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prototyperspective

Science Summary - 2020, July

prototyperspective
Aug 24th, 2020
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  1. ___ _ ___
  2. / __| __ (_) ___ _ _ __ ___ / __| _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _
  3. \__ \ / _| | | / -_) | ' \ / _| / -_) \__ \ | || | | ' \ | ' \ / _` | | '_| | || |
  4. |___/ \__| |_| \___| |_||_| \__| \___| |___/ \_,_| |_|_|_| |_|_|_| \__,_| |_| \_, |
  5. |__/
  6. -------------------------------------- July 2020 --------------------------------------
  7.  
  8. https://i.imgur.com/OICWGJT.jpg
  9.  
  10. Monthly newsletter: https://mailchi.mp/359cae84aa22/science_summary
  11.  
  12. ----------------- Selection -----------------
  13.  
  14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_science
  15.  
  16. Items which I added to the Wikipedia list are marked with a star.
  17. Some more relevant information can be found on the list's talk page (e.g. on criteria).
  18.  
  19. ------------------ Sources ------------------
  20.  
  21. Mitochondria
  22. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2248168-the-powerhouses-inside-cells-have-been-gene-edited-for-the-first-time/
  23. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2477-4
  24.  
  25. *Robot chemist
  26. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-robot-scientist-catalyst.html
  27. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2442-2
  28.  
  29. *GPLD1
  30. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-brain-benefits-gained-protein.html
  31. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/167
  32.  
  33. *Aging routes
  34. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-paths-aging-insights-healthspan.html
  35. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/167
  36.  
  37. Mars
  38. UAE
  39. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53394737
  40. China
  41. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53504797
  42. USA
  43. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-ula-launch-mars-2020-perseverance-rover-mission-to-red-planet
  44.  
  45. *Sloan Digital Sky Survey
  46. https://news.sky.com/story/largest-ever-3d-map-of-the-universe-released-by-scientists-12033047
  47. https://www.sdss.org/press-releases/no-need-to-mind-the-gap/
  48.  
  49. Bacteria
  50. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/science/microbes-100-million-years-old.html
  51. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17330-1
  52.  
  53. SARS-CoV-2
  54. +*G614
  55. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-infectious-strain-covid-dominates-global.html
  56. https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30820-5
  57. Neanderthals
  58. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/coronavirus-neanderthals.html
  59. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/07/03/2020.07.03.186296.full.pdf
  60. IFR & CFR
  61. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/coronavirus-death-rate.html
  62. Airborne disease
  63. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/239-experts-with-one-big-claim-the-coronavirus-is-airborne.html
  64.  
  65. _________
  66.  
  67.  
  68. *Quantum fluctuations
  69. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-quantum-fluctuations-jiggle-human-scale.html
  70. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2420-8
  71.  
  72. Solar cells
  73. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-crystal-years-key-solar-cell.html
  74. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6499/96/
  75.  
  76. *Palm oil certification
  77. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-certified-sustainable-palm-oil-fields.html
  78. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720342340
  79.  
  80. *Earth's magnetic field
  81. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-simulations-magnetic-field-faster-previously.html
  82. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16888-0
  83.  
  84. *1.5 °C
  85. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/09/world/global-temperatures-wmo-climate-intl-scli/index.html
  86. https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/new-climate-predictions-assess-global-temperatures-coming-five-years
  87.  
  88. *+Spider silk proteins
  89. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-spider-silk-photosynthetic-bacteria.html
  90. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-1099-6
  91.  
  92. *X Chromosome
  93. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-scientists-human-chromosome.html
  94. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2547-7
  95.  
  96. *Manganese-eating bacteria
  97. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-bacteria-metal-diet-dirty-glassware.html
  98. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2468-5
  99.  
  100. *Methane-emissions
  101. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-global-methane-emissions-soar-high.html
  102. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2
  103. https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/1561/2020/
  104.  
  105.  
  106. *Iron metabolism
  107. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-blood-iron-key-ageing-gene.html
  108. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17312-3
  109.  
  110. +Exoplanets
  111. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-unveil-first-ever-pictures-of-multiple-planets-around-a-sunlike-star/
  112. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aba27e
  113.  
  114. Americas
  115. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53486868
  116. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0
  117.  
