Bicameral Legislature	A legislature divided into two houses.
Articles of Confederation	first constitution of the US creating an association of states with weak central government
Federalism	The sharing of power between federal and state governments
Northwest Territory	Huge amount of land owned by the federal government. Divided into 10 equal states, given away to settlers, then taxed in an attempt to pay off the nation's debt.
Shay's Rebellion	1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention.
James Madison	author of constitution, 4th president
Virginia plan	The proposal at the constitutional convention that called for representation of each state in congress in proportion to the states share of the US population.
New Jersey Plan	Called for a unicameral legislature in which each state would be equally represented.
Great compromise	Create House of Representatives and the senate
Three-Fifths Compromise	A temporary resolution to the controversy over slavery, this agreement allowed slaveholding states to count each slave as three-fifths of a person for purposes of congressional representation
Bill of Rights	the first ten amendments
Popular sovereignty	People are the source of the governments power
Checks and Balances	each branch has certain powers with which it can check the operations of the other two
Federalist party	wanted a strong government and supported industry and trade
The Democratic-Republican Party	"1. Emphasized states' rights.
2. ""Strict"" interpretation of the Constitution.
3. Preference for agriculture and rural life.
4. Strength in South and West.
5.  Weaker Central government"
tariff	Import tax
Capital	Money
Cotton- Gin	a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers
TransportationRevolution	A   period in United States' history when transportation became cheaper and more efficient. Many canals, roads, and railroads were built at this time.
Industrialization	the application of technology to efficiently mass produce goods
Immigration	individuals entering a population by leaving another population
War of 1812 (1812-1815)	Fought between Britain and the U.S. largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.
Hartford Convention	"* Connecticut
* Federalists from New England were mad about the War of 1812
* secede threat
* the end of the Federalists party"
Nationalism	The belief that people should be loyal to their nation.
Judicial Review	The power of the court to determine something constitutional or unconstitutional
boom/bust	words used to describe healthy (booming) economy or one that is slow (bust)
The Missouri Compromise	admitted missouri to the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory.
Andrew Jackson	#NAME?
Suffrage	The right to vote
Spoils System	Awarding government jobs to political supporters and friends.
Indian Removal	Push Natives out, even those who adopted white ways. Pushing farther towards the Mississippi River. Take over and acquire Native land.Â
John C. Calhoun	Secretary of war under Monroe from South Carolina and vice president under Quincy Adams and Jackson; leading exponent of states' rights
Nullification	The right of the state to cancel a federal law it considered unconstitutional
Whig Party	A national political coalition formed to oppose the Jacksonian Democrats
John Marshall	A Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who was a Federalist
Manifest destiny	The view that it was fated that the United States should expand its borders from coast to coast
Oregon Trail	Trail across the United States, from Missouri to Oregon.
Annexation of Texas	"-In 1845 the US annexed the Republic of Texas and admitted it to the Union as the 28th state.
Led to the Spanish American War"
James Polk	Expansionist President of US, promised to annex Texas if elected, signs act that creates Texas as the 28th state, Democratic President
Mexican/ American war	"* disputes over the border of texas
* polk sends troops to defend land
* mexican american war 1846
* mexico defeated in Texas quickly
* troops go in mexico 1847
*  U.S. gets texas, california, nevade, new mexico, arizona parts of colorado"
California Gold Rush	Gold found in California caused many miners and settlers to go out west
Wilmot Proviso	Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Failed.
Compromise of 1850	#NAME?
Fugitive Slave Act	A law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would end up returned into bondage
Popular Sovereignty	* principle allowing people of a territory to decide whether to ban or permit slavery
Second Great Awakening	a Christian religious revival movement which expressed that every person could be saved through revivals
public school movement	sought to establish a system of tax-supported public schools
Temperance Movement	a social movement urging reduced, and prohibited use of alcoholic beverages
Abolitionism	People that are against slavery
Who is William Lloyd Garrison?	Founder of famous abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator"Â
Seneca Falls Convention	Meeting in New York where women made an appeal based on the Declaration of Independence
Free-Soil Party	An anti-slavery idea that was less opposed to the institution of slavery that it was to the extension of slavery into the United States' Western territiories.Â
Personal Liberty Laws	Laws that forbade state officials or private citizens to assist federal courts in enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act. They also tried to guarantee protection and a fair trial to runaways.Â
Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 law that divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska giving each territory the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery
John Brown	Abolitionist who violently fought to assert his views
Republican Party	 An antislavery party and consisted of former Northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats.
Dred Scott	Slave who sued for his freedom after living in a free state Unsuccessful
                                                                                       Lincoln-Douglas Debates    	                                                                                       - A bunch of debates between Stephen Douglas and Lincoln in Illinois during the 1858 Illinois senate election. Lincoln was the underdog, but he could stand and argue toe-to-toe with Douglas.
anaconda plan	plan set forth by the north to cut off supplies to the south
Contraband	Weapons and other articles used to fight war
Emancipation Proclamation	outlaws slavery in the US
conscription/ draft	Forced men of a certain age to go to war
Copperhead Party	"* Northern Democratic faction
* opposed the Civil War

