funding and Party Transformation in Multiparty Systems.” Comparative Political Studies 25.1 (1992): 90–117.
  414. DOI: 10.1177/0010414092025001004Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. An analysis of the impact of public funding of parties and elections in Israel and its ideological, structural, and electoral impacts.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Rahat, Gideon. The Politics of Regime Structure Reform in Democracies: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. A detailed analysis of the politics of electoral reform—the failed attempts to reform the Israeli electoral system and the successful attempt to reform its government system.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Rahat, Gideon, and Reuven Y. Hazan. “Israel: The Politics of an Extreme Electoral System.” In The Politics of Electoral Systems: A Handbook. Edited by Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell, 333–351. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  422. DOI: 10.1093/0199257566.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. A short overview of the Israeli electoral system, including its advantages and its faults.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Political Parties (General) and the Party System
  426.  
  427. Goldberg 1992 presents the development of the Israeli party system, the types of organizations the Israeli parties adopted, and their leadership, factionalism, unifications, splits, and alliances. Galnoor 1982 explains the major role that parties played in the establishment of the Israeli polity. Mendilow 2003 presents developments in the party system since the creation of the parties’ alliances (what the author calls “cluster” parties) in the 1960s and until 2001. Hazan and Maor 2000 and Hazan 1998 propose analyses of the development of the Israeli party system. Korn 1998 is a collection that is dedicated to the various aspects of the decline of parties in Israel. Yishai 2001, in a proposal of the new model of the post-cartel party, and Hazan and Rahat 2008 emphasize the comparative nature of the authors’ analyses, claiming that analyzing the phenomena in party politics in Israel can contribute to the comparative study of party politics.
  428.  
  429. Galnoor, Itzhak. Steering the Polity: Communication and Politics in Israel. London: SAGE, 1982.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. The book explains the major role that parties, as major channels of communication, played in the establishment of the Israeli polity.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Goldberg, Giora. HaMiflagot BeYisrael: MeMiflagot Hamon LeMiflagot Electoraliyot. Tel Aviv: Ramot, 1992.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. This book describes the Israeli party system. It is a detailed book but nevertheless systematic and makes good use of the concepts that are universally accepted among party scholars.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Hazan, Reuven Y. “Party System Change in Israel, 1948–98: A Conceptual and Typological Border-Stretching of Europe?” In Comparing Party System Change. Edited by Paul Pennings and Jan-Erik Lane, 140–153. London: Routledge, 1998.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. The chapter analyzes the creation and demise of the first and second party systems: the moderate multiparty system with the dominant party (1949–1977) and the polarized multi-party system (1981–1996).
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Hazan, Reuven Y., and Moshe Maor, eds. Parties, Elections, and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. The book is a collection that deals with various aspects of the development of the Israeli party system.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Hazan, Reuven Y., and Gideon Rahat, eds. Special Issue: Israeli Party Politics: New Approaches, New Perspectives. Party Politics 14.6 (2008).
  446. DOI: 10.1177/1354068808093404Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. This special issue emphasizes that the analysis of phenomena in party politics in Israel can contribute to the comparative study of various aspects of party politics. These include the political consequences of candidate selection methods, the regulation of intraparty competition, electoral behavior, media coverage of intraparty disputes, and the banning of political parties.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Korn, Dani, ed. Kets HaMiflagot. Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1998.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. A collection of twenty-one chapters written by leading party scholars from Israel and abroad. It is dedicated to various aspects of the decline of parties in Israel. These include general comparative and historical perspectives, influences of institutional changes and changes within society, the influence of the mass media and public opinion, the legal aspect, and the local arena.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Mendilow, Jonathan. Ideology, Party Change, and Electoral Campaigns in Israel, 1965–2001. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. This book presents developments in the party system since the creation of the parties’ alliances and proposes a special typology of the party system based on the patterns of interaction between the two main cluster parties.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Yishai, Yael. “Bringing Society Back In—Post-Cartel Parties in Israel.” Party Politics 7.6 (2001): 667–687.
  458. DOI: 10.1177/1354068801007006001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Analyzes party politics in Israel, which can contribute to the comparative study of various aspects of party politics.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Political Parties (Specific)
  462.  
  463. Neuberger 1991 is a basic book that presents the development and genealogy of the numerous Israeli parties from the range of political currents. Details on specific parties can be found also in Goldberg 1992 (cited under Political Parties (General) and the Party System). Medding 1972 presents an analysis of Mapai, the leading party in Israeli politics until 1977. Shapiro 1991 analyzes the way that Herut, the main component of the Likud Party, made from the opposition until it became a government party in 1977. Mendilow 2003 (cited under Political Parties (General) and the Party System) presents developments in both the Labor and the Likud Party since the creation of the former’s alliances in 1965 (The “small” Alignment and Gahal) and until 2001. Tesler 2003 is an account of Shas, the ultra-orthodox party that was established in 1984 and quickly became an important force in Israeli politics. Naor 2001 analyzes the ideology and policies of the Israeli right, while Pedahzur 2000 examines developments in the extreme right-wing parties in Israel. Rekhes 1993 analyzes the development of the Arab parties under the conflicting influences of communism and nationalism. Aronoff 1993 is a unique study that presents an anthropological account of the Israeli Labor Party.
  464.  
  465. Aronoff, Myron J. Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party: A Study in Political Anthropology. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1993.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. A new expanded edition of Aronoff’s unique study that was first published in 1977 and that proposes an account of the Israeli Labor Party from an anthropological perspective.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Medding, Peter Y. Mapai in Israel: Political Organisation and Government in a New Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. This work presents an analysis of Mapai (the precursor to Labor), the leading dominant party in Israeli politics until the 1970s.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Naor, Aryeh. Eretz Yisrael Hashlema: Emuna Vemediniyut. Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa Press, 2001.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. A thorough analysis of the ideology and policies of the Israeli right.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Neuberger, Benyamin. HaMiflagot BeYisrael. Tel Aviv: Open University of Israel, 1991.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. This book discusses the history of a range of Israeli parties and provides a short overview of party types and organization, as well as a look at the party system.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Pedahzur, Ami. Miflagot HaYamin HaKitsoni BeYisrael MeTsmicha LeDeicha? Tel Aviv: Ramot, 2000.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. This book examines developments in the extreme right-wing parties in Israel. It covers Kach, HaTehiya, Moledet, and Tsomet. Various aspects are covered, including their societal bases; their relations with the state and with extra-parliamentary groups; their functioning in the Knesset and as coalition members; their leadership, factionalism, and splits; and their organization and members.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Rekhes, Elie. HaMiut HaArvi BeYisrael Ben Comunism LeLeumiyut. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center, Tel Aviv University, 1993.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. The book analyzes the development of the Arab parties under the conflicting influences of communism and nationalism. Examines the Communist Party and its development as well as the creation of alternative Arab nationalistic parties and the decline of the (Mapai/Labor) “affiliated” Arab lists.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Shapiro, Yonathan. The Road to Power: Herut Party in Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. The book examines the path of Herut from being an opposition party to becoming a governing party.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Tesler, Ricky. BeShem HaShem: Shas VeHaMahapecha HaDatit. Jerusalem: Keter, 2003.
