2019-10-28 TOEFL: test, compare/contrast

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-meningitis-so-dangerous-melvin-sanicas
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Listening Test (ETS 1.1)
Submit your answers when you’re finished.
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BREAK
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Handout - Complete the sentences with appropriate words/phrases to express similarity or differences. (Sometimes more than one answer is possible and some answers are used more than once.)
Compare your answers when you’re finished.
1 similarities between
2 Both...and
3 have in common, both
4 Likewise/In the same way/Similarly, also
5 Like
6 resemble/are similar to
7 Neither...nor
8 difference between
9 While/Whereas (These are used when both clauses are true and there’s not really a contradiction between them, just a contrast. A contradiction is surprising and would use “even though”.)
10 in contrast/on the other hand/however (These can also be at the beginning of the sentence.)
11 Compared to/In contrast to/Unlike
12 differs from/is different from
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dual / plural
both / all
neither / no/none
either / any
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“Contradiction” means something is surprising or different from expectations:
	It was raining. We had a picnic.
Even though it was raining, we had a picnic. / We had a picnic even though it was raining.
It was raining, but we had a picnic. / We had a picnic, but it was raining.
It was raining. However, we (still) had a picnic.

“Contrast” means two things are different, but there’s no surprise or unexpected information:
	Painting takes a long time. Photography takes a single moment.
Painting takes a long time, but photography takes a single moment.
While/Whereas painting takes a long time, photography takes a single moment.
	= While/Whereas photography takes a single moment, painting takes a long time.
	= Painting takes a long time while/whereas photography takes a single moment.
	= Photography takes a single moment while/whereas painting takes a long time.
Painting takes a long time. Photography, however, takes a single moment.
Painting takes a long time. (On the other hand,) photography(, on the other hand,) takes a single moment.
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“contradiction”
Even though dinosaur bones have been found at the poles, that doesn’t prove they were endotherms.

contrast
While the text argues that dinosaurs were endotherms, the lecture argues that they weren’t.
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If there’s a real contradiction, you can’t connect the statements with these transitions:
	WRONG: Dinosaurs were endotherms. However, dinosaurs were not endotherms.
All of these “difference” signals still require that both sides are true. (One simple way to avoid problems is to always present opposite facts with citation language. It is true that someone believes this, even if their belief is mistaken.)
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Collins p. 21 part A - Choose the best word to complete each sentence.
1 b
2 b
3 c
4 b
5 c
part B - Complete the paragraph with appropriate words or phrases. Compare with your partner.
1 both
2 like
3 however
4 differ / are different
5 difference
6 Whereas/While
7 resemble / are similar to
8 in contrast / on the other hand / however
9 in common
10 unlike
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“Faulkner, who sometimes writes several pages about one scene,” = Faulkner
	(In other words, this whole phrase just refers to Faulkner and takes the place of a noun in a sentence. In particular, it can go after a verb or preposition.)
“Faulkner sometimes writes several pages about one scene.” = sentence
	(In other words, this can go after a conjunction like “whereas” or a sentence adverb like “however”.)
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Uses of “like” and related words:

like (v) - I like Hemingway. = I enjoy reading Hemingway.
like (prep) = similar to - In some ways Faulkner is like Hemingway.
alike (adj) = similar - In some ways, Faulkner and Hemingway are alike.
	(This can only go after “be”, in the same manner as “alive”, “alone”, etc.)
like (prep) = such as - There are many famous authors from the 20s like Hemingway and Faulkner.
likewise (adv) = similarly - Faulkner is famous. Likewise, everyone has heard of Hemingway.
likely (adj/adv) = probable/probably - That’s a likely story. You most likely read Hemingway in high school.
liken (v) = compare to - He likened the painting to a poem.

dislike (v) - I dislike Faulkner.
unlike (prep) - In other ways, Faulkner is unlike Hemingway.
unlikely (adj) - That’s an unlikely story. You are unlikely to have read Faulkner.