## Page 61

To think about Ecuador or Peru is to think about the beautiful Andies landscapes. But the truth is that Ecuador and Peru are divided in three very different geographic zones: in the center the mountain range; and in the east the Amazonic zone, call the East in Ecuador and the Forest in Peru. These immense tropical forests of the Amazon River Basin both cover most with the territory of Countries. But due to the heat, the dense vegitation and the inaccessiblility, a small number of habitants live in these areas. But 50 percent of the population of each country lives in the mountain ranges.

In spite of the proximity to the Equator, the climate on the coast of Ecuador and Peru are neither very warm nor very rainy. But why? Because, a cold current, a current from the Paciffic and current dana Humboldt the coast and the drop the temperature and the amount of precipitation. Many parts of the Peruvian coast are so airid that they are desert like.

Bolivia doesn't have a coast. It lost access to the Sea in the war with Chile also called the war for the Pacific (1878-1884). In Bolivia the Andes were are divided into two mountain ranges - the east and the west - seperated into a strong winded plateau and one where vegitation was very scarce. In the east, Bolivia, as their neighbors have an immense area of tropical forests.

## Pages 62 - 63

From the old times many indiginious groups have populated the Andean regions. During the 1st century the Incas were them ruling, in the 15th century an empire that went from the south of Colombia to the north of Chile and from the snow-covered Andean tips to the coast of the Pacific.

The "Supreme Boss" of the Incas, was the Incan Man God, and his title was the "Son of the Sun." The Base of Incan society was the family unit or "el ayllu," a community form of connected families.

The Incas believed in a God Creator, "Virachocha." Viracocha created the world and a series of habitants. Afterwards he disappeared into the sea. Other Gods have more importance than Virachocha in the rities and the subject diaries. Between them the most important were the "Inti", the Sun, and "Pachamama"(Mother Earth). The Incas believed in a sky and a hell, place associated to cold and hunger. The destiny that waited after death, depended on ones acts in life and their social condition.

The Incas spoke "quechua" a language their decendents used to speak. They didn't know about writing by they had an ingenious couting system. They used "quipos" with various strings on them with knots in different positions. They even served for counting thinign in the decimal places.

The Incas were excellent architects. The constructed houses, temples, forts, and cities. Of which their most famous and intact is Machu Pichu.

They also had an excelent system of transporting things in carts. They could move large things from Andes to the Coast, it was done by quick men who would run the "mail" form place to place.

The Base subsistance of the Incas was agricluture. In many of the regions which were wierd, it was possible to cultivate potatoes. Exposing the potato to successively become cold at night and heat up in the sun, dehydrated the potato and changed it into the "chuno". They were able to transport it easily, and saved themselves a lot or time. Also the cultivation of corn/maize was used in ceral. They domesticated the llamas and alpacas, which were used for their skin and meat. Cutting up these animals into pieces of meat and then drying it in the sun made jerky and saved more time.

## Pages 64 - 65

The head Incan, Huayna Capac died in 1525. Upon his death the empire was divided between his two sons - Huascar, the legitimate and Atahualpa, the eligeimate. Atahualpa recieved the noth (Quito) and Huascar recived the south (Cuzco). Immediately, Atahualpa revolted against his brother. Those who came were taken prisoner. In the East entered Fransizco Pizarro with 130-250 men, and 250-80 horses, which fell down near Cuzco. Pizarro and his men encountered very little resistance from the habitants of the region for they were helping to kill the brother of Atahualpa. They came over and took prisoners. At this same time came Fransico Pizarro with between 130 and 250 men and 250 horses, but only 80 came due to falling near Cuzco. Pizarro and his men faced little resistance from the people, for they had been helping to kill Atahhualpa. The conquest was quick and in November of 1532 the spanish had prisoners of Atahualpa en "Cajamarca." Little after they were executed. In november of 1533 Pizarro entered cuzco and 2 years later founded the magnificent city of Lima.

The conquistadores had eagerness to do famous deeds and obtaining riches of gold and silver for the crown of Spain. In addition they considered to be of the true faith and wanted to convert the native people. The conquistadors wanted to serve their God and King.

Like the "vassallos" the the average European like the conquistador, and settler to the new world had ambitions to convert in "senores de vasallos." These ambitions lead to the instulization of the "encomienda." Consisting in the encomendar were certian groups of natives and the spanish. The "encomendero" had to collect the tributes from the natives. For the first times the civilization had no control over their lives, for the spanish abused them if they worked too little. It is dificult to imagine this trama for the suffering of the incas  by the spanish. The population of incas began to dramatically become smaller due to the epidemics of dieseas that the spanish brought over, and because of the maltreatment from the extensive labour, all of this due to the colapse of their formar lifestyles. The rapid decline of this native resulted in the great horror of the african slave trade to go the work.

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During the early part of the colonial period in the Viceroy of Peru extended from the Straits of Mangallanes to Ecuador. Lima was it's capital.

Durante the colonial age(epoch) the spanish established many cities. The Cities resembled Spain. The streets formed an octagonal network. In the center was the plaza, generally names the "plaza of armas." The plaza served as the axis of urban life. Here were situtated the principles of buildings administrations and religion. Near the plaza lived the most imporant of the social ellight. Those whos homes were two stories and had balonies of wood. The Humble people on the other hand lived out side the city and only had one story and painted with bright colors. In the outskirts of the urban center the Indian districts or peublos were located. Socially the colnials were divided into layers of differences. First the nobels, and nobel spanish decendents, then the mstizos, the Africans, and then the natives.