  494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495. Discusses the founding and growth of the Shas Party into a major influence in the Israeli political world.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Foreign Affairs
  498.  
  499. Foreign affairs are central to Israeli politics. This section includes references that examine Israeli foreign policy and foreign affairs in general, as well as more focused studies on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, war and peace with neighboring states, Israel’s special relation with the Jewish Diaspora, Israel’s highly important relations with the United States, and Israel’s relations with other countries and international actors.
  500.  
  501. General
  502.  
  503. Medzini 1976–1995 is a collection of selected documents that deal with Israel’s foreign policy from 1947 to 1994. Klieman 1990 is a comprehensive overview of Israel’s foreign policy in its first forty years. Neuberger and Grunik 2008 is an anthology of forty-five chapters that cover theory and general issues, among other topics, including some chapters on specific policy areas and relations with specific states.
  504.  
  505. Klieman, Aaron S. Israel and the World after 40 Years. Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1990.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. This book discusses the first forty years of Israeli foreign policy. It presents a systematic analysis from several perspectives, viewing Israel as a state actor but also looking inside to the domestic sources of foreign policy.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Medzini, Meron, ed. Israel’s Foreign Relations: Selected Documents, 1947–1994. 13 vols. Jerusalem: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1976–1995.
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  511. Selected documents on Israeli foreign policy from 1947 to 1994, including resolutions, agreements, decrees, speeches, minutes of meetings, reports, interviews with top policymakers, letters, and other kinds of preliminary sources.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Neuberger, Binyamin, and Arie Grunik, eds. Mediniut HaHuts Shel Yisrael, 1948–2008. 2 vols. Tel Aviv: Open University of Israel, 2008.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. An anthology that addresses a wide range of issues, including the basic characteristics of Israel’s foreign policy, perceptions of it, policymaking processes, the influence of realpolitik, security policy, wars and peace, bilateral relations with countries in the region and the superpowers, and ties with additional countries.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
  518.  
  519. Dowty 2012 offers an introduction to the conflict, presenting both Palestinian and Jewish perspectives and analyzing their points of collision. Tessler 2009 provides a comprehensive introductory historical account. Rubenberg 2010, a three-volume encyclopedia, has approximately 1,100 entries, including numerous articles on issues connected to the conflict. Peters and Newman 2013 is a comprehensive overview that includes thirty expert chapters that deal with various aspects of the conflict. Bar-Siman-Tov 2007 is a collection of chapters that mainly deal with the change in Israeli perceptions of the conflict following the second Intifada. Bar-Siman-Tov 2010 focuses on a range of barriers—sociopsychological, geopolitical, perceptual, and religious—to peace between Israel and the Palestinians. Caplan 2010 analyzes the divergent interpretations of the Israeli Arab conflict by both sides and the resulting difficulty in conflict’s resolution. Elman, et al. 2013 is a collection that inquires about the influence of Israeli domestic politics on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Ben-Porat 2008 aims to compare peace implementation in Israel with experiences in Northern Ireland and South Africa. Shamir and Shikaki 2010 examines public opinion on the two sides of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and analyzes its influence on it. Alimi 2007 focuses on the causes for the outbreak of the first Palestinian uprising (1987–1992).
  520.  
  521. Alimi, Eitan Y. Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada: Political Opportunities, Framing Processes, and Contentious Politics. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523. The book focuses on the causes for the outbreak of the first Palestinian uprising (1987–1992). It also touches on the questions of timing and the nature of the struggle. It does so using a theoretical framework of political opportunities, analyzing the way the Palestinians perceived Israel through content analysis of Palestinian newspapers.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov, ed. The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: From Conflict Resolution to Conflict Management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. The chapters in this book tackle the change in Israeli perceptions of the conflict following the Palestinian second uprising (that is, the Intifada that erupted in October 2000) from a different angle, such as the perceptions and understanding of the political and military elite, public opinion, and the interactions among them.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov, ed. Barriers to Peace in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2010.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. A collection of nine articles focusing on barriers to peace between Israel and the Palestinians.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Ben-Porat, Guy, ed. The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process? A Comparative Analysis of Peace Implementation in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Consists of eleven chapters that compare peace implementation in Israel to parallel experiences in Northern Ireland and South Africa.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Caplan, Neil. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Contested Histories. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. Analyzes the core arguments and historical narratives they are grounded in, according to the divergent interpretations of both sides in the Israeli-Arab conflict. Points out the resulting difficulty in the conflict’s resolution.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Dowty, Alan. Israel/Palestine. 3d ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2012.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. An introduction to the conflict, presenting both Palestinian and Jewish perspectives and analyzing the ways they collide.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Elman, Miriam Fendius, Oded Haklai, and Hendrik Spruyt, eds. Democracy and Conflict Resolution: The Dilemmas of Israel’s Peacemaking. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2013.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. A collection that discusses the influence of Israeli domestic politics’ attempt to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Peters, Joel, and David Newman, eds. The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. London: Routledge, 2013.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. A comprehensive overview of the conflict that examines its historical background, peace efforts, domestic politics, and other critical issues. Supplemented by a chronology of the conflict, key documents, and a range of maps.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Rubenberg, Cheryl A., ed. Encyclopedia of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. 3 vols. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2010.
