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Tudor and Stuart Britain in the Wider World, 1485-1685

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Britain’s forays into the Atlantic world began with annual fishing expeditions to Newfoundland in the 1480s, which led to John Cabot claiming possession of that region in 1497. Despite this claim, by 1530 the British in America were eclipsed by French and Portuguese fishing. Under Queen Mary (r. 1553–1558), British exploration and trade shifted to parts of Russia, Persia (roughly modern-day Iran), and the Mediterranean. Under Queen Elizabeth (r. 1558–1603), while trade continued in eastern Europe, the English looked more seriously toward the Atlantic, first through trade and slaving in West Africa, and then through various exploratory and plundering voyages in the Caribbean and the North Atlantic. Later Elizabethan activities led to failed attempts at settlement in Newfoundland and America (Roanoke) and the establishment of the East India Company, whose structure would soon be copied by Atlantic trading companies. In 1607, the first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia, followed in the next three decades by the migration of roughly fifty thousand British subjects to more than a dozen colonies on the eastern coast of North America and the Caribbean. In the second half of the 17th century, settlement continued into established and new colonies, and the English showed renewed interest in the Gold Coast of Africa. Occurring amidst all of these activities were British engagements with other European colonizing powers in the Atlantic (France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain). Although the Tudor and Stuart period is sometimes seen by scholars as a rather fitful and mundane beginning of empire, modern scholars often see these foundational experiences as critical to the subsequent extraordinary growth of the British Empire. Because of the richness of the field, this entry focuses on transatlantic activities and emphasizes the 16th and early 17th centuries, while other entries may be consulted for references to individual colonies settled during the later 17th century.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. Several surveys introduce and engage with the subject of Tudor and Stuart expansion into the wider world. Andrews 1984, Chaplin 2011, Doran and Jones 2011, and Steele 1986 together cover most of the chronology, with the interstice supplemented by the more specialized Pestana 2004 (cited under Imperial Relations). The thematic essay collections of Andrews, et al. 1978, Canny 1998, and Mancke and Shammas 2005 offer overviews and demonstrate the rich variety of scholarly output and potential for further study of the Tudor and Stuart Atlantic. Several of these studies, such as Andrews, et al. 1978 and Canny 1998, contain good work on the British in Africa during this period, still a deeply understudied aspect of early English expansion. Elliott 2006 is strong on comparative analysis between Britain and Spain, while Gaskill 2014 emphasizes the continued relationship between England and its Atlantic subjects.
  8.  
  9. Andrews, Kenneth R. Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
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  11. Presents a detailed overview of Tudor and early-Stuart expansion, highlighting the twin roles of trade and settlement in helping to establish the early overseas empire. Contains contextualizing chapters on English activities in Africa, the East Indies, and eastern Europe.
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  13. Andrews, K. R., N. P. Canny, and E. H. Hair, eds. The Westward Enterprise: English Activities in Ireland, the Atlantic, and America, 1480–1650. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 1978.
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  15. An older but useful collection of essays by leading scholars, offering an excellent overview of early English Atlantic expansion and settlement.
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  17. Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Vol. 1 of The Oxford History of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  18. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205623.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19. A comprehensive collection of essays by leading modern writers on the subject of British expansion during the Tudor and Stuart period, including British expansion into South Asia and West Africa. Each essay contains a useful bibliography and the volume ends with an excellent chronology. This work is well supplemented by the older Cambridge History of the British Empire, Vol. 1, edited by J. H. Rose, et al., (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1929).
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Chaplin, Joyce. “The British Atlantic.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World, 1450–1850. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  22. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  23. A general overview of the British Atlantic world that emphasizes the colonists’ desire to retain their British culture despite the unique characteristics that defined and distinguished each colony.
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  25. Doran, Susan, and Norman Jones, eds. The Elizabethan World. London: Routledge, 2011.
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  27. Part 6 of the collection of essays, The Outside World, contains four chapters addressing various aspects of mid- to late-Tudor activities in Europe and the wider world.
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  29. Elliott, J. H. Empire of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
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  31. Provides a sweeping comparative analysis, written in lively prose, that explains England’s Atlantic activities in relation to Spanish colonizing efforts, generally with the purpose of showing the similarities between the two approaches.
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  33. Gaskill, Malcolm. Between Two Worlds: How the English Became Americans. New York: Basic Books, 2014.
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  35. An lengthy discussion of Tudor and Stuart Atlantic activities arguing that English subjects abroad became “divided and transfigured” by their new environment while continuing to practice English ways.
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  37. Mancke, Elizabeth, and Carole Shammas, eds. The Creation of the British Atlantic World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
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  39. A disparate collection of historical essays, some quite specialized, that emphasize transatlantic connections and how they resulted in a discernable “British Atlantic World.” Chapters 1, 3, 6, 7, and 10 are especially useful.
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  41. Steele, Ian. The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
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  43. Pioneering study of the structure of the English Atlantic at the end of the Stuart period, with a focus on the various colonial and imperial relationships that would unite the colonies into an Atlantic entity.
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  45. Textbooks
  46.  
  47. There are several texts on the Atlantic world, though few focus exclusively on the British Atlantic and none handle only the Tudor and Stuart Atlantic. Armitage and Braddick 2009 is a valuable thematic treatment useful for midlevel students. Most of the relevant texts emphasize the development of North America over other portions of the Atlantic world. Breen and Hall 2003, and Sarson 2005 are traditional, chronological, and narrative textbooks that demonstrate this tendency. Texts with a wider geographical and thematic emphasis have been produced more recently, including Canny and Morgan 2011; Egerton, et al. 2007; and Greene and Morgan 2008. These volumes are multi-authored, thematic collections that offer excellent comparisons of the various European Atlantic powers. The collections of Games and Rothman 2007 and Mancall 1995 offer valuable documents with contextualizing annotations and essays.
