#include <cstddef>

using namespace std;

BSTNode<int> tree = {
    19,
    {
      7,
      {3, 2, 5},
      {
        11,
        nullptr,
        {17, 13, nullptr}
      }
    },
    {
      43,
      {
        23,
        nullptr,
        {
          37,
          {29, nullptr, 31},
          41
        }
      },
      {47, nullptr, 53}
    }
  };

#include <cstddef>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <memory>

template <typename T>
class BSTNode {
private:
  using node_ptr = std::unique_ptr<BSTNode<T>>;

public:
  T data;
  node_ptr left;
  node_ptr right;

private:
  struct BSTNode_reference {
    node_ptr reference;

    BSTNode_reference (std::nullptr_t null) {}

    BSTNode_reference (T&& data) :
      reference(std::make_unique<BSTNode<T>>(BSTNode(std::forward<T>(data)))) {}

    BSTNode_reference (node_ptr&& node_pointer) :
      reference(std::forward(node_pointer)) {}

    BSTNode_reference (T&& data, BSTNode_reference&& left, BSTNode_reference&& right) :
      reference(std::make_unique<BSTNode<T>>(BSTNode(std::forward<T>(data),
                                                     std::forward<BSTNode_reference>(left),
                                                     std::forward<BSTNode_reference>(right)))) {}
  };

public:
  BSTNode (T&& data) : data(std::forward<T>(data)) {}

  BSTNode (T&& data, BSTNode_reference&& left, BSTNode_reference&& right) :
    data(data),
    left(std::forward<node_ptr>(left.reference)),
    right(std::forward<node_ptr>(right.reference)) {}
};