  554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555. In addition to regular entries, this encyclopedia includes numerous articles on various issues connected to the conflict and bibliographic references for each entry.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Shamir, Jacob, and Khalil Shikaki. Palestinian and Israeli Public Opinion: The Public Imperative in the Second Intifada. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Two scholars examine surveys of public opinion on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and analyze the influence of public opinion on the conflict.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Tessler, Mark. A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. This book supplies a comprehensive introductory historical account and is considered one of the best of its kind.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. War and Peace
  566.  
  567. Bickerton and Klausner 2009 and Smith 2009 are widely used textbooks on the history of the Israeli–Arab conflict. Maoz 2009 is a critical analysis of Israel’s security policy, covering Israel’s wars, low-intensity warfare, and its nuclear and foreign policies. Morris 2001 suggests a general overview of the Zionist–Arab conflict from its onset until 2000. The Tami Steinmetz Centre for Peace Research (Tel Aviv University) provides data and analysis based on monthly public opinion surveys that examine the approach of Israelis to various questions concerning peace policies. Sela 1998 examines the changes in the Arab states’ policies toward Israel. Ghazi-Bouillon 2009 examines the debates within Israeli studies concerning the armed conflict. Zertal and Eldar 2007 is a comprehensive analysis of the causes and consequences of settlement project in the Occupied Territories. Barnett 2002 analyzes the linkage between the debates over Israeli national identity and the peace process.
  568.  
  569. Barnett, Michael. “The Israeli Identity and the Peace Process: Re/Creating the Un/Thinkable.” In Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East. Edited by Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett, 58–87. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. An analysis of the causal linkage between the debate over Israeli national identity and over the peace process, with special attention to the Knesset electoral contest of 1996.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Bickerton, Ian J., and Carla L. Klausner. A History of the Arab–Israeli Conflict. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. A popular introductory textbook on the history of the Israeli–Arab conflict.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Ghazi-Bouillon, Azima. Understanding the Middle East Peace Process: Israeli Academia and the Struggle for Identity. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. An analysis of the debates between the mainstreams (neo-Zionists, post-Zionists, and new historians) of Israeli studies as source and consequence of the shifting Israeli national identity and Israeli politics.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Maoz, Zeev. Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel’s Security and Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009.
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. An analysis of Israel’s security policy presented in five sections: “Foundations,” “The Use of Force,” “Israel’s Nuclear Policy,” “Foreign Policy: Shadow and Open Diplomacy,” and “Causes and Implications of the Mismanagement of National Security and Foreign Policy.”
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Morris, Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. New York: Vintage, 2001.
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. A respected yet contested scholar’s general overview of the Zionist–Arab conflict from its beginnings until 2000.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Sela, Avraham. The Decline of the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591. Discusses changes in Middle Eastern politics as related to Arab states’ positions toward Israel.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab–Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents. 7th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2009.
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. A comprehensive chronological account of the history of the Israeli–Arab conflict. The book also includes basic documents.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research.
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. The purpose of the center, according to the website, “is to promote systematic research and thinking on issues connected with peacemaking processes and conflict resolution.” The project is supervised by respected scholars, and documents and results of public opinion surveys on the website are available in English and Hebrew.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Zertal, Idith, and Akiva Eldar. Lords of the Land: The War over Israel’s Settlements in the Occupied Territories. New York: Nation, 2007.
  602. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603. Updated English version of a comprehensive examination of the sources and ideological, demographic, and political development of the settlement project in the Occupied Territories and its impacts on the Israeli polity and on the conflict between the state and its neighbors.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Israel and the Diaspora
  606.  
  607. Sheffer 1996 and Safran 2005 look at the Jewish Diaspora from cross-national comparative and theoretical perspectives, dealing with the question of its comparability and uniqueness. Don-Yehiya 1991 and Sheffer and Roth-Toledano 2006 cover various aspects of the relationships between Israel and the Jewish Diaspora. Sasson 2013 analyzes the relationship between American Jews and Israel.
  608.  
  609. Don-Yehiya, Eliezer, ed. Israel and Diaspora Jewry: Ideological and Political Perspectives. Ramat-Gan, Israel: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1991.
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611. A collection of seventeen chapters examining the nature of the relationship between Diaspora Jews and Israel and their perceptions of Israel and Zionism. Some of the chapters focus on specific Diasporas: the United States, Canada, the UK, and French Diasporas.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Safran, William. “The Jewish Diaspora in a Comparative and Theoretical Perspective.” Israel Studies 10.1 (2005): 36–60.
  614. DOI: 10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.36Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615. Considers the Jewish Diaspora from cross-national comparative and theoretical viewpoints.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Sasson, Theodore. The New American Zionism. New York: New York University Press, 2013.
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619. Analyzes the development of current relationship between American Jews and Israel.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Sheffer, Gabi. “Israel–Diaspora Relationship in Comparative Perspective.” In Israel in Comparative Perspective: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom. Edited by Michael Barnett, 53–83. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623. This chapter looks at various aspects of the relationship between Israel and the Jewish Diaspora.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Sheffer, Gabi, and Hadas Roth-Toledano. Mi Manhig? Al Yehasey Yisrael VeHatfutsa HaYehudit. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2006.
  626. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627. A comprehensive work that monitors the changes in the Diaspora and consequences for the relationship between it and Israel; the way that the state, the Jewish Agency, and other organizations deal with the Diaspora; and how policy is made concerning the Diaspora. The work includes some recommendations for future policies.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. US–Israeli Relations
  630.  
  631. Bar-Siman-Tov 1998 is a short historical overview that examines the causes and motives for US–Israeli “special” relations. Freedman 2012 is a collection that examines various aspects in US-Israeli relations. Gilboa and Inbar 2009 is a collection that includes chapters on the post-9/11 US–Israel relationship, dealing with strategic, domestic (intra-American), multilateral, and policy aspects. Sheffer 1997 covers strategic, psychological, political, cultural, and perceptual aspects of the US–Israeli relationship. Mearsheimer and Walt 2007 presents a highly controversial claim concerning the centrality of the pro-Israeli lobby in US–Israeli relations. Bialer 1990 studies the decision of Israel in its first decade to align with the West.
  632.  
  633. Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. “The United States and Israel since 1948: A ‘Special Relationship’?” Diplomatic History 22.2 (1998): 231–262.