  48.  
  49. Armitage, David, and Michael J. Braddick, eds. The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800. 2d ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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  51. A thematically organized collection of essays by leading modern scholars that shows the rich social, cultural, economic, and political diversity in the British Atlantic. Essays cover the Tudor and Stuart period in addition to the 18th century.
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  53. Breen, T. H., and Timothy Hall. Colonial America in an Atlantic World: A Story of Creative Interaction. New York: Pearson Longman, 2003.
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  55. Accessible text that traces the history of colonial North America from pre-Columbian times to 1763, with particular emphasis on transatlantic imperial conflict. British experiences are dominant throughout. See especially Part II (chapters 4 to 9).
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  57. Canny, Nicholas, and Philip Morgan, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World: 1450–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  58. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59. A collection of thirty-seven essays on Atlantic history, many of which offer comparisons and contrasts between and among British and other European Atlantic colonies. The essays are divided into four parts (“Emergence,” “Consolidation,” “Integration,” and “Disintegration”). Suitable for senior students.
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  61. Egerton, Douglas R., et al. The Atlantic World: A History, 1400–1888. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2007.
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  63. A multi-authored, accessible text that places the English Atlantic into its fuller Atlantic context. Suitable for first- or second-year courses.
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  65. Games, Alison F., and Adam Rothman, eds. Major Problems in Atlantic History: Documents and Essays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
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  67. A primary-source supplement to Egerton, et al. 2007.
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  69. Greene, Jack P., and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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  71. New text that offers a broad discussion of the five Atlantic powers, though with a limited comparative framework. Chapter 4 deals specifically with the British Atlantic. Suitable for senior students.
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  73. Mancall, Peter C., ed. Envisioning America: English Plans for the Colonization of North America, 1580–1640. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1995.
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  75. A short and useful volume containing extracts of seminal documents regarding English North American expansion.
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  77. Sarson, Steven. British America, 1500–1800: Creating Colonies, Imagining an Empire. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.
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  79. Presents a chronological survey of British Atlantic affairs.
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  81. Journals
  82.  
  83. Relevant literature on Tudor and Stuart expansion has been published in a wide range of high-quality academic journals, including the American Historical Review, English Historical Review, Journal of British Studies, and Past and Present. Excellent articles and book reviews will be found in several leading journals devoted to imperial studies and America, including Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, New England Quarterly, the William and Mary Quarterly, and, with a somewhat wider focus, the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History and the Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. Specialized journals such as Acadiensis, Atlantic Studies, Itinerario, and Terra Incognita, also contain occasional articles on the Tudor and Stuart Atlantic.
  84.  
  85. Atlantic Studies. 2004–.
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  87. A newer interdisciplinary journal, published three times per year, with good potential for comparative and cross-disciplinary investigations into the Atlantic, including early British activities.
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  89. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2002–.
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  91. A newer interdisciplinary journal, published twice per year by the McNeil Centre for Early American Studies. Contains two or three articles each year on the English Atlantic before 1700.
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  93. Itinerario: International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction. 1977–.
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  95. An international journal, published three times per year by the Institute for the History of European Expansion (Leiden University). Specializes in comparative approaches to European expansion among the major colonizing powers, including England.
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  97. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 1973–.
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  99. The leading journal of imperial history, published four times per year and generally focusing on the British Empire after 1700, but with a few key articles on earlier English expansion.
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  101. New England Quarterly. 1928–.
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  103. Published four times per year on the broad subject of New England history and literature, often with articles on the 17th century.
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  105. Terrae Incognitae. 1969–.
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  107. Published annually by the Society for the History of Discoveries, this annual journal includes a few key articles on the Tudor and Stuart period.
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  109. William and Mary Quarterly. 1892–.
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  111. A leading journal on early America, published four times per year by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. Contains valuable articles, documents, forums, and book reviews, although most content addresses the 18th century.
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  113. Bibliographies and Reference Works
  114.  
  115. Online bibliographies and links to websites such as those compiled by the International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World and the searchable ones available through the Royal Historical Society Bibliography and Historical Abstracts, offer valuable finding aids for researchers. The various H-Net discussion networks of direct relevance to Atlantic studies (H-Africa, H-Atlantic, H-Caribbean, and H-OIEAHC) contain bibliographies and book reviews, and are useful to determine the relevance and nature of certain modern debates. Miller 2015 is a new encyclopedia containing entries on various aspects of the Atlantic world.
  116.  
  117. H-Africa.
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  119. A regulated scholarly discussion network on African studies with discussion threads, web links, bibliographies, and journal information.
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  121. H-Atlantic.
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  123. A regulated scholarly discussion network on Atlantic studies with discussion threads, book reviews, bibliographies, syllabi, and announcements of interest to Atlantic scholars.
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  125. H-Caribbean.
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  127. A regulated scholarly discussion network on Caribbean studies with discussion threads, web links, and syllabi.
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  129. H-OIEAHC.
  130. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  131. A regulated scholarly discussion network on Colonial and Early American History with discussion threads.
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  133. Historical Abstracts.
