2019-01-22 TOEFL: word roots, reading summarize

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 2) - With your partners, try to explain the meanings of each root with one or two words.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout/yell/call out
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
            	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
            	com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
            	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
            	con before other consonants (not H): (concur, conduct, confer, congratulate, conjugate, connect, conquest, consist, contemporary, convenient)
            	(co before vowels, H, and in new words like “copilot” and “coteacher”)
cogni (cognizance, incognito, recognize) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe/trust
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away/apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people/population
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = across/between/through
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/energy/movement
dys (dysfunction, dystopia, dyslexia) = bad
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TOEFL Test: 4 sections, 4 hours, 30 points max for each section (120 for the test)
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3-4 passages, about 14 questions per passage
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2-3 sets (each has 3 listenings, about 17 questions, and 10 minutes to answer)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: about 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 60 minutes, 2 tasks, 50 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- purpose
- inference
- reference
- paraphrase
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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BREAK
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On Summary questions, wrong answers can be minor details or they can be things that aren’t mentioned in the passage. Sometimes that means it’s the opposite of what the passage says, and other times it’s a true statement that simply wasn’t made in the passage.
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Handout (Cambridge) exercise R22 - Read each paragraph and decide whether the following statements are correct Summaries, minor Details, or information Not mentioned in the passage.
1 N S D
2 N D S
3 S N D (“Cigarettes without any of this chemical” = some don’t contain nicotine)
4 D N S
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For summary questions, you get 2 points for all three correct choices, 1 point for just two correct choices, and 0 points if you made two or more mistakes.
If you don’t answer it, you’ll get exactly 0 points on this question.
If you randomly guess, you’ll get an average of 0.55 points on this question.
If you can (correctly) eliminate one answer, you’ll get an average of 0.8 points.
If you can eliminate two answers, you’ll get an average of 1.25 points.
(If you can eliminate three answers, then you get everything correct for 2 points.)
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Exercise R23 - Take 3 minutes each to skim the passages and choose the three most important ideas from each one. Then compare with your partner and explain why the other answers are wrong.
1 B D F - Notice that all three correct answers tell us something about why road rage happens.
2 B C F (These are steps 1, 2&3, and 4, respectively.)
3 A C D (E and F, about diagnosis, are more minor details)
4 C E F (These are the three “ways of dealing with the economic problem” mentioned in the passage)
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Homework: cengage exercise 8.1 - skim the texts to identify the main ideas (topics of each paragraph) and then choose the three most important ideas from the answer choices