2015-11-24 Grammar: this/that vs. it

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 337 exercise 2 - circle the demonstratives (this/that/these/those), and identify what each one refers to (is it forward-pointing or backward-pointing?)
2 these truths -> “that all men...happiness”
3 this -> “no new taxes”
4 “because he was tired of big city life” <- that was the real reason
  “The real reason...winters.” <- this is what Stuart told me
5 These soldiers -> “Private Rebecca...Powell”
  These soldiers -> “Seargeant Kitty...MacArthur”
  (Both previous sentences) <- Those are your orders
6 those -> “of other wars that have taken place...country”
  “The causes...any country.” <- This is one of the things
7 that -> “of any compound containing sodium”
  “The chemical...sodium” <- This is what allows
  those -> “found in vinegar or even orange juice”
8 those -> “used in Japan”
  “Management … ago” <- This is due
  “Management techniques of many American companies” and “those used in Japan” <- those techniques
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I know that that is spicy.
The first “that” is a connector for a noun clause, the second “that” is a demonstrative.
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Jia is the student who is sitting next to Juyoung. - adjective clause
Jia is the student sitting next to Juyoung. - (participial) adjective phrase
Jia is the student next to Juyoung. - prepositional phrase

Jia was the student who was sitting next to Juyoung.
Jia was the student sitting next to Juyoung.

Jia is the student who was sitting next to Juyoung.
(no change is possible -- it would change the meaning)
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This kind of adjective information is the one time we can use that/those to point “forward” in the sentence:
Those who are seated in an exit row must…
Those seated in an exit row must…
Those in an exit row must…
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p. 338 - this/that vs. it
“this” or “that” refers to the most important information in the sentence
“it” means another part of the sentence (probably the verb) is the most important
We sometimes have to use “that” if it means an idea or situation instead of a physical object.
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Homework: p. 339 exercise 3