* sympathized with the South"
habeas corpus	the right to be charged or have a hearing before being jailed
Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg	The two battles were turning points in the war. Lee's defeat in Gettysburg crippled the Confederate army from future operations. The capture of Vicksburg led by General Ulysses Grant, gave the Union army control of the whole Mississippi River.
Total War	"- Type of war in which an army destroys its opponents ability to fight by targeting military as well as civilian and economic resourcesÂ
- Massive civilian casualties and economic damage."
Gettysburg Adress	Speech by LincolnÂ
13, 14, 15 Amendments	"13th= Abolished slavery
14th= Granted citizenship

15th= Cant prevent citizen right to vote based of race"
Radical Republicans	A group of republicans in the U.S. Congress who pushed through the adoption of black suffrage as well as an extended period of military occupation of the South following the Civil War
Freedmen's Burea	primitive welfare agency, give food, clothing, medical care, education and was headed by Oliver O. Howard
Sharecropping	Labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers' crop.
disenfranchisement	deprivation of the right to vote
Gilded Age	* term applied to the late 19th century American that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of that period
industrialization	process of developing machine made goods
Ellis Island	gateway for immigrants, checked for criminality and health.
Push and pull factors	Factors that pulled immigrants to the Us or pushed them away from there home to the US
nativism	prejudice against foreign-born people
Urbanization	Urbanization is the movement of the people to cities.
Suburbs	residential areas that came up around cities & improved transportation
Tenements	"apartments with whole families living in one room (often 5-6 people)

* not ideal, health concerns, little privacy, low hygiene, poor waste management
* air pollution from factories, smog
* High amount of drug use and prostitiution"
mass culture	a commercial culture, mass produced for mass consumption by mass media.
Corporations	companies that sell shares of ownership, called stock, to investors in order to raise money.
Monopolies/Trusts	"Big business's way to gain control of the market
Eliminate competition and control prices"
Horizontal Integration/Vertical integration	#NAME?
Andrew Carnegie	"Extremely rich steel company owner.
Vertical Integration"
John D. Rockefeller	"Oil rich man.
Horizontal Integration"
Sherman Anti-Trust Act	1890 law. Banned trusts and monopolies, an attempt to reign in big businesses.Â
Knights of Labor	First Labor Union
American Federation of Labor	Union representing skilled laborers
Haymarket Affar	Protest that started off peacefully. A bomb went off and killed people which hurt the cause of the protest.
Homestead and Pullman Strikes	"conflict between labor unions and railroads.
 result was a setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers."
Corruption	Any scheme in which a person uses his or herinfluence in a business transaction to obtain an unauthorized benefit contraryto that person’s duty to his or her employer.
Indian Wars	Indians fightong against westward moving settlers.
Indian boarding schools	manual schools that taught academics, as well as trades.Â
The "Ghost Dance" and the Battle of Wounded Knee	"* Wovoka (a prophet) led a dance believed to be for the coming of the messiah