  134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  135. A comprehensive, searchable database of historical scholarship, especially since 1980. Contains bibliographical references to monographs, collections, articles, and reviews. Library subscription required.
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  137. International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World. “Related Websites.”
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  139. Contains a lengthy list of web links to many subjects in Atlantic studies, including images, maps, and early modern travel narratives.
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  141. Miller, Joseph C., et al., eds. The Princeton Companion to Atlantic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.
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  143. An encyclopedic reference work of Atlantic history containing more than 125 entries on key topics related to Atlantic history.
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  145. Royal Historical Society Bibliography.
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  147. An easily searchable and comprehensive guide to historical literature produced after 1900 on the subject of Britain and Ireland.
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  149. Tudor and Stuart History
  150.  
  151. The age of the Tudors and Stuarts is one of the most dynamic in British history. During this period, England initiated its own Protestant reformation, declared itself an empire and renewed imperial engagements with Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, became involved in several internal constitutional revolutions, and began associating more fully with the wider world in a number of ways—militarily, economically, and intellectually. The men and women who traded, explored, and settled in the British Atlantic world were, primarily, of English origin until the late 18th century, and they therefore brought English experiences in politics, law, and society with them. In addition, many colonies—and their intellectual, economic, and religious mindsets—were a direct creation of or reaction to events going on in England. Thus, a basic knowledge of the Tudor and Stuart period is essential to a thorough understanding of the wider world in which Britain operated. While it would be impossible to list all of the relevant titles in this bibliography, a number of seminal older and representative newer studies are listed in the following subsections. There are a number of general textbooks and surveys of this period, nearly any of which will provide valuable background information. Perhaps the best of these is Bucholz and Key 2009. The age of the Tudors (1485–1603) is the subject of Brigden 2000, which emphasizes change from earlier periods, and Guy 1988, which emphasizes continuity. Coward 2003, Harris 2005, Harris 2006, and Kishlansky 1996 engage with the Stuart age (1603–1714), especially with an eye to the causes and impacts of the 17th-century revolutions, which were important to the historical development of the Atlantic world.
  152.  
  153. Brigden, Susan. New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603. London: Allen Lane, 2000.
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  155. Updated study of the 16th century that supports Sir Geoffrey Elton’s thesis that a great deal of change occurred in this period, which resulted both in the loss of many older traditions but the development of newer and sustaining ones.
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  157. Bucholz, Robert, and Newton Key. Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History. 2d ed. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
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  159. One of the best general textbooks of the Tudor and Stuart period, though one which emphasizes England over wider Britain. See also the supplementary documentary volume, Newton Key and Robert Bucholz, Sources and Debates in English History, 1485–1714, 2d ed. (London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).
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  161. Coward, Barry. The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714. 3d ed. London: Longman, 2003.
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  163. A strong general survey of Stuart England, emphasizing the changes caused by the 17th-century revolutions and engaging in many current debates about these events.
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  165. Guy, John. Tudor England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
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  167. Good general survey of Tudor England that emphasizes the continuity of the medieval and early modern periods.
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  169. Harris, Tim. Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms. London: Allen Lane, 2005.
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  171. A recent study of royal government under Charles II, demonstrating that, contrary to much received wisdom, this was not a “merry” period between two revolutions but rather an insecure and unstable regime.
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  173. Harris, Tim. Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720. London: Allen Lane, 2006.
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  175. A sequel to Restoration (Harris 2005), in which Harris argues that the Revolution of 1688 and its aftermath, far from being a “bloodless” event that resulted in constitutional liberty, was also a time of violence and upheaval that would affect Britain’s subsequent political development.
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  177. Kishlansky, Mark. A Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603–1714. London: Allen Lane, 1996.
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  179. Accessible survey of Stuart Britain that emphasizes changes in royal and governmental institutions as a result of the constitutional crises of the 17th century.
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  181. Politics and Government
  182.  
  183. Historians have devoted considerable attention to English politics during the Tudor and Stuart period, in part because this period is seen to have established important, lasting institutions (such as the increase of royal power and the development of parliamentary government), and in part because of the revolutions that were part of these developments. Davies 2000 provides a good discussion of the “first English empire” and shows how English began thinking along imperial lines. Braddick 2008 offers a strong general overview of the English civil wars. Braddick 2000, Brewer 1990, Fletcher 1986, and Pincus 2002 show how the English state developed into a centralized and power force, both domestically and internationally. Richardson and Doran 2005 shows how the Tudors became involved in the wider world, which would provide critical lessons during the age of Atlantic expansion.
  184.  
  185. Braddick, Michael J. State Formation in Early Modern England, c. 1550–1700. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
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  187. A masterly and accessible examination of governing and social institutions, emphasizing that various factors, such as class, gender, and centralization, led to the formation (though not the purposeful building) of a modern state. Part V places this state model into the context of wider British and Atlantic expansion and governance.
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  189. Braddick, Michael J. God’s Fury, England’s Fire: A New History of the English Civil Wars. London: Allen Lane, 2008.
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  191. Lengthy but accessible study of the English Civil Wars, emphasizing how all members at all levels of society mobilized to help create a new English identity and government.
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  193. Brewer, John. The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
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  195. Argues that Britain’s emergence as a major international power was brought on by the wars in which it was involved in the 18th century, whose success was brought on by an increase in domestic taxation, public administration, and economic strength.
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  197. Davies, R. R. The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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  199. A good overview that describes “imperial” ideology during the late medieval period and demonstrates the similarity between the English domestic and transatlantic imperial agenda.