  634. DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00115Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. Considers the reasons for the special relationship between the United States and Israel.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Bialer, Uri. Between East and West: Israel’s Foreign Policy Orientation, 1948–1956. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  638. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511521652Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. A study of the decision of Israel in its first decade to align with the West, this book focuses on ideological perceptions as revealed from available primary sources but also relates to more instrumental considerations.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Freedman, Robert O., ed. The United States and Israel: Six Decades of A Relationship. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2012.
  642. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643. An edited collection that covers various aspects in US-Israeli relations, including diplomatic, legal, and military ones, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the pro-Israeli Lobbies, public opinion, and more.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Gilboa, Eitan, and Efraim Inbar, eds. US–Israel Relations in a New Era: Issues and Challenges after 9/11. London: Routledge, 2009.
  646. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647. Includes chapters on the post-9/11 US–Israel relationship, from both American and Israeli perspectives, dealing with a variety of issues.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Mearsheimer, John J., and Stephen M. Walt. The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651. Mearsheimer and Walt present a highly controversial claim concerning the centrality of the pro-Israeli lobby in US–Israeli relations.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Sheffer, Gabriel. U.S.–Israeli Relations at the Crossroads. London: Frank Cass, 1997.
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655. A collection of fourteen chapters that discuss several different aspects of the US–Israeli relationship.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Other
  658.  
  659. Bialer 2005 presents an analysis of the evolution of Israel’s relationship with and attitudes toward the Christian world through 1967. Sofer 1998 analyzes the history of foreign-policy perceptions of various groups with the Zionist movement, including Socialists, Revisionists, and others. Sofer 2004 touches on a variety of patterns of bilateral relationships between Israel and other countries, including the United States, the USSR, China, India, the UK, Spain, Canada, and Japan and also presents more general accounts of Israel’s foreign policy and diplomacy in the past and the present. Levey 1997 analyzes the relationship of Israel with the Western powers—the United States, France, and the UK—in the 1950s.
  660.  
  661. Bialer, Uri. Cross on the Star of David: The Christian World in Israel’s Foreign Policy, 1948–1967. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
  662. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  663. Analyzes the development of the Israeli relationship with the Christian world, including ties with the Vatican and other churches—Russian, Greek, and Protestant—from its establishment to 1967.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Levey, Zach. Israel and the Western Powers, 1952–1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
  666. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  667. Discusses Israel’s strategic relationship with the United States, France, and the UK in the 1950s.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Sofer, Sasson. Zionism and the Foundations of Zionist Diplomacy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  670. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511583247Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  671. This book analyzes the shaping of the perceptions of foreign policy of the various groups within the Zionist movement.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Sofer, Sasson, ed. Special Issue: Israel in the International Arena. Israel Affairs 10.1–2 (2004).
  674. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  675. Articles discuss Israel’s current and past foreign policy as well as specific relationships with other countries.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Selected Issues
  678.  
  679. This section includes various topics: the controversy over the question of the existence of and nature of democracy in Israel; main developments in Israel’s political economy; elections and, specifically, electoral behavior; the interplay between religion and politics; various aspects of gender politics; developments in civil–military relations in the context of the continuing Israeli-Arab conflict; and Zionism from its beginning to its development after achieving its goal of establishing a nation-state for the Jewish people.
  680.  
  681. Israeli Democracy
  682.  
  683. The Israel Democracy Institute has, since 2003, published the Israeli Democracy Index, an annual comparative assessment of Israeli democracy using multiple indices concerning institutional, rights, and stability aspects. The debate among scholars regarding the definition of Israel as a democracy is ongoing. Dowty 1999 bases his claims for the definition of Israel as a democracy on a cross-national comparison. Yakobson and Rubinstein 2009 is a comprehensive comparative work that makes the case for the possibility of having a democratic and Jewish state, while Gavison 1999 is an article that argues the case. Peled 1992 and Smooha 1997 suggest a special category of “ethnic democracy” to describe the main characteristic of Israeli Jewish-dominated polity. Yiftachel 2006 questions the definition of Israel as a democracy and proposes calling it an ethnocracy. Peled and Navot 2005 proposes a dynamic look of the debate around ethnocracy and ethnic democracy. Peled 2014 is a comparative study of ethnic democracy. Pedahzur 2004 is a comprehensive analysis of the various challenges with which Israeli democracy copes. Cohen-Almagor 2005 is an edited collection that examines various critical dimensions of Israeli democracy. Harel-Shalev 2013 is a comparative analysis of Israel and Indian democracies.
  684.  
  685. Cohen-Almagor, Raphael, ed. Israeli Democracy at the Crossroads. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2005.
  686. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687. Fourteen chapters that treat various critical dimensions of Israeli democracy. Makes special reference to the impact of the continuous state of war, the Jewish definition of the state, and its struggle with the various cultures that define its population.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Dowty, Alan. “Is Israel Democratic? Substance and Semantics in the ‘Ethnic Democracy’ Debate.” Israel Studies 4.2 (1999): 1–15.
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691. Uses a cross-national comparison to make the case for the definition of Israel as a democracy.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Gavison, Ruth. “Jewish and Democratic? A Rejoinder to the ‘Ethnic Democracy’ Debate.” Israel Studies 4.1 (1999): 44–72.
  694. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  695. An article by a well-known law scholar that proposes the existence of a democratic and Jewish state.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Harel-Shalev, Ayelet. The Challenge of Democracy: Citizenship, Rights, and Ethnic Conflicts in India and Israel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press and Foundation Books, India, 2013.
  698. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  699. Comparatively analyzes public policy and governmental features in Israel and India as two deeply divided societies.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Israeli Democracy Index.
  702. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703. An annual comparative assessment of Israeli democracy using multiple indices, including comparison of Israeli democracy to a group of world democracies. It also refers to institutional and behavioral aspects.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Pedahzur, Ami. HaDemocratia HaMitgonente BeYisrael. Jerusalem: Carmel, 2004.
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707. Analyzes challenges of the Israeli democracy in the political, social, cultural, educational, and legal arenas.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. Peled, Yoav. “Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of the Jewish State.” The American Political Science Review 86.2 (1992): 432–443.
  710. DOI: 10.2307/1964231Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  711. The article suggests that Israel is an “ethnic democracy”—a special category that describes the main characteristics of the Israeli democratic-yet-Jewish-majority-dominated polity.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Peled, Yoav. The Challenge of Ethnic Democracy: The State and Minority Groups in Israel. London: Routledge, 2014.
