History Final Red Stuff

Topic 11

The two European powers after the Thirty Years War(ended in 1648) that became constitutional states were England and the Netherlands. Most of the rest of Europe remained under the control of absolute monarchs.

According to the theory of absolutism, kings derived their authority from God

To rebel  against a king was considered both a civil crime and a religious crime

France was the most conspicuous absolutist state of Europe and Cardinal Richelieu was the architect of french absolutism

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) which ended the era of religious wars i.e. the Thirty Years War

 Principal beneficiaries from the Peace of Westphalia were France and Sweden.

The most dominant philosophy of government during this period was absolutism

 Hobbes wrote the first general theory of politics in the English language, Leviathan.

Bossuet based absolutism on religion by his thesis that the king acts as God's agent on earth

 this idea was called the "divine right of kings"

France's influence on the rest of Europe extended to many aspects of her culture: language, philosophy, art & architecture, literature and science

Huguenot (Protestant‑Calvinist)

the Bourbon dynasty of French kings

Edict of Nantes which granted religious toleration for all

officials of the central government called intendants

Cardinal Mazarin was the power behind the throne when Louis XIV was a boy‑king (1643‑1661).