2014-09-23 Structure: sentence/focus/negative adverbs

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ADVERBS:
words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
                 (and sentences)
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Sentence Adverbs (and adverbs of manner):
I can see clearly now that I have new glasses. (adverb of manner = how I see)
She is clearly going to be late to class. (sentence adverb = the fact is clear)
(adverbs of manner come after the main verb, sentence adverbs come after the first helping verb)
clearly, hopefully, sadly - can be both manner and sentence adverbs

Sadly, the game was canceled due to the rain. (this fact is sad)
= The game was canceled due to the rain, sadly.
= The game was sadly canceled due to the rain.

The losing team walked sadly off the field. (the team was sad)
= The losing team walked off the field sadly.
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Negative Adverbs:
I have never killed anyone.
Never have I killed anyone.
(Never have I ever killed anyone.)

People rarely understand that they have to pay attention to the context.
Rarely do people understand that... (add "do" or "does" or "did" if necessary)

(If we start with a negative adverb, use inverted (question) word order.)

never, rarely, seldom, hardly, little, only, not only (...but also), neither

Women are required to join the military only in Israel.
Only in Israel are women required to join the military.

You can go to TOEFL only after you complete Advanced 1.
Only after you complete Advanced 1 can you go to TOEFL.
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here/there: inversion with a noun (but not pronouns)
Here he comes. / Here it comes.
There they go.
Here it is.
There you are.

Here comes John. / Here comes the sun.
There go my friends.
Here is the book.
There are my friends.
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Focus Adverbs: meaning can change a lot depending on the location in the sentence
only, just, simply, almost, even

I asked only you to get sandwiches. (only you, not other people)
I asked you to get only sandwiches. (only sandwiches, not other food)
I only asked you to get sandwiches. (only asked/only you/only get/only sandwiches)
(The meaning will depend on which word I stress in pronunciation)

Almost all of us are finished. (95% of us are 100% finished)
All of us are almost finished. (100% of us are 95% finished)

Even I can read this handwriting. (Everybody should be able to read it. I'm not usually very good at reading, but this writing is very easy to read.)
I can read even this handwriting. (This writing is very difficult, but I am very good at reading, so I can read most writing, including this difficult example.)

even I = most people, including me (which is surprising)
even this handwriting = most handwriting, including this (which is surprising)
even if ___ = most conditions, including ___ (which is surprising)

Even if it rains, we will still have the game.
= We will have the game in most conditions, including rain (which is surprising, because normally we don't play in the rain).
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p. 315 exercise 3
1 a (only noncombat roles, not fighting)
2 b ("but" = contrast)
3 a (the benefits are obvious and most people should recognize them, including her)
4 b (I'm in favor of most taxes, including for food, which is surprising.)
5 b (I simply disagree, without giving any further explanation.)
6 a (he doesn't only support it, he does more than that)
grocery store

I just bought sandwiches. = I did it recently OR I bought only sandwiches
I just want to help. (I simply/only want to help, I can't explain further.)
I just don't agree.
= I simply don't agree with his opinions. (This is a simple fact with no explanation.)
* I only don't agree. (INCORRECT)
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Homework: exercises 1, 2, 4 (314-316)