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715. A comparative study of ethnic democracy that analyzes the conditions for its stability and transformation.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Peled, Yoav, and Doron Navot. “Ethnic Democracy Revisited: On the State of Democracy in the Jewish State.” Israel Studies Forum 20.1 (2005): 3–27.
  718. DOI: 10.3167/isf.2005.200102Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. Utilizes the models of ethnic democracy as against ethnocracy to offer a historical analysis of Israel’s evolution from a system resembling ethnocracy, through a period of ethnic democracy, to a brief period of liberalization, to the current trends.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Smooha, Sammy. “Ethnic Democracy: Israel as an Archetype.” Israel Studies 2.2 (1997): 198–241.
  722. DOI: 10.2979/ISR.1997.2.2.198Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. This article develops the idea of classifying Israel as an ethnic democracy, a somewhat inferior model of democracy that is based neither on individual rights like the liberal democratic model nor on the group rights of the consociational model.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Yakobson, Alexander, and Amnon Rubinstein. Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-State and Human Rights. London: Routledge, 2009.
  726. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  727. A comprehensive work, written by a constitutional scholar and a historian. It deals with various claims, allegations, and criticisms of Israeli democracy by comparing the Zionist and Israeli experience with that of other nations.
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Yiftachel, Oren. Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. This book presents a detailed account of the author’s critical claims that previously appeared in articles. He questions the definition of Israel as a democracy and proposes calling it an ethnocracy—a state ruled by a dominant group that retains the facade of a democracy.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Political Economy
  734.  
  735. Aharoni 1998 provides a short overview of Israel’s political economy since its beginning with a special emphasis on the changes in the 1980 and 1990s. Ben-Porat 2008 reviews developments in Israel’s political economy in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Sternhell 1999, Shalev 1992, and Grinberg 1993 discuss the Labor movement’s economic policies, while Plessner 1994 is a liberal free market critical analysis of the Israeli political economy. Maman and Rosenhek 2011 is a comparative and historical study of the process of strengthening the Israeli central bank, specifically in the context of a global economy. Sharkansky 1987 focuses on the extensive involvement of the Israeli government in the state’s economy.
  736.  
  737. Aharoni, Yair. “The Changing Political Economy of Israel.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 555.1 (1998): 127–146.
  738. DOI: 10.1177/0002716298555001009Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739. A brief overview of Israel’s political economy focusing on the changes occurring in the 1980s and 1990s.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Ben-Porat, Guy. “Political Economy: Liberalization and Globalization.” In Israel since 1980. Edited by Guy Ben-Porat, Yagil Levy, Shlomo Mizrahi, Ayre Naor, and Erez Tzfadia, 91–116. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  742. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511756153.005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  743. A concise summary of changes in Israel’s political economy since 1980.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Grinberg, Lev Luis. HaHistadrut MeAl HaKol. Jerusalem: Nevo, 1993.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. A critical analysis of the history of the Histadrut (Israeli federation of unions) and its economic policies.
  748. Find this resource:
  749. Maman, Daniel, and Zeev Rosenhek. The Israeli Central Bank: Political Economy, Global Logics and Local Actors. London: Routledge, 2011.
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751. Uses a comparative and historical approach to discuss the strengthening of the Israeli central bank within a global economy.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Plessner, Yakir. The Political Economy of Israel: From Ideology to Stagnation. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
  754. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  755. Analyzes the Israeli political economy from a liberal free market standpoint.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Shalev, Michael. Labour and the Political Economy in Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  758. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198285137.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  759. A radical critical analysis of the Labor movement’s economic policies.
  760. Find this resource:
  761. Sharkansky, Ira. The Political Economy of Israel. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1987.
  762. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  763. This book examines Israel’s political economy, emphasizing the extensive involvement of the Israeli government in the state’s economy.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Sternhell, Zeev. The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  766. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  767. Analyzes the ideology of the labor leaders, claiming that nationalism rather than socialism guided their social and economic policies.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Elections and Electoral Behavior
  770.  
  771. The leading source on Israeli elections is Arian and Shamir 1969–, which covers all elections since 1969 and includes analyses of voters’ behavior and many other topics. A competing book series, Israel at the Polls, went through various editors, publishers, and formats but nevertheless survived and remains another important source on Israeli electoral politics. Since the 1996 elections, some of these annual reports have appeared as special issues of Israel Affairs. Diskin 1991 covers the basics regarding Israeli elections and also proposes an analysis of voters’ behavior in the 1970s and 1980s and of election results in terms of coalition formation and profiles of the Knesset members. Shamir and Arian 1999 is a good summary of developments in voting behavior up to 1996. Short articles that cover specific elections since 1984 can be found in Electoral Studies and, since 1996, in Representation. Sheafer and Weimann 2005 presents an analysis of the influence of the media on voters’ perceptions and behavior. The Israel National Election Studies website provides data from surveys for all Israeli elections since 1969, as well as a list of publications on the topic.
  772.  
  773. Arian, Asher, and Michal Shamir, eds. The Elections in Israel. 1969–.
  774. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  775. The leading source on Israeli elections. It covers all elections since 1969 and includes analyses of voters’ behavior and many other topics—analyses of campaigns, developments within specific parties and blocs, candidate selection, the role of the media, and more. For the details of the specific books, see online.
  776. Find this resource:
  777. Diskin, Abraham. Elections and Voters in Israel. New York: Praeger, 1991.
  778. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  779. The book, written by a leading electoral politics scholar, explains the nature of the electoral system, proposes an analysis of voters’ behavior in the 1970s and 1980s on the basis of an ecological analysis, and looks at the results in terms of coalition formation and the profiles of the elected.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Israel at the Polls. 1979–.
  782. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  783. Published by Routledge since 1998. Includes chapters that analyze voters’ behavior and additional topics—analysis of campaigns, developments within specific parties and blocs, candidate selection, the role of the media, and more.
  784. Find this resource:
  785. Israel National Election Studies.
  786. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  787. This website presents comprehensive data from surveys for all Israeli elections since 1969 as well as a list of publications on the topic. It is supervised by Israel’s leading election scholars.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. Shamir, Michal, and Asher Arian. “Collective Identity and Electoral Competition in Israel.” American Political Science Review 93.2 (1999): 265–277.