* This threatened whites, and resulted in a massacre of Indians by the 7th cavalry at Wounded Knee"
Dawes Act	End tribal ownership of land and assign them land allotments
booker t washington	Representative of the last generation of black American leaders born in slavery, he spoke on behalf of the large majority of blacks who lived in the South but had lost their ability to vote through disfranchisement by southern legislatures.
W.E.B. Dubois 	African- American leader
Populism	"* The movement of the people.
* Created to give a voice to farmers, and to give them a voice in DC."
Muckraking	A new form of investigative reporting for journalist
Temperance	abstinence from alcohol
Political reforms of progressive age	Direct primaries: people vote for whom they want to run; not appointed
Women's Suffrage	Giving women the right to vote
Theodore Roosevelt	"Progressive era Republican president
Big stick diplomacy"
Trust busting	A term that referred to President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of prosecuting monopolies, that violated federal antitrust law.
Woodrow Wilson	Democrat president during WW1
Minority Rights	Guarantees rights to those who do not belong to the majority.
Imperalism	"the policy of extending one country’s rule over



 many other lands"
Darwinism and social darwinism	"~using genetic heredity as an explanation for social success and failure
- encouraged racism"
Yellow Journalism	A kind of writing that exaggerates news to shock and attract readers.
guerrilla warfare	small bands of fighters who stage hit-and-run attacks against a larger power
What was the open Door Policy?	anyone could go into China, carve up equally, and take resources
Spanish-American War	A fight for Cuba's independence
Gentlemen's Agreement	"-1908, Japan agreed to halt further emigration to the US and US agreed to end discrimination against Japanese already in US
-Not easily enforce, anti-immigrant sentiment continued"
great white fleet 	US navy sent on voyage around world, by Teddy Roosevelt to show US military strength
Platt Amendment	US forced Cubans to write their own Constitution, called the Platt Amendment, in case someone tried to take over them. Couldn't make treaties/acquire a huge debt. Said that the US could intervene with troops to bring order/protection.
Big Stick Diplomacy	Using American military power to fortify the diplomatic policies of the United States
Dollar Diplomacy	Foreign policy of the Taft administration focused on advancing American commercial interests abroad, a policy some called “dollar diplomacy.” America gave loans to foreign countries to open up foreign markets.
Moral Diplomacy	Woodrow Wilson's statement that US would not use force to assert influence in the world but would work to promote human rights
Roosevelt Corollary	An extension to the Monroe Doctrine tha states  that The United States will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.
Neutrality	Refusal to take sides in a war between other countries
Lusitania	A German submarine/U-boat, sank the British liner  off the Irish Coast. 1,198 lives including 128 Americans were lost. This event aroused an anti-German sentiment and motivated a "neutral" America to join the war. It did not directly cause the US to enter the war, but it fueled the fire.
Zimmermann Note	Germany would offer Mexico the territory it had lost (Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico) in return for Mexico's alliance. This was a cause for Americans to go into war.Â
Fourteen Points	The peace plan to end WWI and restructure the countries of Europe, proposed by Woodrow Wilson.-
Espionage and Sedition Acts 	two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. gov't for its participation in WWI
Committee on Public information (creel committee)	Group to get US behind war effort and support the war, advertising, movies, and news was reviewed before out to the public
Treaty of Versailles	Blamed WW1 on Germany and forced them to pay reperations
League of Nations	Intergovernmental organization founded at Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI; first international organization founded with goal to promote peace
Flappers	Women who “bobbed” or cut their hair shorter, wore shorter skirts, and acted rebellious toward stereotypes.
Scopes Trial	Fundamentalism vs Evolution. Scope made a mockery of the Bible
prohibition	a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1993.
Great Migration	"Blacks begin to celebrate their own identity and

