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- Lecture 2
- Introduction to Networks
- ------------------------
- Network: Interconnetion of two or more devices with each other for a common purpose i.e sharing which can be peripheral devices or can either be any information.
- Types:
- Intranet
- Internet
- How you get connected to the network ?
- NIC (Network Interface Card)
- Network Topologies (Arrangement)
- --------------------
- o Bus Topology : single transmission channel
- o Star Topology : one central node
- o Ring Topology : Forming a ring sturcture with no central dependency
- o Mesh Topology : Every node is connected to every other node present in a network
- o Hybrid Topology : Mixture of the above topologies.
- ● Network Protocols (Network me kadam rakhne ke liye kch rules follow krne hote ha unko network protocol kehte hai): To implement smooth transfer of data to anfd fro the network one needs to follow these protocols.
- -----------------------
- o IP : The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.
- o HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol ) : Protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, it is the foundation of any data exchange in WWW (80).
- demo.testfire.net/bank/login.aspx
- o FTP: To transfer files over the network.
- (In intranet accessed ftp://ip ) [21]
- o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer protocol): To transfer mail properly 25,366
- o VoIP : Voice over Internet Protocol is a category of hardware and software that enables people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP (5060 and 5061)
- o DHCP : Automatic assignment of IP
- (dynamic host configuration protocol)
- o TCP : handshaking , connection-oriented, reliable, slow
- Transmission control Protocol: examples:
- o UDP (USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL): no hanshake, connection less, not reliable, fast, video streamng
- ipconfig
- There are two types of address :
- Virtual address : your IP address which might change fromm place to place
- physical address : Which will remain constant throughout like your MAC address.
- o Types of IP
- ▪ Internal | Private | Local
- --> ipconfig
- --> ifconfig
- ▪ External | Public | Global
- --> myipaddress
- --> ipcow.com
- --> ipchicken.com
- IPV4 VS IPV6
- ================
- IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion addresses)
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP address written in hexadecimal and separated by colons.
- 172.16.149.1
- 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 32 bit
- 2^2 2^1 2^0
- 0 0 0 0 000
- 1 0 0 1 001
- 2 0 1 0 010
- 3 0 1 1 011
- 4 1 0 0 100
- 5 1 0 1 101
- 6 1 1 0 110
- 7 1 1 1 111
- 192 = 11000000
- 168 = 10101000
- 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
- 192= 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 168= 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
- Subnetting
- 192.168.0.1/23
- 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
- IP Classes in decimal notation
- Class A addresses range from 1-126 -- 255.0.0.0 126.0.0.0
- Class B addresses range from 128-191 --- 255.255.0.0
- Class C addresses range from 192-223 --- 255.255.255.0
- Class D addresses range from 224-239
- Class E addresses range from 240-254
- 127.0.0.1--> loopback address
- 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 --- 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
- 0.0.0.0 --- 255.255.255.255
- Class A: 255.0.0.0 (2^N-2) HOSTS
- --- -----
- NI HI
- Class B: 255.255.0.0
- Class C: 255.255.255.0
- 172.16.0.1 - 172.16.0.255 ---->
- 172.16.1.0 - 172.16.1.255 ---->
- 172.16.2.0 - 172.16.2.255 ---->
- 172.16.0.54
- NAT - Network Address Translation
- ==================================
- This is a function which converts my Public IP Address to my Private IP Address and vice versa.
- 172.168.10.0 - 172.168.10.255
- 172.168.11.0 - 172.168.11.255
- TASKS:
- IPV5
- What Protocol Dhcp uses
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