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  905. "content": "$ Nanotechnology is the study and using the small structures in the size between 0.1 nanometers to 100 nanometers[1, 2]. Nano is the Greek word for prefix “dwarf”. Materials and devices with special properties can be prepared by nanotechnology by treating of individual atoms, molecules, or compounds into structures[3]. Nanotechnology andg nanoscience have been applied in several subjects, for example, health and medicine, energy and environment, Filtration, communication, and computer electronics[4]. Nanoscience is a versatile subject which can be gathering researchers from different fields such as physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology[5, 6]. Electrospinning is an extremely versatile and the most promising technique for producing nanofibers[7, 8]. Electrospinning technique was first remarked by Rayleigh in 1897 and Zeleny in early 1900 investigated in details, it patented by Formhals in 1934 [9, 10]. 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Spun nanofibers also offer several characteristics such as an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio due to their small diameters, nanofiber mats can be highly porous with excellent pore interconnection, the ability to control the nanofiber composition to achieve the desired results from its properties and functionality[7, 16]. Due to their characteristics, nanofibers are an ideal for a variety of high-value applications including protective textiles, filtration, biomedicine (including tissue engineering, implants, membranes, and drug delivery), photovoltaic cells, optical and chemical sensors, wound dressings, nanocatalysis, defense and security, and Sensors[17-19]. Currently, electrospinning and the resulting nanofibers are not the only concern in research laboratories but many companies from all over the world have started industrial-scale productions of electrospun nanofibers for various applications[20]. There are other techniques that polymeric nanofibers can be fabricated such as drawing, template synthesis, self-assembly, and phase separation[21, 22]. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) is polyester, which is formed from esters monomers by condensation polymerization reaction. Ester monomers can be formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol[23]. PET becomes the most common polyester for food and liquid packaging[24]. Non-woven nanofiber mat (NFM) has been successfully produced from PET polymer with trifluoroacetic acid by electrospinning technique[25]. Before electrospinning, most of the polymers are dissolved in solvents, and after its totally dissolved will form polymer solution[26]. A simple electrospinning component consists of high voltage, syringe pump, spinneret (solution contained syringe attached witfgfh a metallic needle), and collector plate[27-29]. Plastic bottles have been widely used for water drinking packaging in all over the world, which is produced from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET has been expanded due to many advantages such as chemical resistance, excellent tensile strength, reasonable thermal stability, and its inexpensive cost[30, 31]. Because of an extensively using of PET, management of PET waste become a serious issue as it is non-degradable plastic in the natural environment and causing environmental pollution after using. The importance of PET recycling is going to be more and more, especially in recent years, due to mentioned issues[32]. Different parameters can influence nanofibers in electrospinning such as intrinsic properties of the polymeric solution, operational parameters, and surrounding conditions. Intrinsic properties, for instance, polymer solution concentration, Viscosity, surface tension, and solvent have been influenced by the nanofibrous membrane morphology. 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  3822. "content": "Obtained SEM micro graphs of electrospun nanofiber morphology in Fig [3] shows different results between runs (designed by Taguchi method) in surface smoothness, the number of beads, uniformity of nanofibers diameter and its average. Correspondingly the results are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively; the surface smoothness, formation of beads and nanofiber uniformity in diameter are counted as qualitative justifications for fiber morphology, then quantitative ones are established on fiber diameter and S/N ratio. Fig. (2) shows the FTIR spectrum of wasted PET been fabricated by electrospinning. Functional groups of electrospun PET nano-fiber mats were determined at specific peaks, as illustrated at 1719cm-1 the (–C=O) carbonyl group was stretched, aromatic and aliphatic –C-H bond was determined to be at 2957 cm-1 and 2887 cm-1 respectively, and 1409 cm-1 bending of –C-H bond, while 726 cm-1 was the waging of aromatic hydrocarbon. A clear sharp peak of -C-O asymmetry figured at 1261 cm-1. Fig (4) shows the frequency contribution diagram for the SEM micro graphs (analyzed by IMAGEJ 1.48v) in the diameter range of 50-1000 nm. The corresponding fiber diameter average incorporated with its standard divisions have been illustrated in Table (3). On the overall scale, a random distribution is evident in most mat samples due to stand-alone mesh collector with little fiber alignment control. However, a quick look at SEM micro graphs, it can be easily seen that first three runs has smaller fibers compared to the following runs."
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  5346. "content": "Four factors of PET such as concentration, feed rate, the distance of needle-to-tip, and the voltage at three different levels were mentioned as the sum squares SA, SB, SC, and SD, respectively. C.F stay constant for all factors and which is the correction factor. All sums of squares are calculated by the correction factor(C.F)."
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  5352. "sourceLatex": "\\begin{array}{l}S_A\\;=\\frac{A_5^2}3+\\frac{A_{10}^2}3+\\frac{A_{15}^2}3-C.F\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(2)\\\\S_B=\\;\\frac{B_{0.5}^2}3+\\frac{B_1^2}3+\\frac{B_2^2}3-\\;C.F\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(3)\\\\S_C=\\frac{C_{10}^2}3+\\frac{C_{13}^2}3+\\frac{C_{15}^2}3-\\;C.F\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(4)\\\\S_D=\\frac{D_9^2}3+\\frac{D_{12}^2}3+\\frac{D_{15}^2}3-\\;C.F\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(5)\\end{array}",
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  5358. "content": "Where i is the number of factors (i = 4 for this study). "
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  5370. "content": "Optimum combination factors identified by using a ” smaller the better” characteristic formula to minimize the fiber diameter and its variation in electrospun PET nanofibers as given below:"
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