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Russian Military History, 1762-1825 (Military History)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The sixty-three years between the accession of Catherine II and the death of Alexander I mark a key moment in Russian history. The Russian state enjoyed a long streak of successful wars and territorial acquisitions and fully established itself as a great European power. The reigns of Catherine II and Alexander I saw Russian conquest and annexation of Poland, Finland, Bessarabia, Moldavia, Georgia, and territories on both sides of the Great Caucasian Gorge. Russia also successfully projected its power well beyond its traditional boundary. In 1799, the Russian troops appeared for the first time on the plains of Italy and the mountain valleys of Switzerland while, in 1814, they marched triumphantly along the Champs-Élysées in Paris. Warfare was an almost constant feature of this period as Russia fought three wars against the Ottoman Turks (1768–1774, 1787–1792, 1806–1812), two wars against Sweden (1788–1790, 1808–1809), four campaigns against the Poles (1768–1772, 1793–1795), five campaigns against France (1799–1800, 1805–1814), and one prolonged conflict with Iran (1804–1813). The strain of the Napoleonic Wars, when Russia was almost continually at war between 1805 and 1815, surpassed the impact of all other conflicts that had preceded them.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. Kagan and Higham 2002 and Stone 2006 offer a concise but perceptive overview of the military history of the Russian Empire. Stevens 2007 offers a clear and accessible discussion of Russian military history between the 15th and 18th centuries. Stevens 2007 can be complemented with Davies 2007, which focuses on Russia’s struggle for the Black Sea steppes up to 1700, and with Duffy 1981, which traces Russia’s rise as a great power in the 18th century and its relations with the West. For an in-depth discussion of Russian foreign policy and strategy in the 18th and early 19th centuries, see LeDonne 2004. Lohr and Poe 2002 contains a good selection of essays on imperial military history, while Keep 1985 remains a go-to source for the development of the Russian military, especially its officer corps, in the 18th and19th centuries. Hartley 2008 is useful for its discussion of traditional topics on army development, conscription, and the officer corps as well the impact of the wars on civilian life and on culture and identity.
  8.  
  9. Davies, Brian L. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. New York: Routledge, 2007.
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  11. Davies provides an insightful overview of Russia’s struggle with the Crimean Khanate, Ottoman Empire, and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over the fertile steppes of the Black Sea littoral. These campaigns shaped and defined Russian military and political policies and are crucial in understanding Russia’s empire-building enterprise in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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  13. Duffy, Christopher. Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700–1800. Boston: Routledge, 1981.
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  15. A well-written analysis of Russia’s rise as a major power and its relations with the West.
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  17. Hartley, Janet M. Russia, 1762–1825: Military Power, the State, and the People. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008.
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  19. This is one of the most recent studies of the Russian army and society, offering a sweeping analysis and insightful details on Russia at war. Authors of chapters discuss not only army development, conscription, and the officer corps, but also the costs of war and the impact on civilian life and on culture and identity.
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Kagan, Frederick W., and Robin Higham, eds. The Military History of Tsarist Russia. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
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  23. A very useful collection of essays, written by leading historians, covering the entire tsarist period. Of particular interest are articles by Bruce W. Menning on the Imperial Russian army (1725–1796) and the military legacy of Catherine II and Paul I and by Frederick W. Kagan on Russia’s wars with Napoleon.
  24. Find this resource:
  25. Keep, John L. Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia. Oxford: Clarendon, 1985.
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  27. A classic study of the development of the Russian military between the 17th and 19th centuries. Highly recommended.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. LeDonne, John P. The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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  31. The book argues that while never formally defining its grand strategy, Russia in practice pursued an offensive strategy to gain hegemony in Eurasia. The work has been criticized as deterministic, but it raises many interesting questions and should be used in conjunction with other studies (i.e., Hartley 2008).
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  33. Lohr, Eric, and Marshall Poe, eds. The Military and Society in Russia, 1450–1917. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002.
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  35. The first two parts of this excellent collection of essays delve into military and society in Muscovy and Imperial Russia. Written by leading experts, topics of essays range include strategy, military mobilization, and civil-military relationships.
  36. Find this resource:
  37. Stevens, Carol Belkin. Russia’s Wars of Emergence, 1460–1730. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007.
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  39. This book remains the only narrative history of Russian military history between the 15th and 18th centuries. Stevens argues that Russia developed a unique strategy and social-military structures due to its geographic location, resources, and the nature of its conflicts with neighboring powers such as Sweden and Turkey.
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  41. Stone, David R. A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006.
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  43. The only broad narrative history of Russia from the 16th century to the end of the 20th century. Essential introductory text.
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  45. Reference Works
  46.  
  47. For a broad reference source on Russian history, Wieczynski and Rhyne 1976–2000 and Millar 2004 remain indispensable. Jones 1978–1998 focuses on the naval history of Russia but remains incomplete, with just seven volumes published. Green and Reeves 1993 offers a broad sweep of Russian military history, while Bezotosnyi 2012 is the best reference source on Russian participation in the Napoleonic Wars. Mikaberidze 2005 provides biographical details on hundreds of senior officers of the Russian army.
  48.  
  49. Bezotosnyi, Victor, ed. Otechestvennaia voina 1812 goda i Osvoboditelnyi pokhod russkoi armii 1813–1814 godov: Entsiklopediia. 3 vols. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2012.
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  51. This is probably the best reference source on the Napoleonic Wars. Featuring contributions by leading Russian, French, and American historians, the work represents the best of the modern historical thought. It features some 3,800 entries and in its scope, level of detail, and quality of articles this work has no equivalent in English.
  52. Find this resource:
  53. Green, William C., and W. Robert Reeves, eds. The Soviet Military Encyclopedia. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.
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  55. Abridged four-volume edition of the eight-volume Sovetskaya voennaya entskilopedia. Entries are concise and factual but tend to carry an ideological imprint.
  56. Find this resource:
  57. Jones, David R., ed. The Military-Naval Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International, 1978–1998.
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  59. Conceived as a grand encyclopedia to cover the military history of Russia, the project ultimately consisted of just seven volumes, without even completing the letter A. Nevertheless, it remains very useful for major topics beginning with an A.
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  61. Mikaberidze, Alexander. The Russian Officer Corps in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1795–1815. Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 2005.
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  63. The only English-language biographical dictionary of the Russian officer corps; contains more than eight hundred biographies of Russian generals and senior officers.
  64. Find this resource:
  65. Millar, James R. Encyclopedia of Russian History. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2004.
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  67. A four-volume set featuring nearly 1,500 entries on Russian history, including important biographical figures, ethnographic groups, and military campaigns.
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  69. Wieczynski, Joseph L., and George N. Rhyne, eds. The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. 54 vols. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International, 1976–2000.
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  71. One of the best reference works on Russian history, this encyclopedia features contributions by major historians and is a very useful starting point for research at any level. Supplemented with George N. Rhyne, Edward J. Lazzerini, and Bruce Friend Adams, eds., The Supplement to the Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International, 1995–2008).
  72. Find this resource:
  73. The Russian Army
  74.  