  790. DOI: 10.2307/2585395Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791. Offers a thorough summary of developments in voting behavior up to 1996. Emphasizes the merger of identity politics in Israel with issue voting—the Israeli-dovish approach to foreign affairs and security versus the Jewish-hawkish approach.
  792. Find this resource:
  793. Sheafer, Tamir, and Gabriel Weimann. “Agenda-Building, Agenda-Setting, Priming, Individual Voting Intentions and the Aggregate Results: An Analysis of Four Israeli Elections.” Journal of Communication 55.2 (2005): 347–365.
  794. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02676.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  795. Presents an analysis of the influence of the media on voter perceptions and behavior in the 1996, 1999, 2001, and 2003 elections.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Journals
  798.  
  799. Electoral Studies is the leading journal in the study of electoral politics. It contains short articles that cover specific elections written by the leading scholars of Israeli elections for each of the national elections since 1984. Representation is an international political science journal that covers matters relating to the theme of representative democracy. It contains articles that cover specific elections. Israel Affairs is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on Israeli society and politics and has published several special issues focusing on specific elections.
  800.  
  801. Electoral Studies. 1982–.
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  803. Relevant articles can be found in 4.1 (pp. 79–83); 8.1 (pp. 75–85); 11.4 (pp. 356–361); 15.4 (pp. 570–575); 19.4 (pp. 628–637); 21.4 (pp. 659–664); 23.2 (pp. 353–360); 26.3 (pp. 707–711); and 28.4 (pp. 654–657).
  804. Find this resource:
  805. Israel Affairs. 1994–.
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  807. Special issues on Israel at the Polls include 4.1 (1997); 7.2–3 (2001); 10.4 (2004); 13.2 (2007); and 16.1 (2010).
  808. Find this resource:
  809. Representation. 1960–.
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  811. Relevant articles can be found in 34.3–4 (pp. 240–249); 37.1 (pp. 39–47); 42.3 (pp. 243–252); and 45.4 (pp. 405–420). Short articles that cover specific elections since 1996 (except 2003).
  812. Find this resource:
  813. Religion and Politics
  814.  
  815. Gutmann 1996 deals with the definition of the secular–religious cleavage, its magnitude, its political dimensions, and the dynamic of the politics of the status quo. Liebman and Don-Yehia analyze the tension between Jewish identity and the secular state identity, the solution of the “status quo,” and its erosion. Neuberger 2000 analyzes Israel’s church–state relationship from a cross-national comparative perspective. Cohen and Susser 2000, Don-Yehiya 2000, and Hazan 2000 propose three different interpretations of the history of Israeli religious–secular conflict management. Ben-Yehuda 2010 studies dissident behaviors of the communities of ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel and explains how the Israeli state contains a growing community with such a different worldview and behavior. Edelman 1994 examines the religious and secular judicial systems in Israel and the interactions among them. Woods 2008 studies the expression of the religious–secular conflict within the judicial arena. Ben Porat 2013 examines the tensions between the liberal component in Israeli society and the constraints imposed by religious orthodoxy.
  816.  
  817. Ben Porat, Guy. Between State and Synagogue: The Secularization of Contemporary Israel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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  819. Explores the tensions between the liberal component in Israeli society and the constraints imposed by religious orthodoxy.
  820. Find this resource:
  821. Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. Theocratic Democracy: The Social Construction of Religious and Secular Extremism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  822. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823. This book examines the behavior of ultra-Orthodox Jews and considers the issues of the state managing this very different community within Israel.
  824. Find this resource:
  825. Cohen, Asher, and Bernard Susser. Israel and the Politics of Jewish Identity: The Secular–Religious Impasse. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
  826. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  827. An analysis of the development of management of the Jewish religious–secular cleavage. The book argues that the religious–secular relationships that were based on compromise (consociationalism) are in crisis.
  828. Find this resource:
  829. Don-Yehiya, Eliezer. “Conflict Management of Religious Issues: The Israeli Case in a Comparative Perspective.” In Parties, Elections, and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Edited by Reuven Y. Hazan and Moshe Maor, 85–108. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
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  831. This chapter analyzes the history of Israeli religious–secular conflict management. It compares the Israeli experience to that of other democracies and argues that the consociational model works relatively well in the Israeli case.
  832. Find this resource:
  833. Edelman, Martin. Courts, Politics, and Culture in Israel. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.
  834. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  835. A study of the religious and secular judicial systems in Israel and their interactions.
  836. Find this resource:
  837. Gutmann, Emanuel. “Hashesa Hadati.” In Yisrael Likrat Shant 2000. Edited by Emanuel Gutmann, Moshe Lissak, and Brian Knei-Paz, 61–73. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1996.
  838. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  839. This chapter defines and discusses the secular–religious cleavage in Israel.
  840. Find this resource:
  841. Hazan, Reuven Y. “Religion and Politics in Israel: The Rise and Fall of the Consociational Model.” In Parties, Elections, and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Edited by Reuven Y. Hazan and Moshe Maor, 109–137. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
  842. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  843. Proposes an interpretation of the history of Israeli religious–secular conflict management. The author claims that it began with a consociational arrangement, developed into a consensus settlement, and then became a majoritarian confrontation.
  844. Find this resource:
  845. Liebman, Charles, and Eliezer Don-Yehia. Religion and Politics in Israel. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1986.
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847. Examines the tension between Jewish identity and the secular state identity, the solution of the “status quo,” and its erosion.
  848. Find this resource:
  849. Neuberger, Benyamin. “Religion and State in Europe and Israel.” In Parties, Elections, and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Edited by Reuven Y. Hazan and Moshe Maor, 65–84. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
  850. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  851. The chapter analyzes Israel’s church and state relationship from a cross-national comparative perspective. It points to similarities with other Western democracies and highlights some unique features of these relationships.
  852. Find this resource:
  853. Woods, Patricia J. Judicial Power and National Politics: Courts and Gender in the Religious–Secular Conflict in Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008.
  854. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  855. Discusses the judicial issues of the religious–secular conflict.
  856. Find this resource:
  857. Gender Politics
  858.  