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  201. Fletcher, Anthony. Reform in the Provinces: The Government of Stuart England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
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  203. Emphasizes the role of “country” gentlemen, including the establishment of the lord lieutenants of the provinces under the early Stuarts, in helping to galvanize royal and metropolitan power by making the process of centralization more efficient and effective.
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  205. Pincus, Stephen C. A. Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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  207. A well-regarded discussion (focusing on the Anglo-Dutch wars) of English interaction with Europe, emphasizing that diplomacy and trade must be studied in concert with English domestic culture, and that England’s place in Europe was significant.
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  209. Richardson, Glenn, and Susan Doran, eds. Tudor England and Its Neighbours. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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  211. An important collection of essays that emphasize England’s place in Europe, particularly with regard to foreign policy, diplomacy, and supranational relations, which would later help establish overseas expansionist practices.
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  213. Society and Thought
  214.  
  215. Early modern England was, generally, a highly structured society that established rigid roles for each rank, gender, individual, and type of community. Laslett 2004, Reay 1998, and Sharpe 1997 offer good overviews of belief systems and society in general, while Cressy 1980, Haigh 1993, Mendelson and Crawford 1998, and Stone 1977 consider, respectively, literacy, religion, women, and the family. Wrightson 2000 is a useful study of English economy.
  216.  
  217. Cressy, David. Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
  218. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511560484Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. A seminal discussion of reading and writing in early modern society, demonstrating how literacy impacted popular participation and helped to define political, religious, and cultural life.
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  221. Haigh, Christopher. English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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  223. A strong survey of the English reformation in the 16th century that avoids the common “reformation from above” assumption by reviewing the religious views and practices of ordinary English people to demonstrate that the various “reformations” were not inevitable, but rather were caused by a variety of intellectual and social factors.
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  225. Laslett, Peter. The World We Have Lost: Further Explored. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2004.
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  227. Newer edition of a well-regarded study of family, class, and community in England between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution. First published in 1983.
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  229. Mendelson, Sara, and Patricia Crawford. Women in Early Modern England. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  230. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201243.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. The best survey of women’s lives in early modern England; now the standard text on the subject.
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  233. Reay, Barry. Popular Cultures in England 1550–1750. New York: Addison Wesley, 1998.
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  235. A good general overview of popular culture and belief systems across all levels of early modern English society.
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  237. Sharpe, James. Early Modern England: A Social History, 1550–1760. 2d ed. London: Arnold, 1997.
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  239. A well-regarded, accessible, and organized survey of English social history.
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  241. Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500–1800. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977.
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  243. Older but critical discussion of the child-rearing, education, and family relationships in early modern England, emphasizing the importance of the entire family contributing to the household as if operating in a business relationship. Reprinted in 1990 (New York: Penguin).
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  245. Wrightson, Keith. Earthly Necessities: Economic Lives in Early Modern Britain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
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  247. Excellent and methodologically strong survey of English economic history which reconciles the recent research of economic historians with that of social and cultural history, to demonstrate how changes in the economy affected those at all social levels.
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  249. Primary Sources
  250.  
  251. In the 16th and 17th centuries, a great deal was written about the expansion of Britain into the Atlantic world, and the benefits that would accrue from these activities were often emphasized. Such benefits included economic stability, the spread of Protestantism abroad, territorial acquisitions to rival other colonizing powers, the search for gold and riches, the effort to improve England’s international status, and the humanist quest for greatness in all endeavors. Of particular relevance to this entry are the many volumes documenting the early history of English expansion, as represented especially in the publications of the Hakluyt Society, and the various treatises describing how the peripheral colonies related with the metropolitan government back in London.
  252.  
  253. Early Exploration Narratives
  254.  
  255. Far and away the best overall collection of primary sources about Tudor and Stuart trade and exploration (c. 1580–1630) is represented in the many volumes of the Hakluyt Society, of which a complete list may be found at the Hakluyt website. These volumes contain comprehensive collections of archival documents, including colonial charters, letters and commissions to and from colonial officials, and printed and manuscript treatises written before, during, and after various exploration activities. A common element in these writings is the many challenges associated with gathering Crown support, financial backing, and manpower to undertake these largely unsuccessful activities (Barbour 1969, Lorimer 2006, Quinn 1940, Quinn 1955, and Quinn and Quinn 1983). These endeavors often resulted in the production of propagandist treatises (Hakluyt 1965, Taylor 1935, and Purchas 1905–1907) that were intended to encourage these and future explorations. Another common element is the routine engagement with the methods of other colonizing powers, especially the Spanish.
  256.  
  257. Barbour, Philip L, ed. The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606–1609. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Hakluyt Society, 1969.
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  259. A collection of correspondence and treatises surrounding early voyages to Virginia and Bermuda.
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  261. Hakluyt, Richard. The Principal Navigations Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Hakluyt Society, 1965.
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  263. A good edition of Hakluyt’s seminal text, originally published in 1589, which chronicles the travels of mostly British voyagers to the wider world. Produced for the purposes of inducing additional English imperial activities and placing contemporary Atlantic world efforts into the context of broader historical ones.
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  265. Lorimer, Joyce, ed. Sir Walter Ralegh’s Discoverie of Guiana. London: Hakluyt Society, 2006.
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  267. Thoroughly edited and annotated edition of Ralegh’s 1595 work, which—in addition to a good description of his activities—was intended to induce further English activity in South America. A good complement to Lorimer’s English and Irish Settlement on the River Amazon, 1550–1646 (1989).