  75. Ulyanov 1995 and Zhmodikov and Zhmodikov 2003 are essential for understanding the operations of the Russian army in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. LeDonne 1983 is excellent for understanding Russian military administration during Catherine II’s reign, while Kagan 1999 provides important insights into Russian military reorganization during and after the Napoleonic Wars. These studies can be supplemented with Beskrovnyi 1958 and Beskrovnyi 1996, which, despite age and ideological imprint, still remain useful. Bezotosnyi 2005 is a rare study that deals with Russian intelligence operations, while Tselorungo 2002 offers a unique insight into the workings of the Russian officer corps in the early 19th century. Mikaberidze 2009 offers a concise discussion of the Russian conscription system.
  76.  
  77. Beskrovnyi, Liubomir. Russkaya armiya i flot v XVIII veke. Moscow: Voen. izd-vo, 1958.
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  79. Despite its age, this study remains useful and valuable for the wealth of details it contains. Chapters 1 and 5 discuss recruitment and organization, chapters 2 and 6 deal with the material and technical basis of the Russian army and fleet, and chapters 3 and 7 consider training and military theory.
  80. Find this resource:
  81. Beskrovnyi, Liubomir. The Russian Army and Fleet in the Nineteenth Century: Handbook of Armaments, Personnel and Policy. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International, 1996.
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  83. A valuable study of the Russian army in the 19th century, based on a wide array of sources and packed with factual details.
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  85. Bezotosnyi, Victor. Razvedka i plany storon v 1812 godu. Moscow: ROSSPĖN, 2005.
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  87. A unique study focusing on Russian intelligence during the Napoleonic Wars, with a particular focus on the 1811–1812 period.
  88. Find this resource:
  89. Kagan, Frederick W. The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army. London: Macmillan, 1999.
  90. DOI: 10.1057/9780312299576Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  91. An excellent study of the Russian military reforms after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, with particular focus on the post-1825 period.
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  93. LeDonne, John P. “Outlines of Russian Military Administration, 1762–1796.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 31 (1983): 321–347.
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  95. Excellent series of articles (continued in 33 [1985]: 175–204, and 34 [1986]: 188–213) that examine the development of the Russian military administration under Catherine II.
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  97. Mikaberidze, Alexander. “For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland: Conscription in Russia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries.” In Conscription in Napoleonic Europe, 1798–1815: A Revolution in Military Affairs? Edited by Donald J. Stocker, Frederick Schneid, and Harold Blanton, 46–65. London: Routledge, 2009.
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  99. A concise and useful discussion of the Russian conscription system.
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  101. Tselorungo, Dmitri. Ofitsery russkoĭ armii—uchastniki Borodinskogo srazheniia: Istoriko-sotsiologicheskoe issledovanie. Moscow: Kalita, 2002.
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  103. A thorough quantitative and sociological study of the Russian officer corps based on meticulous research of thousands of records of service.
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  105. Ulyanov, Ilya. Regulyarnaya pekhota, 1698–1801. Vol. 1. Moscow: AST, 1995.
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  107. See also Vol. 2, Reguyarnaya pekhota, 1801–1855 (Moscow: AST, 1996). The first two volumes of this trilogy offer plenty of details on the organization, structure, and tactics of the Russian infantry in the early 19th century.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. Zhmodikov, Alexander, and Yurii Zhmodikov. Tactics of the Russian Army in the Napoleonic Wars. 2 vols. West Chester, OH: Nafziger, 2003.
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  111. The only English-language study of Russian tactics during the Napoleonic Wars, incorporating detail from dozens of primary sources and presenting a comprehensive picture of the Russian army’s attempts to adapt to the French challenge during the Napoleonic Wars. This work can be supplemented by Ilya Ulyanov, Russkaya pekhota v boyu (Moscow: Eksmo, 2008). The title is translated as “Russian Infantry in Combat.”
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  113. Leaders
  114.  
  115. Three individuals ruled Russia between 1762 and 1815. Considerable literature is available on Empress Catherine II, and Madariaga 1990 offers a concise biography with excellent discussion of issues affecting the Russian state. Ragsdale 1988 remains pertinent for Catherine’s policies in the Balkan Peninsula and vis-à-vis the Turks. Emperor Alexander I also has been blessed with many biographers and the most recent effort, Rey 2012, is probably the best English-language study on the tsar; for a more concise biography of Alexander, readers should consult Hartley 1994. Emperor Paul, on other hand, has been less fortunate. He is customarily portrayed as an eccentric (if not outright mad) ruler whose chief accomplishment was to have himself killed by exasperated courtiers. But Paul was a much more complex personality and a number of studies have shown that he was neither as deranged nor as foolish as partisans of Catherine and Alexander have made him out to be. McGrew 1992 remains the best biography of the emperor while Ragsdale 1973 shows that Paul was far more assertive in policymaking than is usually thought. Ragsdale 1970 focuses on the brief Franco-Russian rapprochement in 1800–1801 while Atkin 1979 shows Paul’s “pragmatic diplomacy” in the East.
  116.  
  117. Atkin, Muriel. “The Pragmatic Diplomacy of Paul I: Russia’s Relations with Asia, 1796–1801.” Slavic Review 38.1 (March 1979): 60–74.
  118. DOI: 10.2307/2497227Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. An important article on Russia’s foreign policy in Asia during the reign of Emperor Paul.
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  121. Hartley, Janet M. Alexander I. New York: Longman, 1994.
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  123. This is a concise, well-researched, and balanced study that challenges some of the existing preconceptions about Alexander I. Written for Longman’s “Profiles in Power” series, it be useful both to undergraduates and to scholars.
  124. Find this resource:
  125. Madariaga, Isabel de. Catherine the Great: A Short History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.
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  127. Excellent concise biography of one of the key figures in Russian history. The book offers a well-rounded representation of the empress, including her military campaigns. For a more in-depth study of Catherine’s reign, see Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).
  128. Find this resource:
  129. McGrew, Roderick E. Paul I of Russia, 1754–1801. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.
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  131. Best English-language biography of the enigmatic Russian ruler.
  132. Find this resource:
  133. Ragsdale, Hugh. “A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and Bonaparte.” Journal of Modern History 42.1 (March 1970): 70–89.
  134. DOI: 10.1086/240516Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  135. Article offers interesting overview of Emperor Paul’s foreign policy in the last year of his reign, with a focus on the short-lived Franco-Russian rapprochement.
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  137. Ragsdale, Hugh. “Was Paul Bonaparte’s Fool?” Canadian -American Slavic Studies 7.1 (Spring 1973): 52–67.
  138. DOI: 10.1163/221023973X00344Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139. The article shows that Paul was well aware of Russia’s international interests and pursued level-headed and assertive policies to achieve them.
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  141. Ragsdale, Hugh. “Evaluating the Traditions of Russian Aggression: Catherine II and the Greek Project.” Slavonic and East European Review 66.1 (January 1988): 91–117.
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  143. An insightful article by one of the leading historians of Russia on Catherine’s designs toward the Ottoman Empire.
  144. Find this resource:
  145. Rey, Marie-Pierre. Alexander I: The Tsar Who Defeated Napoleon. Translated by Susan Emanuel. DeKalb, IL: NIU, 2012.
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  147. Written by the leading French historian of Russia, this is the most recent and best biography of Alexander.