Leave the south because of job opportunities in the North"
Marcus Garvey	"* Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association
* Garveyism identified w/:
* black pride
* black economic development
* black nationalism
* pan-Africanism   Proponent of the Back to Africa movement"
Harlem Renaissance	Blossoming of African-American culture
Calvin Coolidge	"Becomes the President when Harding has a heart attack and dies in 1923.
Silent Cal."
Republican economic policies under Harding	Hoped to encourage that the gov actively assist business along the path of profits
Causes of the Depression	Much debt, stock prices spiraling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S.
Effects of the Depression	"Unemployment
Smaller families

Stagnant economy"
Dust Bowl	"Area of the southern great plains affected by environmental disaster



*Caused by drought, overgrazing and overplowing."
Herbert Hoover	#NAME?
"Trickle Down" Economics	#NAME?
Bonus Army	"-Bonus Army

  →WW1 veterans were promised a bonus in 1945 by Congress

  →By 1931, many veterans needed the bonus NOW!

  →Hoover vetoed bill

  →Veterans marched @ D.C.

  →Hoover ordered General Douglas MacArthur and federal troops to remove the   Â

     veterans

  →DOOMED HOOVER"
The New Deal/Second New Deal	A system of government plans to give people jobs.
First Hundred Days:	many laws design to fight the depression were passedÂ
Franklin D. Roosevelt	"President during the depression and WW1.
New Deal."
Court Packing	Roosevelt wants to choose multiple justices by adding seats in the Supreme Court
Rise of Totalitarianism	A system in which the state & its leader have nearly total control
Pearl Harbor	"-1941, the U.S. naval base in Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes, killing more than 2,400 people and destroying a good portion of America's fleet.

 -Led US into WWII

- 150 planes destroyed, and the idea of isolationism was done for."
War on the Home Front	#NAME?
Japanese Internment 	* forced relocation of all Japanese Americans on the west coast to various centers in the Western United States
Battle of Midway	"-US destroyed Japan’s naval strength when taking down four of its aircraft carriers.

 -victories allowed for american forces to launch campaigns, turning point of the war`"
D-Day	"- June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

- Paris is liberated"
Atomic Bombings	bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan to force them to surrender
Iron Curtain	*  A term coined by  British Leader Winston Churchill during the Cold War that separated Western Europe with the Soviet power
Truman Doctrine	Offered aid to people struggling to threats to democratic freedoms.
NATO/WarsawPact	"NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, to defend Western Europe against any Soviet threat
Warsaw Pact- forces neighbors to follow policies"
Korean War	North Korea under Kim Il-Sung invaded South Korea, hoping to unite it under the Communist banner. America sends troops to help South Korea, but China intervened and aided North Korea.
Mutually assured destruction (MAD)	Each side can destroy each other and both sides know it; choice is made to not engage in suicidal war. This is the reason there has not been nuclear war
Space Race and Sputnik	"competition for superiority in outerspace

Sputnik was the first artificial satelite to be put in orbit around earth by Soviet Union"
Second Red scare (McCarthyism)	Using growing concern of communism to gain power- Republican senator from Wisconsin. Made political accusations without any documentations.
Vietminh and Vietcong	"Vietminh-north (Minh)
Vietcong-south (Diem)"
Gulf of Tonkin/ Tonkin Resolution	*  Gave the president authority to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack   against the forces of the United States and to                       prevent further aggression.” BLANK CHECK
Agent Orange, Napalm	"-a chemical substance that killed plants so Soldiers couldn't hide in the jungle



-Jelly gasoline that burns when in contact with oxygen"
Credibility Gap	What President Johnson/ Gov was saying and what public believedÂ
anti-war movement	protest to American involvement in the Vietnam War
Tet Offensive	Series of major attacks by the VC and NV on every city in South vietnam. This attack was what showed the US that NV had no intention of backing off. It was politically good for the NV, byt morally bad
Vietnamization	"Under President Nixon, withdrew American troops and replacing them with S Viet forces while maintaining military aid to S Viet

-Vietnamizaion failed when S Viet troops proved unable to resist invation by Soviet-supplied N Viet army and Nixon was forced from Watergate scandal

