2016-09-20 TOEFL: word roots, medicine vocabulary

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-smart-are-orangutans-lu-gao
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Homework: DELTA book p. 20-22 (questions 1-10) (bring your book tomorrow)
1 A - “Each tissue system is continuous throughout the plant’s body.”
2 C - “a single layer of cells covering the entire body of the plant”
3 D - “makes up the bulk of a plant” (bulk = majority, in this case)
4 B - “Because of the rising demand for cotton from the mills of England”
5 A - “the North, where farming was becoming more mechanized and diversified”
6 C - “The economic differences between the two regions would ultimately lead to armed conflict”
7 B - “the most playful...are also the most intelligent and sociable”
8 C - “the most playful--such as dolphins and monkeys”
9 D - “A kitten that grows up separated from other kittens becomes both a social misfit and a poor hunter”
10 B - “They recognize these patterns as being playful, even though the same signals in adult life may have a more serious meaning.”
tissue (in biology) = a group of cells of one type that perform a particular function
antebellum = before the (American Civil) war
littermates = other animals in the same litter
	litter = a group of animals born from the same mother at the same time
zygote = the cell formed immediately after a sperm cell fertilizes an egg
	(monozygotic and dizigotic describe the two types of twins)
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Word Roots 2 handout - With a partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
1 cert = sure
2 chrom = color (achromatic = without color; a- = without)
3 chron = time (‘ch’ sounds like /k/ in both of these roots)
4 circum = around
5 claim/clam = shout
6 clar = clear
7 cline = lean
8 co = with/together - this is the productive prefix that modern English uses to make new words
9 col = with/together
10 com = with/together
11 cogni = know/think
12 con = with/together
13 contra = against
   (cor = with/together, as in “corroborate”)
14 corp = body
15 cred = believe
16 crypto = secret/hidden (cryptography = secret writing, which in modern English means writing in code)
17 de = down
18 dem/demo = people (demonym = the name for a group of people, such as “Bostonian”)
19 di = two
20 dict = say
21 domin = master (note that the adjective is “dominant”, while the verb is “dominate”)
22 don = give
23 duct = lead
24 dyna = power/energy
25 dys = bad
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Note: word roots often have several spellings with the same meaning
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=com-
coauthor, collaborate, compose, connect, corroborate - these all come from the Latin root “com-” = with
inactive, impossible, irresponsible, illegal - these all come from “in-” = not
inhale, impress, irradiate, illuminate - these come from “in-” = into
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Medicine and Healthcare Vocabulary (handout)
Look at the list of words. What roots do you notice?
prescribe = before-write - the thing a doctor writes before you take the medicine
antibiotic = against-life - a chemical that will kill unwanted living things, such as bacteria
Sometimes roots don’t help much: a procedure isn’t really a “going-foward”, it’s a specific set of steps someone takes to do something
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Handout p. 29 - complete all three exercises
A
1 d
2 c
3 g
4 e
5 a
6 b (HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which causes AIDS = Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
7 f (E. coli = very common gut bacteria that can cause infections if there are too many, the wrong kind, or they’re in a place they shouldn’t be)
B
1 b
2 a
3 b
4 c
5 a
6 c
7 b
C - You will need to use different forms for some of the words
1 a persistent
  b bacteria
  c antibiotics
2 a interpret
  b diagnose
  c prescribe
3 a advances
  b treatment
  c infection
4 a monitor
  b side effects
  c modify
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p. 30-31 - Read the passage and answer the five questions.
1 C
2 A
3 B
4 A
5 A