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  149. Military Leaders
  150.  
  151. In the late 18th century Russia produced a whole generation of talented military commanders, but they remain largely overlooked in the West and some are unjustly ignored in Russia as well. Field Marshal Peter Rumyantsev’s military career certainly requires a fresh reassessment; until then, Pruntsov 1946 can be used as an introductory text. More fortunate is Prince Gregory Potemkin, whose life and career are masterfully explored in Montefiore 2001. Mikhail Kutuzov remains one of the most famous Russian commanders but he still awaits a proper English biography. Parkinson 1976 is a standard biography of Kutuzov but has significant blemishes. For a critical view of Kutuzov, readers should consult Troitskii 2002. More fortunate are Mikhail Barclay de Tolly and Peter Bagration, two famous Russian generals of the Napoleonic Wars whose accomplishments can be gleaned from Josselson 1980 and Mikaberidze 2003. General Pavel Tsitsianov is largely unknown in the West, even though he was the chief architect of the expansion of the Russian Empire in Caucasia in the early 19th century. Lapin 2011 offers a broad overview of Tsitsianov’s career but lacks scholarly apparatus. Bezotosnyi 1999 is very useful on the Don Cossack leadership during the Napoleonic Wars.
  152.  
  153. Bezotosnyi, Victor. Donskoi generalitet i Ataman Platov v 1812 godu: Maloizvestnye i neizvestnye fakty na fone znamenitykh sobytii. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999.
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  155. One of the few recent studies that offers a judicious discussion of the Don Cossack leadership, including the famous Ataman Matvei Platov, in the early 19th century.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Josselson, Michael. The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
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  159. A classic English biography of Barclay de Tolly, well written and accessible but partisan in favor of its subject.
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Lapin, Vladimir. Tsitsianov. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardia, 2011.
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  163. A general biography of the man who emerged as the chief architect of the Russian Empire in southern Caucasia. Popularly written and accessible, it lacks scholarly apparatus.
  164. Find this resource:
  165. Mikaberidze, Alexander. “‘The Lion of the Russian Army’: Life and Military Career of General Prince Peter Bagration, 1765–1812.” 2 vols. PhD diss., Florida State University, 2003.
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  167. This is the first scholarly biography of Bagration in the English language. Based on archival research, it offers many fresh insights on the Russian war effort and Bagration’s role in it.
  168. Find this resource:
  169. Montefiore, Simon Sebag. Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin. New York: Thomas Dunne, 2001.
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  171. Well-written and accessible biography of Prince Gregory Potemkin, who played a major role in Russia’s foreign policy during the reign of Catherine II.
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  173. Parkinson, Roger. The Fox of the North: The Life of Kutuzov, General of War and Peace. New York: D. McKay, 1976.
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  175. The only English-language biography of this famed general, Parkinson’s book is based on limited sources and tends to be partisan in favor of its subject, but it is written in an accessible manner and graceful style.
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  177. Pruntsov, Vasilii. Polkovodets P. A. Rumyantsev. Moscow: Voen. izd-vo Ministerstva Vooruzhennykh sil Soyuza SSR, 1946.
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  179. Dated but useful biography of Field Marshal Peter Rumyantsev.
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  181. Troitskii, Nikolai. Felʹdmarshal Kutuzov: Mify i fakty. Moscow: Tsentroligraf, 2002.
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  183. A reassessment of the famous Russian field marshal’s career, challenging many of myths that still surround his name and offering a more critical analysis.
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  185. The Eastern Question
  186.  
  187. A long-term problem in European diplomatic affairs, the Eastern Question had a profound impact on both European and Middle Eastern history. The origins of the Eastern Question can be traced to Russian military advances against the Ottomans during the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire had borne the brunt of Russia’s attacks between 1762 and 1825 and Aksan 2007 provides an excellent discussion of challenges the Sublime Porte faced in the 18th and 19th centuries. Anderson 1966 and Dennis 1901 concentrate on European involvement and should be used together with Karsh and Karsh 1999, which gives more attention to the actions and attitudes of the Middle Eastern players. Macfie 1996 offers a more concise treatment and is especially suitable for undergraduates. For the Russian role in the Eastern Question, readers should consult Davies 2011, which provides an excellent discussion of Russia’s territorial expansion and military and political struggle with the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire for control of the Black Sea steppe in the 18th century. LeDonne 2006 is an excellent study on Russia’s broad vision in the Black Sea basin and the persistent efforts to accomplish it. Bitis 2006 continues the discussion into the 19th century and focuses on Russian policies during the 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War and the 1826–1828 Russo-Persian War. Marshall 2006 offers perceptive insights into the Russian General Staff and Russian expansion into Central Asia and the Caucasus.
  188.  
  189. Aksan, Virginia. Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007.
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  191. Drawing on a vast array of sources, Aksan’s study explores challenges that the Ottoman Empire faced in the 18th and 19th centuries. The book features analysis of military campaigns as well as civil-military relations within the empire. Essential for anyone interested in Russo-Turkish rivalry.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Anderson, Matthew S. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations. London: Macmillan, 1966.
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  195. A standard account that is mainly oriented to international relations as seen from Europe.
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  197. Bitis, Alexander. Russia and the Eastern Question: Army, Government, and Society, 1815–1833. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  198. DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199. A well-researched account of the military and diplomatic policies of Russia as it struggled with the Ottoman Empire for influence in the Balkans and the Caucasus. Provides excellent insights into the development of Russian military thought and the origins and conduct of the 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War and the 1826–1828 Russo-Persian War.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Davies, Brian L. Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia’s Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Continuum, 2011.
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  203. This book explores Russia’s territorial expansion and military and political struggle with the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire for control of the Black Sea steppe in the 18th century.
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  205. Dennis, Alfred L. Eastern Problems at the Close of the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, MA: The University Press, 1901.
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  207. An important broad overview of the European rivalries surrounding the Middle East.
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  209. Karsh, Efraim, and Inari Karsh. Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
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  211. A well-written and engaging study of the Eastern Question giving more attention to the actions and attitudes of the Middle Eastern players.
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  213. LeDonne, John P. “Geopolitics, Logistics and Grain: Russia’s Ambitions in the Black Sea Basin, 1737–1834.” International History Review 27.1 (2006): 1–42.
  214. DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2006.9641086Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215. An in-depth examination of Russia’s broad geopolitical vision for the Black Sea basin and persistent efforts to accomplish it. The article concentrates on Russian logistics during the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1768–1774 and 1787–1792, but it offers a panoramic view of Russia’s policies in the entire Black Sea littoral.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Macfie, A. L. Eastern Question, 1774–1923. New York: Longman, 1996.
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  219. Part of the Seminar Studies in History series, this concise study offers an excellent introduction to the topic. Recommended for undergraduates.
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  221. Marshall, Alex. The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917. Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe 4. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.
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  223. An important study on the role of the Russian General Staff in Russian expansion into Central Asia. It outlines the General Staff’s involvement in intelligence gathering, military planning, and development of strategy. Of particular interest are chapter 1 (on Russia and the Asian frontier), chapter 2 (on the General Staff’s efforts in Asia), and chapter 4 (on tactics of expansion).
