Biology T3

sat down within the restaurant of Dawn and opened up his textbook on the various sciences. He wouldn't stop learning at this point just because he had graduated. He would speak aloud, speaking to other like-minded bearers and none bearers who wanted to learn on the topic of Biology. He would read aloud from the book, aiming to commit knowledge to memory. (1)

"Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. (2)

Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Finally, all organisms require energy to move, grow, and reproduce, as well as to regulate their own internal environment. Biologists are able to study life at multiple levels of organization. (3)

From the molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, and evolution of populations. Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that they use. (4)

Like other scientists, biologists use the scientific method to make observations, pose questions, generate hypotheses, perform experiments, and form conclusions about the world around them.Life on Grandure, which emerged an uncounted amount of years ago is immensely diverse. (5)

Biologists have sought to study and classify the various forms of life, from prokaryotic organisms such as archaea and bacteria to eukaryotic organisms such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals. These various organisms contribute to the biodiversity of an ecosystem, where they play specialized roles in the cycling of nutrients and energy." (6)

Brennen would pause here, ordering some food and aiming to field any questions or go over the section again as needed for the others in his little group. He enjoyed holding these study sessions, and made a point to continue them even after his graduation. Once staisfied everyone had caught up and taken notes, he would contiue.(7)

"All organisms are made up of matter and all matter is made up of elements. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are the four elements that account for 96% of all organisms, with calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium accounting for the remaining 3.7%. (8)

Different elements can combine to form compounds such as water, which is fundamental to life. Life on Grandure began from water and remained there for about three billions years prior to migrating onto land. Matter can exist in different states as a solid, liquid, or gas. (9)

The smallest unit of an element is an atom, which is composed of an atomic nucleus and one or more electrons moving around the nucleus, as described by the Bohr model. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons. Protons have a positive electric charge, neutrons are electrically neutral, and electrons have a negative electric charge. (10)

Atoms with equal numbers of protons and electrons are electrically neutral. The atom of each specific element contains a unique number of protons, which is known as its atomic number, and the sum of its protons and neutrons is an atom's mass number. The masses of individual protons, neutrons, and electrons can be measured in grams or Daltons (Da), with the mass of each proton or neutron rounded to 1 Da. Although all atoms of a specific element have the same number of protons, they may differ in the number of neutrons, thereby existing as isotopes. (11)

Carbon, for example, can exist as a stable isotope (carbon-12 or carbon-13) or as a radioactive isotope (carbon-14), the latter of which can be used in radiometric dating (specifically radiocarbon dating) to determine the age of organic materials.Individual atoms can be held together by chemical bonds to form molecules and ionic compounds. (12)

Common types of chemical bonds include ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. (13)

Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions) whereas those that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called cations). Unlike ionic bonds, a covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding." (14)

Brennen paused once more, to take a drink and look around his gathered table. Most who we're here, as few as there we're, remained paying attention. With school out, it was just keeping one's mind sharp that was important. He didn't need to burn anyone out. He would assist in taking more notes, pointing out what he could here and there, before continuing. (15)

"A hydrogen bond is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom or group such as oxygen. A ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules.(16)

In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Two molecules of water can form a hydrogen bond between them. When more molecules are present, as is the case with liquid water, more bonds are possible because the oxygen of one water molecule has two lone pairs of electrons, each of which can form a hydrogen bond with a hydrogen on another water molecule. (17)

Organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon bonded to another element such as hydrogen. With the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon. Carbon has six electrons, two of which are located in its first shell, leaving four electrons in its valence shell. (18)

Thus, carbon can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, making it the most versatile atom on Earth as it is able to form diverse, large, and complex molecules. For example, a single carbon atom can form four single covalent bonds such as in methane, two double covalent bonds such as in carbon dioxide (CO2), or a triple covalent bond such as in carbon monoxide (CO). Moreover, carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting carbon-carbon bonds such as octane or ring-like structures such as glucose." (19)

Brennen would end the study session there, at least when it pretained to Physics. He would turn and smile, taking a brief break as to let his mind rest, The facts of Biology we're vast, and he doubted he'd ever end up a master on the topic, but he would be as informed as a bearer should be. (20)


You look at your The Foundation of Science: A collection of notes and study-aids brought together in a well-written book. 'The Foundation of Science' touches upon multiple subjects ranging from chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics. Those who read this book begin their path to become future scientists and inventors, unraveling the world's mysteries and paving a better tomorrow for humanity. Yanhui Xiaoli wrote this book to spread the gift of knowledge to others.

(Reduce the RP Requirements for the following Social Perks.)
(Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Biology)
(RPs reduced as follows - T1 (-5) T2 (-5) T3 (-10) T4 (-10))
(Cannot be stacked with other items that reduce the listed socials.)
(Durability: 20)
(Hit Points: 50)
(Add 5 to Damage Calculation.)
(Tier: 4)