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus; or, Purchas His Pilgrimes. 20 vols. Glasgow: James MacLehose, 1905–1907.
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  271. Produced by the literary successor of Hakluyt, this voluminous 1625 publication chronicles the history of British travel, including early Atlantic activities and British engagements with Europe and Asia.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Quinn, David B. The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1940.
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  275. An annotated collection of documents relating to the Newfoundland voyages of Humphrey Gilbert, including his propaganda tracts, and George Peckham’s important True Reporte of the New Discoveries (1583).
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Quinn, David B. The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1955.
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  279. An annotated collection of documents relating to the Roanoke voyages—including key writings by early adventurers such as Arthur Barlowe, John White, and Ralph Lane—and English engagement with Spanish officials with regard to these activities.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Quinn, David B., and Alison M. Quinn. The English New England Voyages, 1602–1608. London: Hakluyt Society, 1983.
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  283. Documents the various—and largely unsuccessful—voyages to New England preceding the permanent settlement of Virginia. Shows how trial and error were essential in helping Virginia, and then New England, to establish foothold in North America.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Taylor, E. G. R., ed. The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1935.
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  287. Includes, in particular, the propagandist writings of Richard Hakluyt the Younger, the leading authority on English expansion in the 16th century.
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  289. Imperial Relations
  290.  
  291. Although historians generally see the English central government as minimally interventionist in the Tudor and Stuart Atlantic until around 1690, the government nonetheless became involved in Atlantic affairs at a number of different levels. It commissioned and read legal and historical documents presented in advance of English colonial endeavors (Dee 2004, Hakluyt 1993), issued colonial charters that described the nature of the land grant (Yale Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy), wrote instructions to colonial governors, routinely corresponded with the colonies, issued royal proclamations, and reviewed colonial legislation and appeals (Grant, et al. 2005, Sainsbury 2004a, Sainsbury 2004b.) Stock 1924 shows the slow but steady increase in parliamentary involvement, and Davenport 1917 shows the involvement of the central government in treaty negotiations. These documents demonstrate the general and incremental nature of royal and governmental involvement in the British Atlantic up to 1700, which helped to create a distinct Atlantic empire and establish the constitutional relationship between the imperial center and the colonial peripheries. Also essential for an understanding of England’s dealings with Europe are the many published volumes of the Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, which are abstracted from documents in the United Kingdom National Archives (UKNA); a complete list is available online from Tanner Ritchie Publishing.
  292.  
  293. Davenport, Frances G., ed. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies. Vols. 1 and 2. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1917.
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  295. Introduces and includes the text of treaties signed between European powers, including England, relevant to the Atlantic world. Valuable for showing how the English central government negotiated the territorial and economic limits of its empire with other European colonizing powers.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Dee, John. The Limits of the British Empire. Edited by Ken MacMillan with Jennifer Abeles. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
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  299. Includes four documents written between 1576 and 1580, offering the English Crown legal and historical precedents to establish English rights to sovereignty over the Atlantic. Dee’s contributions to the English imperial enterprise have only recently been recognized.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Grant, W. L., James Munro, and Almeric W. Fitzroy, eds. Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial Series. Vol. 1 (1613–1680) and Vol. 2 (1680–1720). Burlington, ON: Tanner Ritchie, 2005.
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  303. Documents the involvement of the Privy Council in colonial affairs, including their review of legislation, hearing of appeals from the colonies, and adjudication of international disputes. The records before 1613 have been destroyed by fire. Entries are abstracted from original papers in the United Kingdom National Archives (UKNA), though many are complete transcriptions.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Hakluyt, Richard. A Particuler Discourse . . . Known as Discourse of Western Planting. Edited by David B. Quinn and Alison M. Quinn. London: Hakluyt Society, 1993.
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  307. A lengthy manuscript presented to Queen Elizabeth and her principal secretary in 1584 that offered various reasons for English rights to undertake activities in the Atlantic world. Considered a seminal document of early English expansion.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Sainsbury, W. Noel. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series: America and the West Indies. Vols. 1–12 (1574–1699). Burlington, ON: Tanner Ritchie, 2004a.
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  311. Documents the correspondence between the Atlantic colonies and leading members of the central government, an essential supplement to the Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial Series (Grant, et al. 2005). Entries are abstracted from original papers in the UKNA and occasionally contain complete transcriptions.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Sainsbury, W. Noel. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series: East Indies, China, and Japan. Vols. 1–5 (1513–1634). Burlington, ON: Tanner Ritchie, 2004b.
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  315. Documents the correspondence between the British agents in Asia and leading members of the central government. Entries are abstracted from original papers in the UKNA and occasionally contain complete transcriptions.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Stock, Leo Francis. Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America. Vol. 1, 1542–1688. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1924.
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  319. Documents debates in the House of Commons regarding Atlantic affairs. Shows the steady increase of parliamentary involvement throughout the 17th century, especially regarding the regulation of trade.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Yale Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy.
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  323. The sections on 16th- and 17th-century documents contain most of the colonial charters issued by the Tudor and Stuart monarchs to establish Atlantic colonies, and they also contain a number of royal commissions and instructions to colonial governors.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Ideology and Empire
  326.  