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  225. Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774
  226.  
  227. Direct confrontation between the rising Muscovite state and the Ottoman Empire can be traced back to the mid-16th century. By 1768, the two states had clashed on more than six occasions, with the Ottomans gaining an upper hand in most of them. But the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 proved to be an exception, as the Russian armies scored a major victory and gave Empress Catherine II her first triumph over the Turks. Unfortunately, the existing literature concentrates mainly on the Russian side and only a few studies offer insights into the Ottoman war effort. In this respect, Aksan 2007 (cited under the Eastern Question) and Aksan 1993 are highly useful. France had an active involvement in this war, and Tott 1785 offers interesting insights from the perspective of a French military adviser. Tott’s career in the Ottoman service is fully explored in Tóth 2008. The Russian side has been well studied and Petrov 1866–1874 remains the best account of this war, offering a broad overview and tactical details, albeit from the Russian side; one could only wish for a comparable work on the Ottoman military operations. Field Marshal Peter Rumyantsev commanded the Russian forces during this war and Klokman 1951 provides a good overview of his wartime leadership. In addition, dozens of Rumyantsev’s letters, orders, and other documents related to the war can be gleaned in Fortunatov 1953. For a more focused view of the war, the reader can consult Novitskii 1893, which explores Rumyantsev’s operations around Silistra and Küçük Kaynarca, and Tarle 1945, which focuses on Russian naval operations. Druzhinina 1955 offers in-depth study of events leading up to the end of the war and the conclusion of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774.
  228.  
  229. Aksan, Virginia. “The One-Eyed Fighting the Blind: Mobilization, Supply and Command in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.” International History Review 15 (1993): 221–238.
  230. DOI: 10.1080/07075332.1993.9640643Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. An important examination on the Ottoman war effort during the war. Highly recommended.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Druzhinina, E. Kuchuk-Kainardzhiiskii mir 1774 goda: Ego podgotovka i saklyuchenie. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1955.
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  235. An in-depth study of events leading up to the conclusion of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca that had far-reaching consequences for both empires.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Fortunatov, P., ed. Russkie polkovodtsy: P. A. Rumyantsev. 3 vols. Moscow: Voen. izd-vo Ministerstva Vooruzhennykh sil Soyu︡za SSR, 1953.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. A highly useful compilation of documents on Field Marshal Rumyantsev’s military career. Volume 2 covers the entire Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 and contains 391 archival documents on Russian military operations and diplomacy. It can be complemented with Nikolai Korobkov, B. Zelenov, and N. Zelenova, eds., Felʹdmarshal Rumya︡nt︠s︡ev. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov (Moscow: Ogiz, Gos. izd-vo polit. lit-ry, 1947).
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Klokman, Yurii. Feldmarshal Rumyantsev v period russko-turetskoi voiny 1768–1774 gg. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1951.
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  243. A standard Soviet-era study of Field Marshal Peter Rumyantsev’s campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. It does tend to present the field marshal in the best positive light but, if treated carefully, remains useful for its exploration of Rumyantsev’s approach to warfare, efforts to reorganize the Russian army, and execution of campaigns.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Novitskii, V. Kuchuk-Kainardzhiiskaya operatsiya 18–22 iuniya 1773 goda: Zaklyuchitelnyi akt Silistriiskoi operatsii grafa Rumyantseva s 7 po 27 iunya 1773 goda. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Tip. Shtaba Voĭsk Gvardīi i Peterburgskago Voennago Okruga, 1893.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Despite its age, this concise study still offers valuable insights into Field Marshal Peter Rumyantsev’s operations around Silistra and Küçük Kaynarca that led to the end of the war.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Petrov, Andrey. Voina Rossii s Trutsiei i polskimi konfederatami s 1769–1774 god. 5 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: V Tip. Eduarda Veimara, 1866–1874.
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  251. Despite its age, Petrov’s magnum opus remains the best account of Russia’s war against the Turks. The author consulted a wide range of Russian sources, including material from the archives of Imperial Russia and Rumyantsev’s personal papers. Highly recommended.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Tarle, Eugene. Chesmenskii boi i pervaya russkaya ekspeditsiya v Arkhipelag, 1769–1774. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1945.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. This well-written and researched study explores Russian naval operations during the war. It focuses on the Russian triumph at Chesma in July 1770 and the subsequent Russian expedition to the Aegean Sea.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Tóth, Ferenc. La guerre russo-turque, 1768–1774, et la défense des Dardanelles: L’extraordinaire mission du baron de Tott. Paris: Economica, 2008.
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  259. A concise study offering a French perspective on the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. It can be used in conjunction with the author’s most recent study of Tott’s career, Un diplomate militaire français en Europe orientale à la fin de l’ancien régime: La carrière de François baron de Tott, 1733–1793 (Istanbul: Les Éditions Isis, 2011).
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Tott, François Memoirs of Baron de Tott: Containing the State of the Turkish Empire and the Crimea, during the Late War with Russia. 2 vols. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1785.
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  263. Originally published in four volumes in French in 1784–1785, Tott’s memoir offers fascinating insights into the Ottoman society and state during the war. Tott participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 and was recruited by the Ottomans to reform their military. He made important contributions to the development of Ottoman artillery, fortifications, and naval education.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792
  266.  
  267. Taking advantage of her success in the previous Russo-Turkish War, Empress Catherine expanded Russian influence into southern Ukraine and the Crimea, which was annexed in 1783. Disagreements over interpretation of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca as well as Russian expansion into the Crimea eventually led to an Ottoman declaration of war against Russia in 1787. The new war, however, resulted, in another round of Russian victories, most notably by the great Russian commander Alexander Suvorov. For events leading up to the war, one can consult Fisher 1970 and Montefiore 2001 (cited under Military Leaders). Petrov 1880 is a classic account of the war and provides abundant details on the Russian military operations. General Alexander Suvorov’s leadership played a crucial role in the Russian success in this war and much has been written on this topic. Petrushevskii 1884 remains one of the best biographies of Suvorov and contains a solid discussion of his service against the Turks, while Orlov 1890 focuses on Suvorov’s most famous exploit, the storming of the seemingly impregnable Ottoman fortress of Izmail. Mescheryakov 1951 provides hundreds of Suvorov’s letters, orders, and reports that offer first-rate insights into the Russian war effort. Semenova 1968 is a useful examination of Russo-Moldavian relations during the war.
  268.  
  269. Fisher, Alan W. The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1772–1783. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
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  271. A scholarly and balanced account of an important moment in the transformation of the Muscovite state into a multinational empire. The book provides good context for the Russo-Turkish War that erupted in 1787.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Mescheryakov, G., ed. Russkie polkovodtsy: A.V. Suvorov. 4 vols. Moscow: Voen. izd-vo Ministerstva Vooruzhennykh sil Soyu︡za SSR, 1951.
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  275. A highly useful compilation of documents related to the career of the legendary Russian commander Alexander Suvorov. Volume 2 explores Suvorov’s early career and contains more than 630 documents, more than half of which deal with his leadership during the Russo-Turkish War. Highly recommended.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Orlov, Nikolai. Shturm Izmaila Suvorovym v 1790 godu. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Sklad Izdaniya u V. A. Berezovskago, 1890.
