Romanticism
- Happens in the turn of the 18th century to the early 19th century.

France
- There’s a big rejection of the Academic Style and Enlightenment thought.
    - French Romantics want to break rules, challenge ideas of humanism.
- Leading into the French Revolution.
- There’s an interest in “Orientalism” and the East.

- Eugène Delaeroix, “Lady Liberty Leading the People” (1830)
    - Important French Romantic art.
    - The piece depicts an imagined scene frome the July Revolution.
        - King Charles X, the Burben King gets outed.
        - Replaced by the July Monarch.
    - The women in the painting is a “personification” of liberty.
        - How?
            - He idealizes her body.
            - And put her in a classical Roman dress.
            - She is barefoot.
            - She has a rifle.
            - She’s wearing a Phrygiam Cap.
                - A cap given to freed Roman slaves.
    - The style of it:
        - Open composition.
        - Relative clarity.
        - Non-classical style.
        - Call to action involves violence.

- Delacroix, “The Death of Sardabapolos” (1827)
    - *The key of Assagonia.
    - He lost his throne and and murdered his harem.
    - Delacroix disregards accurate proportions.

- Jean-Auguste-Dominique Inges, “la Grande” (1814)
    - Nude vs. Naked
        - Nude is “nothing to hide”.
        - Naked implies shame / humility.
    - The properties of her body are incorrect.
        - He does this to:
            - 1. Challenge preceptors of beauty.
            - 2. To depict that she’s from the East.
                - Because of all the items in the pie.

- Jean-Leon Gerome, “The Snake Charmer” (1870)
    - This is a good example of Orientalist art.
        - ex. It has gibberish Arabic text.
            - Which actually goes against religious prescriptions.
            - An example of cultural appropriation.

ORIENTALISM
- A colonial attitude that non-Western people are “the other”.
- In art, it’s a fascination with the East.

GERMANY
- The attention / interest was in personal religion.
    - ex. Imagination through the Mind’s eye.

- Caspar David Friedrich, “Monk by the Sea” (1809)
    - Sublime art involved, “humans can’t see everything there is”, “being overwhealmed by a massive scene”
    - Nature as a place to contemplate Religion.
        - Hence, monk by the sea.

- Caspar David Friedrich, “The Abbey in the Orchard”

- Georg Friedrich Kersting, “Caspar Friedrich in his Studio, 1812
    - Painter’s not looking outside.
        - Because he’s using his “mind’s eye”.

- Georg Friedrich Kersting, “Wanderer Above a Sea of Fog”.
    - Shows a solitary man, contemplating nature.

England
- A fascination with atmosphere.
- The industrial revolution.
- The picturesque.
- The subline.

- JMW Turner, “Hannibal and His Army Crossing The Alps”
    - The focus is on the giant snowstorm.
    - And Hannibal is a tiny speck in the background.

- JMW Turner, “The Fighting Temeraire Tugged…”
    - Symbolizes the industrial revolution.

- JMW Turner, “Rain, Steams, Speed”
    - “painterly”, entirely brush strokes.