  327. The ideology of empire and expansion developed throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, as observers gained more knowledge and experience of global interaction, the economic and political potential of imperial expansion, and of the British Atlantic itself. One common thread of many writings about ideology is that even though the British were generally envious of the empire that Spain had built in the Atlantic world, after about 1580 they tended to eschew the rapacious “Spanish example,” preferring more benign, classical, and libertarian forms of action. Different ideologies were informed by humanism, religion, and reasons of state (Fitzmaurice 2003, Mancall 2007); the “first English empire” of late-medieval Britain and the history of Greater Britain (Armitage 2000, Armitage 2004, Canny 1976); English theories of property (Arneil 1996); and the Romano-Christian example of empire (Pagden 1995). Pagden 1995 emphasizes how English ideologies differed from those of other Atlantic powers, although Cañizares-Esguerra 2006 and Williams 1990 emphasize more similarities than differences, in part because these activities were informed by the same historical, legal, and intellectual foundations.
  328.  
  329. Armitage, David. The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  330. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511755965Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. A wide-ranging study demonstrating the various intellectual foundations of empire, emphasizing that it was, above all, “Protestant, commercial, maritime, and free.” Armitage explains that state formation and empire were based on similar assumptions and were intertwined. See especially chapters 3 and 4.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Armitage, David. Greater Britain, 1516–1776: Essays in Atlantic History. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2004.
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  335. Includes thirteen previously published essays covering the subject of Great Britain and the Atlantic, including the role of Scotland and Ireland in the Atlantic. Largely devoted to the languages and ideologies of empire.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Arneil, Barbara. John Locke and America: The Defence of English Colonialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  338. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198279679.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Examines Locke’s Two Treatises on Government (1690) and argues that it was designed principally to be a defense of English colonization of America and the dispossession of indigenous peoples, of which Locke, as colonial secretary to Carolina, had a direct interest. Locke’s ideology would become central, especially in the 18th century.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge. Puritan Conquistadors: Iberianizing the Atlantic, 1550–1700. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006.
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  343. An intriguing study that suggests ideological similarities behind Iberian and English colonization efforts, particularly with reference to perceptions of native peoples.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Canny, Nicholas. The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: A Pattern Established, 1565–76. Hassocks, UK: Harvester, 1976.
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  347. Explains how English activities in Ireland taught essential lessons and established a model of colonization that was later carried into the Atlantic world.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Fitzmaurice, Andrew. Humanism and America: An Intellectual History of English Colonization, 1500–1625. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  350. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511490521Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Demonstrates that the neoclassical principles of humanism underpinned English colonization efforts and impacted how English expansion was conceived and enacted by colonizers. Deemphasizes the economic ideology of colonization in favor of intellectual ideology.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Mancall, Peter C. Hakluyt’s Promise: An Elizabethan’s Obsession for an English America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
  354. DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300110548.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Accessible biography of imperial proponent Richard Hakluyt, explaining the historical context of his works and his intellectual contribution to the Tudor-Stuart Atlantic expansion, c. 1560–1600.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Pagden, Anthony. Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain, and France, c. 1500–c. 1800. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.
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  359. Argues that European Atlantic efforts were informed by medieval perceptions of Christian universal supremacy and classical theories of empire. The British and French diverged from Spanish perceptions of colonization, eschewing the language of conquest in preference for mundane methods of settlement. See especially chapter 3.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Williams, Robert A. The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
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  363. A detailed, general survey of British and colonial perceptions of indigenous peoples, c. 1500–1700, and how this led to justifications for sovereignty and empire.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Early Trade and Exploration
  366.  
  367. The early phase of Tudor and Stuart expansion—particularly in the 16th century—was a time of trade and exploration, as explained especially in Andrews 1984 (cited under General Overviews). The British learned about the wider world through a process of engaging in new economic opportunities, first in the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and Africa (Hair 1997), before looking more seriously at the Atlantic world. This desire for trade demanded accessible sea routes that would make the movement of goods and people possible and profitable, which resulted in various exploratory voyages (such as Francis Drake’s circumnavigation and the voyages of Martin Frobisher). These explorations gave the British significantly more knowledge about the world they would soon colonize. One way to learn about this early trade and exploration is through biography, as demonstrated in Kelsey 2003. Quinn 2003 and Rowse 1955 offer excellent general overviews of the process of early expansion, with Symons 1999 being a superior collection of essays about Frobisher’s northern activities. Brenner 1993, Chadhuri 1965, and Rabb 1967 emphasize the commercial aspects of this activity (still an understudied area for this time period), which would be a principal characteristic of the Atlantic world beyond 1690.
  368.  
  369. Brenner, Robert. Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London’s Overseas Traders, 1550–1653. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
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  371. This sociopolitical study argues that the increasingly powerful metropolitan and colonial trading communities became the chief architects in a national commercial policy that would later shape both empire and imperial relations.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Chadhuri, K. N. The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company, 1600–1640. London: Frank Cass, 1965.
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  375. A well-known study of the mercantile activity of the East India Company, whose charter and structure were later adopted by Atlantic trading companies. A good supplement is Chadhuri’s The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Hair, P. E. H. Africa Encountered: European Contacts and Evidence, 1450–1700. London: Variorum, 1997.
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  379. Discusses early English activity in Africa and the founding of the Royal African Company, which provides context for later encounters in West Africa and the Atlantic generally.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Kelsey, Harry. Sir John Hawkins: Queen Elizabeth’s Slave Trader. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
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  383. Lively and engaging account about England’s forays into the Atlantic slave trade in the 1560s, including the challenges associated with Anglo-Africa activities. See also Kelsey’s Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate (New Haven, CT, and London, 1998), an account of Drake’s life, including his privateering in the Caribbean and his circumnavigation, c. 1560–1600.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. The Jamestown Project. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2007.
