2015-02-20 Structure: modals test, ch 16

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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could / may / might / may not / might not = this thing is possible, but I'm not sure. There are other possibilities. I won't be surprised if I'm wrong.

must / have to / have got to / must not = this thing is very likely, and I'm almost sure. This is the only possibility I believe. I will be surprised if I'm wrong.

can't / couldn't = I think this thing is impossible. I will be *very* surprised if I'm wrong. I won't believe you if you tell me without proof.
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In past years, she always went to Las Vegas during the third weekend in February.
Now is the third weekend in February, and you tell me she isn't home.
I say, "Oh, she must be in Las Vegas. It's the third weekend in February."
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Homework: p. 256 (chapter 15 test today)
part A
1 get (base form after "able to")
2 may (it's a (real) possibility)
3 've got (never "must to")
4 can't (need "be" with "able to")
5 help (base form after modals)
6 might (the verb is "help", not "be")
7 post (base form after modals)
8 must not (it's prohibited)
9 be able to (no "will can")
part B
1 shouldn't give / must not give
2 had better register (urgent, and there's a specific negative consequence) 244 3b
3 must not be (I'm almost certain she's not online, but it's not impossible.)
4 has to get / must get / has got to get
5 must not eat / can't eat
6 may come / might come
part C
1 Could that be (base form after modals)
2 It couldn't be her. / It can't be her.
3 I guess I'd better not accept
4 I don't have to call (I can if I want, it's just not necessary/obligatory.)
5 Could / Might ("May" in yes/no questions almost always means permission.)
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TEST
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Modals about the Past (p. 257)
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My parents shouldn't have discouraged me.
= My parents discouraged me in the past and I'm unhappy about that.
= It wasn't a good idea to discourage me, but they did it.

Your parents shouldn't discourage you.
= It isn't a good idea.

You should study more.
= It is a good idea to study more.

You should have studied more.
= It was a good idea to study more, but you didn't.
= You ought to have studied more.

I could become a doctor.
= It is possible.

I could have become a doctor.
= It was possible, but I didn't do it.

(I could have left my book at home. = It's possible I left it, but I'm not sure.)

I might have earned a lot more money.
= It was possible, but I didn't do it.

(I might have left my book at home. = It's possible I left it, but I'm not sure.)

("may" is not used for unreal, "but I didn't do it", situations)

(I may have left my book at home. = It's possible I left it, but I'm not sure.)
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Homework: p. 257-259 (reading and questions), and p. 262 exercise 1