  859. Yishai 1997 looks at Israeli women’s political participation, identity, and organizations, and public policy regarding women. Herzog 1999 is an analysis of the place of women in Israeli politics from a combined cultural and structural perspective. Fuchs 2005 discusses the historical, cultural, social, and political aspects of Israel’s women’s studies. Halperin-Kaddari 2004 is a critical study of the legal status of women and their actual status within society and politics. Herzog 1998 focuses on the links between Israel’s occupation with security issues and the status of women. Raday 2005 examines gender equality, focusing on the tension between religious and secular values within the legal system. Portugese 1998 proposes a feminist analysis of Israel’s fertility policy in the context of the “demographic war.”
  860.  
  861. Fuchs, Esther, ed. Israeli Women’s Studies: A Reader. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.
  862. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  863. A collection of eighteen chapters that examine a wide range of issues in women’s studies, from religion and myths to literature, law, cinema, and more.
  864. Find this resource:
  865. Halperin-Kaddari, Ruth. Women in Israel: A State of their Own. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  866. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  867. Examines Israeli women’s position in Israel society and politics.
  868. Find this resource:
  869. Herzog, Hanna. “Homefront and Battlefront: The Status of Jewish and Palestinian Women in Israel.” Israel Studies 3.1 (1998): 61–84.
  870. DOI: 10.2979/ISR.1998.3.1.61Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  871. This article discusses the relation between Israel’s occupation with security issues and the (inferior) status of women.
  872. Find this resource:
  873. Herzog, Hanna. Gendering Politics: Women in Israel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
  874. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  875. Written by a political sociologist, this book uses a cultural and structural approach to examine women’s role in Israeli politics.
  876. Find this resource:
  877. Portugese, Jacqueline. Fertility Policy in Israel: The Politics of Religion, Gender, and Nation. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998.
  878. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  879. Analyzes Israel’s fertility policy from a feminist perspective.
  880. Find this resource:
  881. Raday, Frances. “Women’s Human Rights: Dichotomy between Religion and Secularism in Israel.” Israel Affairs 11.1 (2005): 78–94.
  882. DOI: 10.1080/1353712042000324463Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883. The article, written by a scholar of gender and law in Israel, considers the ramification of differences in religious and secular values on gender equality in the legal system.
  884. Find this resource:
  885. Yishai, Yael. Between the Flag and the Banner: Women in Israeli Politics. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
  886. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  887. Topics covered in this book include women’s political identity in Israel as well as their participation in politics, their political organizations, and related public policies.
  888. Find this resource:
  889. Political Communication
  890.  
  891. Caspi and Limor 1999 and Soffer 2011 give overviews of the development of mass communication in Israel. Peri 2004 analyzes the interaction between the mass media and politics in the 1990s. Shenhav and Sheafer 2008 analyzes long-term trends in media election coverage, moving from the partisan to the personal. Wolfsfeld 2004 analyzes the role of the media in promoting and curbing peace. Wolfsfeld 1997 and Liebes 1997 present critical analyses of media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
  892.  
  893. Caspi, Dan, and Yehiel Limor. The In/Outsiders: The Media in Israel. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, 1999.
  894. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  895. The book provides a comprehensive summary of the development of mass communication in Israel until the 1990s.
  896. Find this resource:
  897. Liebes, Tamar. Reporting the Arab-Israeli Conflict: How Hegemony Works. London: Routledge, 1997.
  898. DOI: 10.4324/9780203180457Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  899. This book presents a comprehensive critical analysis of the media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It touches on various media (cinema, newspapers, TV) and audiences (hawks and doves, soldiers, Arabs).
  900. Find this resource:
  901. Peri, Yoram. Telepopulism: Media and Politics in Israel. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.
  902. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  903. Analyzing the interaction between the mass media and politics in the 1990s, this work points to the growing fusion between media and politics in Israel—what the author calls “mediapolitik.”
  904. Find this resource:
  905. Shenhav, Shaul R., and Tamir Sheafer. “From Inter-Party Debate to Inter-Personal Polemic: Media Coverage of Internal and External Party Disputes in Israel, 1949–2003.” Party Politics 14.6 (2008): 706–725.
  906. DOI: 10.1177/1354068808093407Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  907. The article analyzes long-term trends (1949–2003) in media election coverage in Israel.
  908. Find this resource:
  909. Soffer, Oren. Tikshoret Hamonim Beyisrael. Raanana, Israel: Open University of Israel, 2011.
  910. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  911. A book that covers the history of mass communication in Israel, looking at developments in four realms: newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet. A main theme is the role of mass communication in integrating and in fragmenting Israeli society.
  912. Find this resource:
  913. Wolfsfeld, Gadi. Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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  915. This book develops a theoretical model concerning the role of media in conflicts. It then examines the role of the media in the coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Oslo Accords, and the first Gulf War.
  916. Find this resource:
  917. Wolfsfeld, Gadi. Media and the Path to Peace. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  918. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511489105Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  919. This work examines in detail the roles that the news media played in the Oslo peace process, in the Israeli–Jordanian peace process, and in the peace process in Northern Ireland. It argues that there is a fundamental contradiction between the interests of the mass media industry (“news values”) and the nature of a peace process: That is, news coverage can be destructive to peace efforts.
  920. Find this resource:
  921. Civil–Military Relations
  922.  
  923. Levy 2007 analyzes changes in military–society relations. Cohen 2010 is a collection that suggests a comparative international analysis of the transformations that are currently affecting the composition of the Israel Defense Forces and its place within Israeli society. Maman, et al. 2001 is a collection that treats various political, sociological, institutional, and organizational aspects of the relationship between state, society, and the military. Barzilai 1996 presents a historical analysis of the influence of the state of emergency and wars on Israeli society and politics. Peri 2006 analyzes the changing relations between politicians and generals in foreign affairs and security policymaking and their implications on both Israeli democracy and the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. Sheffer and Barak 2010 outlines a network approach to understanding civil–military relations in Israel and includes chapters by most of the leading scholars of the subject while Sheffer and Barak 2013 discusses the Israeli security network and its effects on Israeli domestic politics, society, and foreign relations from a comparative and theoretical perspective. Goldberg 2006 is an article that systematically and quantitatively examines the growth in the involvement of retired military generals in politics. Peri 2006 examines the arguably increasing impact of military generals on policy in the 1990s and early 2000s. Hofnung 1996 analyzes the collision between democratic rule of law and human rights and security considerations in Israel from independence to 1995. Penslar 2013 examines the subject of Jews in the military from the 17th century until 1948, while Cohen 2013 examines the relationship between Judaism and the military in Israel.
  924.  