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  279. Dated but still useful in-depth account of the Russian assault on the fortress of Ismail.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Petrov, Andrey. Vtoraya turetskaya voina v tsarstvovanii imperatritsy Ekateriny II, 1787–1791. 2 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Tip. R. Golike, 1880.
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  283. A classic study of the campaign written by one of the best Russian military historians. The author drew on a wide range of primary sources, and this study still retains its value.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Petrushevskii, A. Generalisimus Knyaz Suvorov. 3 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Tip. M. M. Stasulevicha, 1884.
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  287. One of the best biographies of the famed Russian general Alexander Suvorov. Volume 1 contains insightful discussion of Suvorov’s operations in 1787–1791.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Semenova, I. Russko-Moldavskoe boevoe sodruzhestvo, 1787–1791 gg. Chişinău, USSR: Kartia Moldoveniaske, 1968.
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  291. A concise study of Russo-Moldavian relations during the war. It remains useful despite its ideological undertones.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. War of the Second Coalition, 1799–1800
  294.  
  295. Miliutin and Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii 1852–1853 still remains the best work on this campaign and features excellent narrative, good maps, and copies of hundreds of original documents. Gachot 1904 provides a useful counterbalance to Miliutin and Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii 1852–1853 and focuses on the French side. The best English-language study of the campaign is Duffy 1999, which can be supplemented with Mikaberidze 2003 (cited under Military Leaders) for the Russian operations in Italy. Presnukhin 2001 focuses on of the most important moments of the Allied campaign in Italy, the battle of Trebbia in June 1799. For the Russian campaign in the Swiss Alps, the reader can consult Dürst 2000, which consists of an atlas and a detailed narrative written by one of the leading Russian historians. For a more focused examination, see Mikaberidze 2007, which deals with the operations of Prince Peter Bagration. Ragsdale 1964 is useful for a broad perspective and international context in the wake of the war.
  296.  
  297. Duffy, Christopher. Eagles over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799. Chicago: Emperor’s Press, 1999.
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  299. Despite occasional blemishes, this remains the best English-language account of the Russian campaign in Italy and Switzerland.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Dürst, Arthur. Atlas des Feldzuges der kaiserlich russischen Truppen in der Schweiz unter dem Oberbefehl von Generalissimus Fürst Italijskij Graf Suworow im Jahre 1799: Erstveröffentlichung aus dem Russischen Staatlichen Militärhistorischen Archiv. Zürich, Switzerland: Werd, 2000.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. This work, available in German and Russian, consists of two parts: an exact reproduction of Alexander Suvorov’s atlas of the 1799 campaign in the Swiss Alps and a detailed narrative history of this war. Highly recommended.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Gachot, Édouard. La campagne d’Helvétie, 1799. Paris: Perrin, 1904.
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  307. Excellent study of the Swiss campaign of 1799 from the French perspective; should be used in conjunction with Miliutin and Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii 1852–1853.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Mikaberidze, Alexander. “The Russian Eagles over the Alps: Prince Peter Bagration during the Swiss Campaign in the Alps.” Selected Papers of Consortium on Revolutionary Era (2007): 206–219.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Explores the Russian campaign in the Swiss Alps, with a focus on the operations of the Russian advance guard led by Prince Peter Bagration.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Miliutin, Dmitrii, and Alexander Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii. Istoriya voiny Rossii s Frantsiei v tsarstvovanie imperatora Pavla I v 1799 godu. 5 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Tip. Shtaba Voenno-uchebnykh Zavedenii, 1852–1853.
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  315. This work remains the most detailed study of the Russian campaign in Italy and Switzerland in 1799. The volumes feature not just a detailed narrative events, but also reproduction of major documents. It is also available in German translation. Highly recommended.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Presnukhin, Mikhail. Bitva na Trebbii: Tri dniya A.V. Suvorova. Moscow: Reitar, 2001.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. A detailed examination of the three-day battle on the Trebbia River during which the Austro-Russian forces scored a major victory over the French.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Ragsdale, Hugh. “Russian Diplomacy in the Age of Napoleon: The Franco-Russian Rapprochement of 1800–1801.” PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1964.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. An in-depth study of Franco-Russian rapprochement in the wake of the War of the Second Coalition.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Russo-Iranian Wars, 1804–1813
  326.  
  327. The roots of the Russo-Iranian conflict can be traced back to the early 18th century when Peter the Great launched the first Russian campaign against Iran. By the late 18th century, the Russian annexation of Georgian kingdoms had placed Russia squarely within the Iranian sphere of influence, leading to two major conflicts in the early 19th century. Berzhe 1866–1904 is a major source for documents related to the establishment of the Russian authority in southern Caucasia that traditionally was under Iran’s influence. Atkin 1979 offers a useful overview of Russian diplomacy in the region on the eve of the Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813. Dubrovin 1871–1888 and Belyavskii and Potto 1901–1908 are major studies of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus and combine ethnographic details with discussion of military campaigns (with a natural bias toward the Russian Empire). Gvosdev 2000 focuses on the Russian policies in Georgia, and Abdullaev 1971 remains valuable for the Russian-British diplomatic rivalry at the Qajar court. Unfortunately, no recent works are available on the Russian-Iranian War, but Atkin 1980 provides an excellent overview of Russo-Iranian relations, focusing on diplomacy and containing a good summary of military campaigns as well.
  328.  
  329. Abdullaev, Fatchula. Iz istorii russko-iranskikh otnoshenii i angliiskoi politiki v Irane v nachale XIX v. Tashkent, USSR: “Fan,” 1971.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. A dated but still valuable study on Russo-Iranian relations in the early 19th century. It focuses on Russian and British diplomatic efforts at the Qajar court.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Atkin, Muriel. “The Pragmatic Diplomacy of Paul I: Russia’s Relations with Asia, 1796–1801.” Slavic Review 38.1 (1979): 60–74.
  334. DOI: 10.2307/2497227Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. A good overview of the Russian diplomatic efforts in the Caucasus on the eve of the Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Atkin, Muriel. Russia and Iran, 1780–1828. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980.
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  339. An excellent study of Russo-Iranian relations. The book explores early stages of the Russo-Iranian relations and delves into the Russian policies in southern Caucasia. Of particular interest are chapters 6 and 7 on the Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Belyavskii, Nikolai, and Vasilii Potto. Utverzhdenie Russkago vladychestva na Kavkaze. 4 vols. Tiflis, USSR: Tip. J. Lieberman, 1901–1908.
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  343. Written to mark the centennial of the Russian annexation of Georgia, this work remains a classic study on Russia’s efforts to establish its presence in the Caucasus.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Berzhe, Ad., ed. Akty sobrannye kavkazskoiu arkheograficheskoiu kommissieiu. 13 vols. Tiflis, USSR: [n.p], 1866–1904.
