2015-04-22 Structure: past vs. present perfect

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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p. 26
“I’ve always been a work-hard, play-hard kind of guy.”
p. 27 - answer all the questions with a partner
part A
1 a
2 b
3 a
4 c
5 b
6 a
part B
1 unfinished - “I’ve been building” = started in the past and continues to the present
2 finished
3 unfinished - “I’ve been working on a master’s degree” = not finished
4 unfinished
5 finished - “I’ve learned to skydive” = now I know how to skydive
6 finished - “I got engaged”
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perfect = [have] + past participle
progressive = continuous = [be] + verb(ing)
perfect progressive = [have] + been + verb(ing)
present perfect progressive = subj + have/has + been + verb(ing)
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I saw Fast and Furious 7 last weekend. (finished action, finished time)
I have seen Fast and Furious 7 twice since it came out. (finished action, unfinished time - “since it came out” continues to the present)
I have been watching Fast and Furious 7. (unfinished action - I’m still in the middle)
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I have read this book three times. (= 3 times in my life, which is unfinished)
unfinished time = it’s possible for the action to happen again in the future

If he is dead now, I can’t say, “He has read it three times,” because it’s not possible for the action to happen again in the future.
-> He read that book three times in his life.

I didn’t go skiing this year. (because the time for skiing this year is finished)
I didn’t eat breakfast today. (because the time for breakfast today is finished)
I haven’t had coffee today. (the time for coffee is unfinished - I may have some later)
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the time for doing the action is finished -> past simple
the time for doing the action is unfinished -> present perfect
	(= the action could still happen again in the future)
the action itself is unfinished -> present perfect progressive
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Long Actions - we understand that these always take a lot of time, we can use simple or progressive when the action continues to the present
I have been living in Boston since 2008. = I have lived in Boston since 2008.
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Have you eaten here before?      Has he eaten here before?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.    Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.

Have you been waiting a long time?           Has she been waiting long?
Yes, I have (been). / No, I haven’t (been).  Yes, she has (been). / No, she hasn’t (been).
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p. 30-31 exercise 1 A and B (with a partner)
part A
flew - simple past
started - simple past
rode - simple past
climbed - simple past
ran - simple past
was - simple past
understood - simple past
has been doing - present perfect (progressive)
has earned - present perfect
has been climbing - present perfect (progressive)
left - simple past
has been climbing, hiking, biking, and rowing - present perfect (progressive)
has climbed - present perfect
has rowed - present perfect
founded - simple past
have been using - present perfect (progressive)
part B
1 F - before their wedding
2 F - June 14 (“one week late”)
3 T
4 F - she started yearS ago
5 ?
6 T
7 T
8 ?
9 ? - “recently” is not specific
10 T
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If we say a specific time, it’s *usually* a finished time, so we use simple past.
(But sometimes it could be “today” or “this year”, and then maybe we use present perfect.)
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p. 31 exercise 2 (with a different partner)
1 has been making
2 got (1992 is finished)
3 appeared (“one year later” = 1993 = finished)
4 sold out (“immediately” = at that time = 1993)
5 became (1990s are finished)
6 have visited (each visit is finished)
7 started (“around the same time” = in the 1990s)
8 has been keeping (“to this day” = up to the present = unfinished)
  (for me, “has kept” would be the best option)
9 bought (“a few years ago” is finished)
10 Have you found (asking about a single finished action)
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Both present perfect progressive and present progressive mean an action is unfinished:

I am thinking about moving to a new apartment.
= This is the idea in my head right now. I don’t tell you when I started thinking.

I have been thinking about moving to a new apartment.
= This is the idea in my head right now. I started thinking about it sometime in the past.
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The most common use for perfect progressive tenses is to say how much time something has been happening:
I had been working on the paper for three hours.
I have been working on the paper for three hours.
I will have been working on the paper for three hours.
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Homework: p. 32-33, exercises 3 and 4
	(in exercise 3, if more than one answer is correct, write both correct answers)