  925. Barzilai, Gad. Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East. New York: State University of New York Press, 1996.
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  927. The book discusses the effects of states of emergency and war, points to changes in the perception of security, and explores the development from a broad societal consensus to a much more critical stance.
  928. Find this resource:
  929. Cohen, Stuart A. The New Citizen Armies: Israel’s Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge, 2010.
  930. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  931. A collection of thirteen chapters written by international scholars, including the leading figures on civil–military relations in Israel.
  932. Find this resource:
  933. Cohen, Sturat A. Divine Service? Judaism and Israel’s Armed Forces. London: Ashgate, 2013.
  934. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  935. Series of essays that examines the complex relationship between Judaism and the military in Israel.
  936. Find this resource:
  937. Goldberg, Giora. “The Growing Militarization of the Israeli Political System.” Israel Affairs 12.3 (2006): 377–394.
  938. DOI: 10.1080/13537120600744594Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  939. Discusses the increasing political involvement of retired military generals.
  940. Find this resource:
  941. Hofnung, Menahem. Democracy, Law, and National Security in Israel. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1996.
  942. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  943. A scholar of law and politics presents an analysis of the tension and collision between the democratic rule of law and human rights on the one hand and security considerations on the other. The book covers developments from independence in 1948 to 1995.
  944. Find this resource:
  945. Levy, Yagil. Israel’s Materialist Militarism. Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2007.
  946. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  947. This book discusses changes in military–society relations in the 1990s and 2000s and their influence on military policies.
  948. Find this resource:
  949. Maman, Daniel, Eyal Ben-Ari, and Zeev Rosenhek, eds. Military, State, and Society in Israel: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2001.
  950. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  951. The book offers a collection of thirteen chapters that address various issues, from theoretical and comparative overviews to political, social, perceptual, and organizational aspects of civil–military relations.
  952. Find this resource:
  953. Penslar, Derek. Jews and the Military: A History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
  954. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  955. An examination of the involvement of Jews in the military and their attitudes toward war from the 17th century until 1948.
  956. Find this resource:
  957. Peri, Yoram. Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israeli Policy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006.
  958. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  959. Analyzes the growing influence of military generals’ participation in Israeli politics.
  960. Find this resource:
  961. Sheffer, Gabriel, and Oren Barak, eds. Militarism and Israeli Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
  962. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  963. This book consists of fifteen chapters written by leading scholars in the area of Israeli civil–military relations, including Sheffer and Barak, who explain their network approach.
  964. Find this resource:
  965. Sheffer, Gabi, and Oren Barak. Israel’s Security Networks: A Theoretical and Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  966. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139540896Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  967. Discusses the Israeli security network and its effects on Israeli domestic politics, society, and foreign relations. Written from a comparative and theoretical perspective.
  968. Find this resource:
  969. Zionism/Nationalism
  970.  
  971. Laqueur 2003 presents a detailed history of Zionism while Brenner 2003 offers a concise introduction to the subject. Shimoni 1995 presents an overview of the origins of Zionism, including its main trends and fundamental elements. Hertzberg 1997 suggests a historical analysis and includes the writing of Zionist thinkers and leaders from the various trends. Avineri 1981 examines the development of Zionist thinking, analyzing the theses of eighteen of its prominent leaders and ideologues. Winer 1971 presents portraits of the ideological architects of the state of Israel and an appraisal of their contribution to the Zionist project. Ram 2011 presents a critical review of the development of the Jewish national discourse. Shelef 2010 is an analysis of the evolution of nationalism in Israel in the 1925–2005 period, focusing on questions of land, identity, and the definition of the Zionist mission. Ginossar and Bareli 1996 is a collection that reflects on a range of academic and ideological perspectives toward Zionism. Chowers 2012 analyzes Zionism from a political philosophy perspective. Gans 2013 addresses the controversy between post-Zionism and two versions of Zionism.
  972.  
  973. Avineri, Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
  974. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  975. The book examines the development of Zionist thinking, analyzing the theses of eighteen of its prominent leaders and ideologues.
  976. Find this resource:
  977. Brenner, Michael. Zionism: A Brief History. Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner, 2003.
  978. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  979. A short introduction to the history of Zionism.
  980. Find this resource:
  981. Chowers, Eyal. The Political Philosophy of Zionism: Trading Jewish Words for a Hebraic Land. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  982. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  983. Analyzes Zionism from a political philosophy perspective.
  984. Find this resource:
  985. Gans, Chaim. Teoria Politit Laam Hayehudi: Shlosha Nerativim Merkaziyim. Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa and Yediot Sefarim, 2013.
  986. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  987. Addresses the controversy between post-Zionism and two versions of Zionism.
  988. Find this resource:
  989. Ginossar, Pinhas, and Avi Bareli, eds. Tsiyonut: Pulmus Ben Zmanenu. Sede Boqer, Israel: Ben-Gurion University, 1996.
  990. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  991. A collection that reflects the gamut of academic and ideological perspectives toward Zionism, from the extreme right through mainstream Zionists to post- and anti-Zionists.
  992. Find this resource:
  993. Hertzberg, Arthur, ed. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1997.
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995. This hefty volume presents a historical analysis and writings by a variety of Zionist thinkers and leaders.
  996. Find this resource:
  997. Laqueur, Walter. A History of Zionism. New York: Tauris Parke, 2003.
  998. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  999. A comprehensive and detailed history of Zionism.
  1000. Find this resource:
  1001. Ram, Uri. Israeli Nationalism: Social Conflicts and the Politics of Knowledge. London: Routledge, 2011.
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003. This book discusses the history and discourse of the Jewish national identity.
  1004. Find this resource:
  1005. Shelef, Nadav G. Evolving Nationalism: Homeland, Identity, and Religion in Israel, 1925–2005. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010.
  1006. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1007. Analyzes the evolution of Israeli nationalism from 1925 to 2005, with an emphasis on land, identity, and the Zionist mission.
  1008. Find this resource:
  1009. Shimoni, Gideon. The Zionist Ideology. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1995.
  1010. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1011. A summary of the history and main elements of Zionism.
  1012. Find this resource:
  1013. Winer, Gershon. The Founding Fathers of Israel. New York: Bloch, 1971.
  1014. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1015. Highly accessible portraits of the ideological architects of the state of Israel and an appraisal of their contribution to the evolution of the state, its society, and culture.
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