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  347. A compilation of documents related to the establishment of the Russian power in southern Caucasia. Volume 2 covers the governorship of Prince Paul Tsitsianov (1802–1806), Volume 3 that of Count Ivan Gudovich (1806–1809), Volume 4 that of General Alexander Torrmasov (1809–1811), and Volume 5 that of General Nikolai Rtischev (1811–1816). Highly useful.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Dubrovin, Nikolai. Istoriya voiny i vladychestva russkikh na Kavkaze. 6 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Tip. Departament Udelov, 1871–1888.
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  351. A major study of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus, written by a prominent Russian imperial historian. Despite its obvious bias, this work still retains its value. The first two volumes provide ethnographic and geographic overview of the Caucasus while Volumes 3–6 contain a chronological discussion of the Russian policies and campaigns. The same author also has a more concise work on the subject, Zakavkavzie ot 1803–1806 goda (Saint Petersburg, Russia: [n.p.], 1866).
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Gvosdev, Nikolas K. Imperial Policies and Perspectives towards Georgia, 1760–1819. New York: St. Martin’s, 2000.
  354. DOI: 10.1057/9781403932785Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. An interesting and well-written history of the expansion of the Russian Empire into southern Caucasia. Gvosdev demonstrates that with no organized plan of conquest, Russian policies fluctuated based on personnel changes and periodic reevaluations of imperial interests. Recommended.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Russo-Turkish War, 1806–1812
  358.  
  359. For general background on the war the reader needs to check titles in the Eastern Question section. Jelavich 1991 can serve as a good introduction to Russia’s entanglement in the Balkan Peninsula. Meriage 1987 is a standard account on Russia’s support of the Serbian revolt, while Jewsbury 1970 remains one of the best works on Russian authority in Bessarabia. For military dimensions of the Russo-Ottoman relations, Petrov 1885–1887 and Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii 2002 offer in-depth discussion of the Russian campaigns against the Turks and should be supplemented with Aksan 2007 (cited under the Eastern Question), which focuses on the Ottomans. Zhilin 1952 focuses on the decisive event of the war, the destruction of the Ottoman army by Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov. Beskrovnyi 1950–1956 contains numerous documents on Kutuzov’s military operations, while Mikaberidze 2007 focuses on Kutuzov’s predecessor, General Peter Bagration, and his efforts to set up administration in Wallachia. Langeron 1911, written by a French émigré officer, provides remarkable insights into the Russian leadership and military operations.
  360.  
  361. Beskrovnyi, Liubomir, ed. Russkie polkovodtsy. M.I. Kutuzov: Sbornik dokumentov. 7 vols. Moscow: Voen. izd-vo Ministerstva vooruzhennykh sil Soyu︡za SSR, 1950–1956.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. A vast compilation of documents related to Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov’s career. Volumes 3 and 4 (part 1) contain hundreds of documents on Kutuzov’s campaigns in the Danubian Principalities. Highly recommended.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Jelavich, Barbara. Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Written by one of the leading experts, this is an important study on the Russian policies in the Balkan Peninsula.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Jewsbury, George F. “Russian Administrative Policies toward Bessarabia, 1806–1828.” PhD diss., University of Washington, 1970.
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  371. This is an in-depth study of Russia’s efforts to govern Bessarabia in the early 19th century; an excellent companion to Petrov 1885–1887 which focuses on military aspects.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Langeron, Alexandre Louis Andrault. Voina s Turtsiei, 1806–1812 gg. Zapiski gr. Lanzherona. Edited by E. Kamenskogo. Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1911.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. An émigré officer who fled France following the revolution and devoted his life’s work in Russian service, Langeron left lengthy memoirs of his campaigns, including his years in the Danubian Principalities. The memoirs are noteworthy for Langeron’s critical assessment of the Russian army and its leaders.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Meriage, Lawrence P. Russia and the First Serbian Insurrection, 1804–1813. New York: Garland, 1987.
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  379. An important study of Russia’s involvement and support of the Serbian rebellion against the Ottoman authority.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Mikaberidze, Alexander. “‘Helping Brotherly Slavs:’ Russia and the Danubian Principalities in 1809–1810.” Études balkanique 4 (2007): 67–86.
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  383. This article examines the failed efforts of Russia to establish a pro-Russian administration in Wallachia during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, Alexander. Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812. 2 vols. Translated and edited by Alexander Mikaberidze. West Chester, OH: Nafziger Collection, 2002.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Originally published in 1846, this study was the first major effort at analyzing Russia’s war against the Turks in 1806–1812. The author consulted a wide array of documents from the Imperial Russian archives and interviewed Russian participants in the war. The work does show a clear pro-Russian bias but remains a valuable source. This edition remains the only English-language source on this conflict.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Petrov, Andrey. Voina Rossii s Turtsiei, 1805–1812 gg. 3 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Voennaia Tip., 1885–1887.
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  391. Petrov’s work remains the best study of this war. Well researched (albeit based on Russian documents) and judicious in its assessments, it offers in-depth discussion of Russian military plans and operations during the war.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Zhilin, Pavel. Razgrom turetskoi armii v 1811 godu. Moscow: Voenizdat izd-vo, 1952.
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  395. A concise study of General Mikhail Kutuzov’s triumph over the Ottoman forces at Ruse in 1811.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Napoleonic Wars, 1805–1815
  398.  
  399. Russia was among the staunchest enemies of Napoleon, participating in almost all coalitions that had been formed to contain France. Adams 2006 and Lieven 2009 are superb in discussing Russia’s importance in the Napoleonic Wars, while Bezotosnyi 2012 looks at Russia’s place in European geopolitics. Orlov 2005 offers excellent insights on relations between St. Petersburg and London. The Mediterranean played an important role in Russian foreign policy and Saul 1970 provides excellent insights into Russian efforts from 1797 to 1807 to establish a presence there. The vast majority of works written on Russian involvement in the Napoleonic Wars focus on Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 (for details see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Russian Campaign of 1812). Cate 1985 is one of the best English-language studies of the 1812 campaign and it can be supplemented with Djevegelov, et al. 1911–1912, which offers a comprehensive examination of the Russian society, army, and state in 1812. Kagan 2006 has excellent details on Russian involvement in the War of the Third Coalition and it can be supplemented with Sokolov 2006.
  400.  
  401. Adams, Michael. Napoleon and Russia. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2006.
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  403. Well written and thoroughly researched, the book offers a broad study of the complicated diplomatic relationship between France and Russia.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Bezotosnyi, Viktor. Rossiya i Evropa v epokhu 1812 goda: Strategiya ili geopolitika. Moscow: Veche, 2012.
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  407. An important attempt, by one of the leading Russian historians, to assess Russia’s place in the early 19th-century Europe geopolitics.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Cate, Curtis. The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel between Napoleon and Alexander: Russia, 1812. New York: Random House, 1985.
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  411. A very readable book that offers an enticing look at the campaign while making a judicious use of French, Russian and German sources.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Djevegelov, Aleksei, N. Makhnevich, and V. I. Picheta, eds. Otechestvennaia voina I Russkoye obshestvo. 7 vols. Moscow: I. D. Sytin, 1911–1912.
