2017-06-29 Grammar: participial adjectives

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 152 exercise 3 - Complete the sentences with the adjectives in the correct order.
2 really useful
3 bright purple flannel
4 pretty new French
5 original plastic
6 useless and incredibly ugly antique
  incredibly ugly and useless antique (it is incredibly ugly and incredibly useless)
7 plenty of expensive brand-new brightly colored European
8 (over-crowded) little dark (over-crowded) bedroom
9 nice handmade Italian
10 nice new
11 poor old
12 terrible, frightening
   frightening, terrible (or with “and”)
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“More fundamental” adjectives go later, so we can say “American black bear” instead of “black American bear” to mean a specific species of black bear.
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Some combinations of adjectives simply don’t happen:
good little car (OK)
big bad wolf (OK - even though it appears to break the “rule” of opinion before size)
bad little man (OK)
*good big / *big good (NOT OK)
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p. 153 - participle modifiers (also participial adjectives)
There are two participles in English:
present = verb+ing (It’s the same form as the gerund, but they are used differently in sentences.)
past = “third form”, -ed form for regular verbs
p. 155 - Meanings of present and past participle modifiers
The teacher is bored because the students are boring.
The teacher is boring, so the students are bored.

present = cause (The boring movie causes audiences to feel bored.)
past = effect

present = agent (the one who does the action)
past = receiver (also called “patient”) of the action

The loving mother loves her children.
The well-loved mother is loved by her children.
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p. 155 exercise 6 - Complete the sentences with the correct participles.
1 a confused
  b confusing
2 a disappointing
  b disappointed
3 a Frightened
  b Frightening
4 a satisfying
  b satisfied
5 a interested
  b interesting
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We can add many different words to participle modifiers:
- nouns identify the agent (for past participles) or receiver (for present participles)
	a man-eating tiger = the tiger eats men (people)
	a flea-bitten tog = the dog is bitten by fleas
- adverbs show how the verb is done
	a fast-moving train = a train that moves fast
	a well-known author = an author who is known well
	barely concealed dislike = dislike that is barely concealed (usually no hyphen after -ly)
- adjectives can go with participles for linking verbs
	a lethal-looking sword = a sword that looks lethal
	a bad-smelling medicine = a medicine that smells bad
We can also do this with body parts, even though those aren’t verbs
	a three-legged table = a table with three legs
	a cold-hearted witch = a witch with a cold heart
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p. 158 exercise 8 - Complete the sentences with compound participle modifiers.
1 death-defying
2 store-bought (bought at the store, not by the store)
3 weight-reducing
4 well-trained
5 love-starved (starved for love, not by love)
6 handheld
7 long-haired
8 time-consuming