2019-01-03 TOEFL: word roots, listening detail

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 5) - Try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis) = form
multi (multicolored, multilayers) = many (Latin root)
nat (native, innate, natal) = birth
neo (neoclassical, neocolonialism, neolithic) = new
nom/nym (nominate, nominalization, misnomer, pseudonym, anonymous) = name
nov (innovate, novelty, novel) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob/op (obstruct, object, oppose, opposite) = in front of (sometimes “against”)
omni (omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (Latin root)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = sight/vision
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic) = old
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (Greek root)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = feeling/suffering (Many words that start with “path” have to do with disease.)
ped (pedestrian, pedicure, pedal) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral, pericardium) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (Greek root)
port (transport, portable) = carry/through
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first (The roots of “proto”, “pro”, “pre”, “prim”, and “first”, “fore”, “front” are the same.)
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = false
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = think/reckon (calculate)
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/10/computing-power-used-to-be-measured-in-kilo-girls/280633/
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pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Grimm’s Law describes sound changes in Germanic languages (which includes English)
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwæt -> what
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BREAK
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Listening Question Types:
- main idea
- inference
- purpose
- attitude
- detail
- prediction
- organization
- function
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Detail Questions
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Handout (Cambridge) exercise L13 - Listen to the sentences. Choose which restatement is correct.\
1 B
2 A
3 B
4 B
5 A
6 B
7 B
8 A
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exercise L14 - Take notes about each passage, then answer the question (choose TWO answers for each one)
1 A C
2 B D
3 A B
4 B C
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exercise L15 - Mark each true answer. (There are not questions like this on the TOEFL, where you don’t know how many answers to choose. However, you’re basically doing the same thing here as in L16, which might be on the test.)
1 A B D
2 A B
3 A D
4 B C
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exercise L16 - Choose “yes” or “no” for each question
1 yes yes no yes no (C and E are part of racing, not training)
2 no yes yes yes no
3 no no yes yes yes (A and B are benefits ants get from aphids)
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Exercise L17 - Mark the correct boxes in each chart.
1 A prisms
  B plates
  C stars
2 A antiviral
  B antibacterial
  C antibacterial
3 A refrigerator
  B icehouse
  C icebox
4 A drops
  B drops
  C drops
  D flow
  E flow
- These are all speleothems, which you should have written down because the professor made a special point to explain and spell it.