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  415. Written by the leading Russian historians of the day, this seven-volume study provides both a broad view of the campaign and a detailed study of various aspects of war and society, including Franco-Russian relations prior to 1812, preparations for war, armies and leaders, and the war’s effect on Russian society, arts, and literature.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Kagan, Frederick W. The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805. Philadelphia: DaCapo, 2006.
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  419. Thoroughly researched and well written, this book offers a broad survey of the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1802–1805 (with a particular focus on France and Russia) but the narrative is often influenced by modern-day political discourse of “rogue states” and assertive foreign policy.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Lieven, Dominic. Russia against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace. New York: Viking, 2009.
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  423. This is probably the best single-volume treatment of Russia’s struggle against Napoleon. Written by an eminent historian, the book incorporates numerous primary and archival sources to upend much of the conventional wisdom about the Russian involvement in the Napoleonic Wars. Highly recommended.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Orlov, A. Soyuz peterburga i londona: Rossiisko-britanskie otnosheniya v epokhu napoleonovskikh voin. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya, 2005.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Thoroughly researched and well-written discussion of Russo-British relations during the Napoleonic Wars.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Saul, Norman E. Russia and the Mediterranean, 1797–1807. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
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  431. A classic study of Russia’s policies in the Mediterranean. Recommended for graduate students.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Sokolov, Oleg. Austerlitz: Napoleon, Rossiya i Evropa, 1799–1805. Moscow: Imperiya Istorii, 2006.
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  435. Written by one of the leading Russian historians, this book provides an important reassessment of Russia’s role in Europe in the early 19th century. Although the author occasionally shows a French bias, he does offers important insights into the Russian side. The book was published in French as Austerlitz: Napoléon, l’Europe et la Russie (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France: Éditions Commios, 2006).
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Sources
  438.  
  439. The multivolume Otechestvennaya Voina 1812 goda (General Staff, 1910–1917) contains hundreds of documents from the Russian archives. Thousands of more documents can be also found in The Napoleonic Wars, 1805–1815 (Federal Archival Service of Russia 2002), the vast collection of ninety-two microfilm reels of documents from RGVIA covering the entire span of the Napoleonic Wars. Beskrovnyi 1950–1956 is useful for insights into Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov’s decision making during the 1805 and 1812–1813 campaigns against Napoleon, while Beskrovnyi 1962 contains many interesting documents on militias that had been raised during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia. Russian participants of the Napoleonic Wars left a vast literary legacy and, at the last count, more than 250 memoirs and diaries are in existence, more than for any other previous conflict. The publication of memoirs started shortly after the end of the campaign and continues to the present day as new materials are discovered. Russian periodicals during the 19th century published dozens of diaries, letters, and memoirs. Until recently only a handful of these sources were available in English; however, recent efforts by some Western scholars have made available many new sources. Mikaberidze 2012 is an ongoing series of publications aimed at creating an anthology of Russian memoirs, and the first two volumes cover the 1812 and 1814 campaigns against Napoleon. The author of Yermolov 2005 has an acute grasp of drama and the volume provides excellent insights into the Russian war effort. Löwenstern 2010 and Radozhitskii 2011 show war from the ground up as both works are authored by junior officers in their respective units.
  440.  
  441. Beskrovnyi, Liubomir, ed. Russkie polkovodtsy. M.I. Kutuzov: Sbornik dokumentov. 7 vols. Moscow: Voen. izd-vo Ministerstva Vooruzhennykh sil Soyu︡za SSR, 1950–1956.
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  443. A vast compilation of documents related to Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov’s career. Volume 2 covers the War of the Third Coalition while Volume 4 (Part 2) and Volume 5 contain hundreds of documents on Kutuzov’s service in 1812–1813. Highly recommended
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Beskrovnyi, Liubomir, ed. Narodnoye opolchenye v Otechestvennoi voine 1812 goda. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1962.
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  447. A compilation of archival documents dealing with the participation of the Russian militia forces (narodnoe opolchenye) in the Russian campaign of 1812.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Federal Archival Service of Russia. The Napoleonic Wars, 1805–1815. Woodbridge, CT: Research Publications, 2002.
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  451. This is a must-have collection of hundreds of cartons (delos) scanned by the Primary Source Medical Company from Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennii Voenno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv (Russian State Military Historical Archive), the main repository of Russian military documentation related to the Napoleonic Wars. The collection consists of ninety-two reels of microfilms covering the entire span of the conflict and contains correspondence, reports, rosters, and other documents related to the Russian war effort.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. General Staff. Otechestvennaya Voina 1812 goda: Materialy Voenno-Uchenogo Arkhiva Generalnogo Shtaba. 21 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: General Staff, 1910–1917.
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  455. This massive publication contains hundreds of documents from the Russian archives. The first twelve volumes cover preparations for war in 1810–1812 while the remaining volumes feature correspondence, rosters, journals of operations, and other documents related to the war itself.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Löwenstern, Eduard von. With Count Pahlen’s Cavalry against Napoleon: Memoirs of the Russian General Eduard von Löwenstern, 1790–1837. Edited by Baron Georges Wrangell. Huntingdon, UK: Ken Trotman, 2010.
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  459. Löwenstern served in a cavalry unit and his memoirs offer a close look at both military operations and internal dealings in the Russian army. Translated by Victoria Joan Moensser with Stephen Summerfield.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. The Russian Eyewitness Accounts of the Campaign of 1812. London: Frontline, 2012.
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  463. The ongoing series contains dozens of previously unavailable Russian memoirs and diaries offering a fresh perspective on the campaign. Volume 1 covers the 1812 campaign, Volume 2 treats the 1814 campaign. The author also maintains a blog Human Voices of the Napoleonic Wars on which he publishes additional memoir literature.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Radozhitskii, Ilya. Campaign Memoirs of the Artilleryman: Part I, 1812. Translated and edited by Alexander Mikaberidze. Tbilisi: Napoleonic Society of Georgia, 2011.
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  467. Largely unknown in the West, Radozhitskii, who served in an artillery company, left four volumes of recollections (Part 1 covers 1812) which Leo Tolstoy consulted extensively while writing his famous book, War and Peace. They are fascinating sources for vivid descriptions and insights into Russian army life and wartime experiences.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Yermolov, Alexey. The Czar’s General: The Memoirs of a Russian General in the Napoleonic Wars. Translated and edited by Alexander Mikaberidze. Welwyn Garden City, UK: Ravenhall, 2005.
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  471. A talented general, Yermolov participated in all of the Napoleonic campaigns, serving as the chief of staff of the First Western Army in 1812. He captured the spirit of his times in his engaging memoirs, and his acidic wit, acute powers of observation, and grasp of drama make his memoirs stand out as a unique source on the Napoleonic Wars.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Specialized Studies
  474.  