-1975 N and S Viet merged under communist control"
My Lai	"massacre n 1968 where American trips killed 350 South Vietnamese civilians
-The Times later posting the Pentagon Paper that ended up tracing American involvement with Vietnam in World War II and revealed how much presidents had mislead Americans"
Pentagon Papers	"Meant to be top secret, leaked to NY times. Nixon got injunction but Supreme Court ruled they must be released. History of US involvement in Vietnam.
Showed how much the government had lied to its people."
War Powers Act	In November 1973, Congress passed this act, which stipulated that a president must inform Congress within 48 hours of sending forces into a hostile area without a declaration of war.
Sit-ins, SNCC	"*    Sit-ins were a form of civil disobedience in which activists sit down somewhere in violation of a law or policy in order to challenge discriminatory practices or laws.
*    The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was established in Raleigh, NC"
Freedom rides	These were taken by civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United states to test the US Supreme Court
March on Washington	"Wanted to push Congress into passing civil rights laws
Site of ""I have a dream"" speech"
1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964	The law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination.
mississippi freedom summer project	"sign up voters and teach black kids to end segregation
organized by SNCC

voting registration drive"
voting rights act of 1975	include the rights for language minorities, bilingual ballots and oral assistanceÂ
Malcom X	Leader who became a member of the Nation of Islam, advocated self-discipline, self-respect, and rejected integration.Â
Black Panthers	A political party, founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, to fight police brutality in the ghetto
second wave-feminism	Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's rights to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)	a proposed and failed amendment to the U.S. consititution that would have prohibited any government discrimination on the basis of sex
Cesar chavez and UFW	latino immigrant. organized union famr workers, help migratory fram workders gain better pay and working conditions- pesticides on grapes- boycott grapes
Native American Land Rights	"* land for everyone
* rights were temporary"
Culture in 1960s	big push for civil and women's rights, ending segregation, ethnic identity and pride with people of color
Cuban Missile Crisis	"* Cubans, under Commie Castro ask USSR for protection

* USSR plan to put nuclear missiles on Cuba
* JFK responds w/ naval quarantine around Cuba,

* result: USSR & US agree that USSR will not put missiles if US doesn't invade Cuba"
John F. Kennedy (JFK)	President beloved by the American people.  Peace Corps, "best and brightest," Space Race
Lyndon B. Johnson	President during the Vietnam war
Great Society	LBJ's reform bill.education, medical care, immigration reform, and a new voting rights bill
war on poverty	"medicare, job training, rebuild inner cities.
Proposed by Johnson"
Medicare/Medicaid	"Medicare: ALL SENIORS coverage
Medicaid: All under poverty line can have medical care: Lots of money for 3 big killers: Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke."
Richard Nixon/ watergate	A  political scandal  during the 1970s in the United States resulting from the break-in of the  Democratic National Committee  headquarters at the  Watergate office complex  in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement.
Oil Embargo, 1973	OPEC (Middle-Eastern Countries) placed an embargo on oil headed to the US because Arab-Israel War (because we supported Israel). Oil and gas prices went through the roof, leading to a lot of money for the Texas oil companies. US economy went into a recession including gasoline rationing
Stagflation	high inflation and high unemployment
Iran Hostage Crisis	"During Carters presidency
-the Shah (US Ally) disliked by iranians, revolted against him

-carter took him in US for cancer treatment, revolutionariesUS embassy tehran hostage (52 americans)

-trade Shah for Americans

-hostage until reagan pres. 444 days"
Ronald Reagan	"President of the US from 1981-1989.
Supported anti-communist movements worldwide, ordered a massive arms buildup in the arms race with the USSR. He ended up negotiating with Gorbachev to reduce all the nuclear arsenals and bring an end to the Cold War."
End of the Cold War	USSR falls apart
Persian Gulf War/Gulf War	It was a war  in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of the State of Kuwait. It began with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops in 1990.
Bill Clinton	"Democrat, trade agreements (GATT, WTO, NAFTA)


improved economy,  highest end-of-office  approval rating  of any U.S. president since World War II"