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  387. Argues that Jamestown’s initial failures taught important lessons to other colonies, especially in New England, about how to make a colony work. The first half is a superior survey of the English activities in the wider world that taught key lessons to Jamestown’s colonial agents.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Quinn, David B. Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500–1625. London: Hambleton, 2003.
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  391. A collection of previously published essays by a preeminent authority on the early history of the discovery and colonization of America. Well supplemented with two other works from Quinn: England and the Discovery of America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), which is especially strong on the early Tudor period, and Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985).
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Rabb, Theodore K. Enterprise and Empire: Merchant and Gentry Investment in the Expansion of England, 1575–1630. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
  394. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674435179Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. A well-established work that maps the transition of the English economy from its insular roots to its key role in the expansion of the Atlantic world.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Rowse, A. L. The Expansion of Elizabethan England. New York: St. Martin’s, 1955.
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  399. Classic discussion of late-Tudor activity, especially strong on linkages with the important part played by Greater Britain (Ireland, Scotland, and Wales).
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Symons, Thomas H. B., ed. Meta Incognita: A Discourse of Discovery: Martin Frobisher’s Arctic Expeditions, 1576–78. 2 vols. Hull, QC: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1999.
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  403. Excellent collection of essays on Frobisher’s North Atlantic voyages, written by leading scholars.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Migration
  406.  
  407. In its first two centuries, the British Atlantic was principally populated by emigrants from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Scholars have long been interested in who migrated, where they went, and why. Did they go for religious, economic, or social reasons, or did they emigrate as indentured servants or transportees? One of the central conclusions of this literature is that British, and principally English, subjects brought with them key notions of liberty, society, law, and culture, which led to the emulation of traditions of the mother country throughout the Atlantic and helped lead to the success of the colonies. Allen 1981, Anderson 1991, and Cressy 1987 all examine migration to New England, while Fischer and Kelly 2000 looks at migration to Virginia. Ireland is the subject of Canny 1988, Macinnes and Williamson 2006 examines Scotland, and Games 2008 is a study of the wider world in which Britons interacted. Games 1999 is a model study that includes the lesser-known subject of migration to the Caribbean.
  408.  
  409. Allen, David Grayson. In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of English Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts in the Seventeenth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
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  411. Emphasizes the effort of colonists to recreate the English customs, practices, and institutions in New England, an effort that was successful but reflective of the differences of the American milieu.
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  413. Anderson, Virginia DeJohn. New England’s Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  414. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511811920Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Examines the mass movement of British subjects to New England, emphasizing, like Allen 1981, the type of society that developed out of this enterprise.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Canny, Nicholas. Kingdom and Colony: Ireland and the Atlantic World, 1566–1800. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
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  419. Discusses the colonization efforts in Elizabethan Ireland and the development of an ideology of migration from a dominant country to a plantation, which was later carried into the Atlantic world.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Cressy, David. Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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  423. Discusses the movement of peoples to New England, with particular emphasis on their continuing attachment to the homeland through regular correspondence on both sides of the Atlantic.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Fischer, David Hackett, and James C. Kelly. Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.
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  427. A study of migration to Virginia, including of Africa slaves, and the cultural legacy that resulted; provides a good contrast to the studies of migration to New England.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Games, Alison. Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
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  431. An examination of migration from London around 1635, emphasizing that this activity “secured England’s precarious Atlantic empire.” Especially valuable for tracing the lives of migrants once they arrived in the colonies, and with a greater circum-Atlantic focus than most studies.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Games, Alison. The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  434. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335545.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Shows the global nature of English travel and migration experiences during the age of expansion, which allowed Britain to change from a weak, insular kingdom on the margins of Europe to a nation on the verge of expanding into the world’s largest empire.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Macinnis, Allan I., and Arthur H. Williamson, eds. Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2006.
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  439. A disparate collection of essays that emphasize, among other themes, the movement and activities of Scottish subjects into the Atlantic world, as well as intercolonial and international connections.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Literary Treatments
  442.  
  443. Literary scholars, and less frequently historians, have examined the extent to which the rhetoric and language present in Tudor and Stuart exploration narratives were intended to encourage imperial action and assisted in the development of a mindset that offered critical intellectual foundations of empire. Armitage 1998 and Helgerson 1992 are good introductions to the subject by showing the functions (and limitations) literature could provide the empire, especially its ability to encourage action through carefully constructed rhetoric. Several other works reveal how this function was carried out in various literary works and genres (Bach 2000, Fuller 1995, Hart 2001, Knapp 1992, Moran 2006, Ogburn 2007, Read 2000). Another useful literary approach will be found in several chapters of Fitzmaurice 2003 (cited under Ideology and Empire).
  444.  
  445. Armitage, David. “Literature and Empire.” In The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Vol. 1 of The Oxford History of the British Empire. Edited by Nicholas Canny, 99–123. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  446. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205623.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. Provides a good overview of the literature of empire, emphasizing the rhetorical function this literature could serve in encouraging action.
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  449. Bach, Rebecca Ann. Colonial Transformations: The Cultural Production of the New Atlantic World, 1580–1640. New York: Palgrave, 2000.
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  451. Shows how British expansion into the Atlantic world (including Ireland) resulted in transforming both England and its Atlantic enterprise into an “imperial culture.”