  475. Works on the Russian involvement in the Napoleonic Wars are abundant, but much of the English-language historiography is based on non-Russian sources. In Russia, on the other hand, historians have long focused on the Patriotic War of 1812, as Napoleon’s invasion of Russia is known, and largely ignore other campaigns. Modest Bogdanovich remains one of the best historians of Russia’s involvement in the Napoleonic Wars and his seven volume history on the campaigns of 1812–1814 remains, despite its bias and flaws, one of the best sources (Bogdanovich 1859–1860). Less fortunate are earlier campaigns. Although Alexander Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii had written on the 1805–1807 campaigns against France, his scholarship is less rigorous than that of Bogdanovich. Fortunately, authors of recent English-language works have attempted to incorporate Russian sources to provide a more balanced approach. Goetz 2005 does an excellent job on the War of the Third Coalition and the Russian defeat at Austerlitz. The authors of Arnold and Reinertsen 2007 have produced very recent reassessments of the 1807 campaign in Poland and they incorporate considerable Russian sources. Flayhart 1992, though largely based on the British sources, remains very useful for Russian operations in Italy in 1805–1806. Drawing upon numerous Russian primary sources, Mikaberidze 2007 and Mikaberidze 2010 reevaluate two major events of the Napoleonic Wars, the battles of Borodino and the Berezina, respectively, while Mikaberidze 2011 offers fresh insights into the Russian involvement in the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809.
  476.  
  477. Arnold, James R., and Ralph R. Reinertsen. Crisis in the Snows: Russia Confronts Napoleon: The Eylau Campaign, 1806–1807. Lexington, VA: Napoleon Books, 2007.
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  479. An in-depth (and well-illustrated) study of the first half of the Polish campaign. The authors recently published a follow-up volume, Napoleon’s Triumph: La Grande Armée versus the Tsar’s Army (Lexington, VA: Napoleon Books, 2011) that discusses military operations in May–June 1807.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Bogdanovich, Modest. Istoria Otechestvennoi voiny 1812 goda: Po dostovernym istochnikam. 3 vols. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Typ. Torgovago doma S. Strugovshchikova, 1859–1860.
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  483. A major study by this renowned historian, considered a masterpiece of the Russian imperial historiography that established major tenets of the subsequent historical discussion in Russia. The work is studiously researched, with some two thousand archival and primary sources consulted, but interpretation and analysis favors the Russian side. For the 1813–1814 campaigns, consult Modest Bogdanovich, Istoriia voiny 1813 goda za nezavisimost’ Germanii, 2 vols. (Saint Petersburg, Russia: V. Tip. Shtaba Voenno-Uchebnykh Zavedenii, 1863), and Istoriya voiny 1814 goda vo Frantsii i nizlozheniya Napoleon I, 2 vols. (Saint Petersburg, Russia: V. Spiridonov, Russia, 1865).
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Flayhart, William. Counterpoint to Trafalgar: The Anglo-Russian Invasion of Naples, 1805–1806. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992.
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  487. The book discusses what is often considered a little-known sidelight of the War of the Third Coalition, namely, the Anglo-Russian invasion of southern Italy. The book is well researched and written and excels in describing difficulties involved in mounting a joint amphibious expedition in the early 19th century.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Goetz, Robert. 1805, Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition. London: Greenhill, 2005.
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  491. One of the best accounts existing on the battle of Austerlitz. The book offers an in-depth combat study of the battle and revises many previously held misconceptions. Highly recommended.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Mikaberidze, Alexander. The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon versus Kutuzov. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2007.
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  495. A detailed study of the decisive battle of the Russian campaign based on a wide range of sources and offering fresh insights on the Russian side. The work is detail heavy and is recommended for specialists.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Mikaberidze, Alexander. The Battle of the Berezina: Napoleon’s Great Escape. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2010.
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  499. The first scholarly account of the battle in English based on archival material from France and Russia as well as dozens of memoirs, letters, and journals. The book challenges the popular notion of Napoleon outmaneuvering the Russians on the banks of the Berezina and, instead, offers fresh explanations for the Grande Armée’s escape.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Mikaberidze, Alexander. “Non-belligerent Belligerent Russia and the Franco-Austrian War of 1809.” Napoleonica: La Revue 1.10 (2011): 4–22.
  502. DOI: 10.3917/napo.111.0004Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. The article explores Franco-Russian relations during the 1809 campaign and, based on archival research, and sheds new light on considerations that guided Russian actions during the war.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Russia’s “Other” Wars
  506.  
  507. The Baltic region remained one of Russia’s main focal points throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Kiaiviariainen 1965 provides abundant details on Russia’s policy in the Baltic region, while Jörgensen 2004 is useful for setting out a larger context of the Baltic during the Napoleonic Wars. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii 2006–2011 offers a Russian perspective on the Russo-Swedish War. It must be supplemented with Swedish General Staff 1890–1922, which is a highly detailed military history written from the Swedish viewpoint. Khodarkovsky 2002 provides an excellent exploration of Russia’s encounter with nomadic peoples in the eastern Eurasian steppes, while Kaplan 1962 and Lukowski 1999 deal with Russia’s role in the partitions of Poland. Alexander 1973 remains the standard account of Emelyan Pugachev’s peasant uprising, which threatened the Russian monarchy in the 1770s.
  508.  
  509. Alexander, John T. Emperor of the Cossacks: Pugachev and the Frontier Jacquerie of 1773–1775. Lawrence, KS: Coronado, 1973.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. This study remains the most accessible account of Emelyan Pugachev’s peasant uprising, a rebellion that shook the Russian state to its core.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Jörgensen, Christer. The Anglo-Swedish Alliance against Napoleonic France. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
  514. DOI: 10.1057/9780230287747Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. The author explores the role of the Baltic region in the Napoleonic Wars. Although the book’s focus is on the Anglo-Swedish alliance, it offers interesting insights into Russia’s policies in the region.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Kaplan, Herbert H. The First Partition of Poland. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
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  519. A dated but still useful analysis of events leading up to the first partition of Poland in 1772.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Khodarkovsky, Michael. Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
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  523. A major study on Russia’s encounter and relations with nomadic peoples in the eastern Eurasian steppes. The author not only outlines Russian expansion policies, but also gives voice to the peoples of the steppe, reconstructing the lifestyle of tribal confederations, their social structure, and military organization.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Kiaiviariainen, I. I. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia na Severe Evropy v nachale XIX veka i prisoedinenie Finliandii k Rossii v 1809 godu. Petrozavodsk, USSR: Karel’skoe Knizhnoe izd-vo, 1965.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Dated but useful study of relations between Russia and Sweden and other powers on the eve, during, and after the Russo-Swedish War.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Lukowski, Jerzy. The Partitions of Poland: 1772, 1793, 1795. New York: Longman, 1999.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. A comprehensive survey of the Polish partitions in their full international context.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, Alexander. Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809. 2 vols. Translated and edited by Alexander Mikaberidze and Eman Vovsi. West Chester, OH: Nafziger Collection, 2006–2011.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Despite its age, this work remains an excellent (albeit one-sided) source for an in-depth discussion of the Russian military operations in Finland. It should be used in conjunction with Swedish General Staff 1890–1922
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Swedish General Staff. Generalstaben: Krigshistoriska avdelningen: Sveriges krig åren 1808 och 1809, utgifvet af Generalstabens Krigshistoriska afdelning. 9 vols. Stockholm: Kongl. Boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt & Soner, 1890–1922.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. A highly detailed study of the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809 produced by the Swedish General Staff. The work is based on a wide array of Swedish sources and contains excellent tactical and operational details. The first two volumes have been translated into Russian.
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