  118. *Methane
  119. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/22/first-active-leak-of-sea-bed-methane-discovered-in-antarctica
  120. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.1134
  121.  
  122. *Reef sharks
  123. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-sharks-reefs.html
  124. https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2519-y
  125.  
  126. *Paper-retraction
  127. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-paper-hummingbird-sized-dinosaur-retracted.html
  128. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2553-9
  129.  
  130. *Protein design
  131. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-machine-reveals-recipe-artificial-proteins.html
  132. https://sci-hub.tw/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6502/440.full
  133.  
  134. ITER
  135. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/28/worlds-largest-nuclear-fusion-project-under-assembly-in-france
  136.  
  137. *Magnetic pyrite
  138. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-gold-valuable.html
  139. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eabb7721
  140.  
  141. *Younger Dryas
  142. https://phys.org/news/2020-07-texas-cave-sediment-upends-meteorite.html
  143. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eaax8587
  144.  
  145.  
  146. ------------------ Not included ------------------
  147.  
  148. - Scientist at CERN report that the LHCb experiment has observed a four-charm tetraquark particle never seen before, which is likely to be the first of a previously undiscovered class of particles
  149.  
  150. - Theory for the development of pentadiamonds - harder diamonds with a Young's modulus of almost 1700 GPa
  151.  
  152. - Carbon was formed mainly in white dwarf stars, particularly those bigger than two solar masses
  153.  
  154. - A more efficient video coding standard (H.266) is finalised; requires less data volume and is especially useful for 8K streaming
  155.  
  156. - A cobalt-free, high-energy, lithium-ion battery is developed
  157.  
  158. - Evidence that a few mildly affected or recovering COVID-19 patients can be left with serious or potentially fatal brain conditions, such as delirium, inflammation, nerve damage, and psychosis
  159.  
  160. * Scientists assess that the geoengineering technique of enhanced rock weathering – spreading finely crushed basalt on fields – has potential use for carbon dioxide removal by nations, identifying costs, opportunities and engineering challenges
  161.  
  162. - Discovery of the South Pole Wall, a massive cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies (a galaxy filament) that extends across at least 700 million light-years of space
  163.  
  164. * Phytoplankton primary production in the Arctic Ocean increased by 57% between 1998 and 2018 due to higher concentrations, suggesting the ocean may be able to support higher trophic level production and additional carbon fixation in the future
  165.  
  166. * Scientists report that the Moon formed about 85 million years earlier than thought (4.425 ±0.025 bya) and that it hosted an ocean of magma for longer than previously thought (~200 million years)
  167.  
  168. * A reusable aluminium surface for efficient solar-based water sanitation to below the WHO and EPA standards for drinkable water is developed
  169.  
  170. * A technique to produce a degradable version of the tough thermoset plastic pDCPD which may also be applicable to other plastics, that aren't part of the ca. 75% of plastics that are recycable is developed
  171.  
  172. - Observation of a "hard tidal disruption event candidate" near the nucleus of galaxy NGC 6297 with rare "hard powerlaw X-ray spectra"
  173.  
  174. - A researcher describes the nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture, that, in turn, was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers
  175.  
  176. - A new AI algorithm achieves the highest accuracy to date in identifying prostate cancer, with 98% sensitivity and 97% specificity
  177.  
  178. * Scientists of the NA62 experiment at CERN claim to have presented first evidence of a highly rare process – a decay of a charged kaon – predicted in the Standard Model which may help identifying possible deviations from the model
  179.  
  180. * Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters in only a few scientific fields with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel prize of the 114/849 domains they suggest science could be divided into. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel prizes awarded 1995–2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%])
  181.  
  182. * Geochemical data shows that the origin of 50 of the 52 sarsen megaliths used to construct Stonehenge is most likely West Woods, Wiltshire, 25 km north of Stonehenge
  183.  
  184. * Gut microbiomes that produce high levels of gallic acid or gallic acid, which can be found in many antioxidant-rich foods considered healthy and earlier reported to induce cell death in prostate and breast cancer cells, itself can switch mutated p53 proteins from being tumour-suppressive to accelerate the growth of bowel cancers in mice
  185.  
  186. * Two ice caps in Nunavut, Canada have disappeared completely, confirming predictions of a 2016/2017 study that they would melt completely within the next five years
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