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Fuller, Mary C. Voyages in Print: English Travel to America, 1576–1624. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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  455. Argues that, to be successful, printed writings had to be both accurate descriptive narratives and documents that defended and advocated transatlantic expansion, especially when results failed to meet expectations.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Hart, Jonathan. Representing the New World: The English and French Uses of the Example of Spain. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
  458. DOI: 10.1057/9780312299200Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Provides analysis of key English, French, and Spanish expansionist writings dating from 1492 to 1713, with the purpose of showing how rhetoric and language served to justify and entrench Atlantic activities.
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  461. Helgerson, Richard. Forms of Nationhood: The Elizabethan Writing of England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
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  463. A well-regarded examination of various literary genres in England, including travel narratives, that helped to unite the British nation and encouraged Britons to begin thinking of a wider imperial enterprise. See especially chapter 4.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Knapp, Jeffrey. An Empire Nowhere: England, America, and Literature from Utopia to The Tempest. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
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  467. Shows how, at least through the lens of literature, England deliberately eschewed a rapacious and acquisitive example of empire, such as that characteristic of Europe, and instead developed a model of empire that was less material and more honorable.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Moran, Michael G. Inventing Virginia: Sir Walter Raleigh and the Rhetoric of Colonization, 1584–1590. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.
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  471. Examines key texts associated with the Roanoke voyages under the auspices of Ralegh, emphasizing the communicative strategies and rhetorical methods used to persuade an Elizabethan audience of Ralegh’s views on colonization.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Ogburn, Miles. Indian Ink: Script and Print in the Making of the English East India Company. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
  474. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226620428.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Investigates the forms of reading, writing, and publishing that encouraged expansion and economic development in British Asia, and that offered important lessons and correctives to the developing Atlantic world.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Read, David. Temperate Conquests: Spenser and the Spanish New World. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2000.
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  479. Examines Spenser’s Faerie Queene through the lens of contemporary colonial activity, demonstrating how the allegory was intended to make colonization “plausible and pleasing” to an English audience.
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  481. Imperial Relations
  482.  
  483. The question of whether or not the “imperial center” in Britain—the Crown, privy council, and other metropolitan institutions—was much interested or involved in Tudor and Stuart Atlantic affairs has been long debated. This issue is important because it reflects the constitutional relationship between the metropolitan center and the colonial peripheries, one that would later be challenged throughout much of the British Atlantic world. Most historians, including Bliss 1990, Greene 1986, Sosin 1980, Stanwood 2011, and Webb 1984 tend to see a minimally interventionist and disinterested central authority until around 1670, after which the Atlantic was more systematically governed by the imperial center, culminating in the establishment of the enduring Board of Trade in 1696. Some historians push this date earlier, with MacMillan 2006, MacMillan 2011, and Mancke 2002 arguing that the Crown had been involved since about 1578 when sovereignty was at issue. Pestana 2004 sees imperial control being established in the 1650s.
  484.  
  485. Bliss, Robert M. Revolution and Empire: English Politics and the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1990.
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  487. Emphasizes how key political events in Britain impacted the colonies, which explains the increase in imperial governance, especially after the Restoration.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Greene, Jack P. Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607–1788. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
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  491. Argues that, for economic and political reasons, the imperial center had little ability to exert its authority in the peripheries, which resulted in a nominal and negotiated relationship that presaged a federal constitution.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. MacMillan, Ken. Sovereignty and Possession in the English New World: The Legal Foundations of Empire, 1576–1640. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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  495. Demonstrates that the Tudor and early Stuart Crown used a variety of means to assert sovereignty over the Atlantic world from the outset, which helped to gain the recognition of other European Atlantic powers and established a legal relationship between center and periphery.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. MacMillan, Ken. The Atlantic Imperial Constitution: Center and Periphery in the English Atlantic World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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  499. Demonstrates that although the English Crown generally preferred a noninterventionist approach to imperial oversight, it became involved when the king’s sovereignty, the rights of subject, or the needs of state were at stake.
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  501. Mancke, Elizabeth. “Negotiating an Empire: Britain and Its Overseas Peripheries, c. 1550–1780.” In Negotiated Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500–1820. Edited by Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy, 267–282. New York: Routledge, 2002.
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  503. Shows how the central government, though perhaps minimally interventionist in the colonies, was nonetheless crucially involved in Anglo-European and intracolonial negotiations for empire.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Pestana, Carla Gardina. The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
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  507. The only book-length study of the English Atlantic during the interregnum, which shows the importance of the midcentury English revolution to the religious and constitutional development of the Atlantic world.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Sosin, J. M. English America and the Restoration Monarchy of Charles II: Transatlantic Politics, Commerce, and Kinship. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. The first in a trilogy of works (including English America and the Revolution of 1688: Royal Administration and the Structure of Provincial Government [1982] and English America and Imperial Inconstancy: The Rise of Provincial Autonomy, 1696–1715 [1985]) that map the problematic nature of imperial governance from 1660 onward, resulting, by the Hanoverian era, in systematic oversight.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Stanwood, Owen. The Empire Reformed: English America in the Age of the Glorious Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
  514. DOI: 10.9783/9780812205480Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. Argues that the politics of the Glorious Revolution was initially seen as an opportunity for the colonies to decentralize, although events such as war with France and the rampant fear of Catholicism united the colonies together into a “new form of imperialism.”
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Webb, Stephen Saunders. 1676: The End of American Independence. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1984.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Argues for a putative “end of American independence” in the aftermath of Bacon’s Rebellion, which paved the way for greater imperial control thereafter. Well supplemented by Webb’s much-debated Governors-General: The English Army and the Definition of the Empire, 1519–1681 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979).
  520. Find this resource:
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