typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyTypeObject *typeobj;
    char kind;
    char type;
    char byteorder;
    char unused;
    int flags;
    int type_num;
    int elsize;
    int alignment;
    PyArray_ArrayDescr *subarray;
    PyObject *fields;
    PyArray_ArrFuncs *f;
} PyArray_Descr;

#include <Python.h>

#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
#include <arrayobject.h>

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int *init() {
    import_array();
    return NULL;
}

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
    PyObject *pModule, *pFunc, *pResp, *sysPath;
    PyArrayObject *pArr, *pfieldArr;
    PyArray_Descr *dtype;
    PyObject *tnames, *name;
    Py_ssize_t N;
    PyObject *recItem;

    Py_Initialize();
    init();

    sysPath = PySys_GetObject("path");
    PyList_Append(sysPath, PyUnicode_FromString("/tmp"));
    pModule = PyImport_Import(PyUnicode_FromString("myscript"));

    pFunc = PyObject_GetAttrString(pModule, "main");
    pResp = PyObject_CallObject(pFunc, nullptr);

    pArr = (PyArrayObject *) pResp;
    dtype = PyArray_DTYPE(pArr);

    tnames = PySequence_Fast(dtype->names, nullptr);
    N = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(tnames);

    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < N; i++) { // цикл по полям массива
        name = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(tnames, i); // имя поля

        recItem = PyObject_GetItem(pResp, name);
        pfieldArr = (PyArrayObject *) recItem; // вектор значений по полю
        dtype = PyArray_DTYPE(pfieldArr);

        cout << dtype->type << "t" << dtype->type_num << endl;
        // вывод символьного и порядковых кодов типа
        // std::vector< %DTYPE_TO_CTYPE% > v; // - как хотелось бы
    }
    return 0;
}

def main():
    import numpy as np
    return np.array([(1.0, 2), (3.0, 4)], dtype=[('x', float), ('y', int)])