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War of 1812 (Military History)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The War of 1812 (which lasted until 1815) may have been, as some have said, one of America’s “forgotten wars,” but its impact on the United States and Canada remains over two centuries later. For the most part, the British never concerned themselves with it. Its causes have been controversial since Congress declared war, the military ineptitude of many American generals the subject of dismay and ridicule, the war on the high seas and lakes the focus of self-congratulation by both sides, the repulse of a British attack on Baltimore the theme of a national anthem, and the American triumph at New Orleans fought after the peace treaty was signed. Francophone and Anglophone Canadians became more respectful of one another and Britain became more respectful of the United States, which led to the beginnings of the rapprochement between the two nations.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. For a generation Hickey’s survey (Hickey 1989; updated in 2012) has been the standard study although it focuses more on American politics than on the military aspects. Hitsman 1999 does much the same from a Canadian perspective. Stagg 2012, a short examination, is very insightful and constitutes a good introduction to the conflict. The bicentennial-era works Bickham 2012, Eustace 2012, Latimer 2007, and Taylor 2011 provide significant new emphases on the war’s causes, course, and consequences. James 1818 is a nationalistic account that was a standard British explanation until that of Latimer; the fact that it took nearly two centuries or a British re-interpretation says much about the unimportance of the conflict in the United Kingdom.
  8.  
  9. Bickham, Troy. The Weight of Vengeance: The United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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  11. Bickham provides a provocative, revisionist study emphasizing that it was not the indecisive combat that was important about the war, but rather its consequences whereby the United States gained international status and Canadian nationalism emerged.
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  13. Eustace, Nicole. 1812: War and the Passions of Patriotism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
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  15. Challenging cultural inquiry into how Americans utilized emotional language to describe the war’s events rather than making rational appraisals.
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  17. Hickey, Donald R. The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
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  19. Bicentennial edition, 2012. Written largely from an American point of view. Hickey suggests the conflict was both unpopular and unnecessary; it is now the standard American survey of the War of 1812.
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  21. Hitsman, J. Mackay. The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999.
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  23. Donald Graves adds some new material to this classic study of the war from a Canadian point of view.
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  25. James, William. A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War between Great Britain and the United States of America. 2 vols. London: Privately printed, 1818.
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  27. Virulent anti-American account by British author whose work prompted Roosevelt’s reply.
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  29. Latimer, Jon. 1812: War with America. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2007.
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  31. This British scholar revisits the expansionist thesis; it contains a superb bibliography.
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  33. Stagg, J. C. A. The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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  35. The best brief treatment of the war emphasizing the diplomatic complexities. Great bibliography.
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  37. Taylor, Alan. The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies. New York: Knopf, 2011.
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  39. Taylor reinterprets the war along the Great Lakes as more a struggle waged by ethnic groups for their peculiar interests rather than national ones.
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  41. Causes
  42.  
  43. From the war’s outbreak Canadians, Britons, and Americans have argued that American expansionism (the incorporation of at least Upper Canada into the United States) was a major national objective. Pratt 1925 remains the most thorough advocate of this argument, but most Canadian authors see this as an American desire. The revisionist arguments in Brown 1964 and White 1965 that Americans went to war to preserve republican government in an age of aristocracy began a reinterpretation of the causes. The conclusion in Hatzenbuehler 1972 that the vote for war was partisan refocused the issue to congressional infighting. No one provides a better look into Washington politics of the era than Stagg (see Stagg 1983), whose work is indispensable. Peskin 2011 focuses on the Anglophobia that influenced Republican politics in the pre-war decades. Nothing emphasizes the role of impressment as a principal cause more than the books Brunsman 2013 and Gilje 2013, which then return one to the national honor arguments of Brown and White. Trautsch 2013 surveys the historiography of the issue.
  44.  
  45. Brown, Roger H. The Republic in Peril: 1812. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.
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  47. Brown argues that the experiment in republican government was endangered unless the nation went to war.
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  49. Brunsman, Denver. The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century World. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.
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  51. Brunsman makes a detailed and deeply researched cogent and fair-minded argument on how the Royal Navy needed the impressment and why it became a principal cause of the War of 1812.
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  53. Gilje, Paul A. Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights in the War of 1812. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  54. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139177269Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55. Reasserts the centrality of commercial restrictions and impressment as causes of the war. Gilje argues that Americans gradually won their objectives in the peace that followed.
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  57. Hatzenbuehler, Ronald L. “Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives.” William and Mary Quarterly 29 (July 1972): 367–390.
  58. DOI: 10.2307/1923870Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59. Hatzenbuehler concludes that the vote for war was partisan, not geographic.
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  61. Peskin, Lawrence A. “Conspiratorial Anglophobia and the War of 1812.” Journal of American History 98 (December 2011): 647–669.
  62. DOI: 10.1093/jahist/jar431Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  63. Peskin argues that the belief that the British government and its officials conspired to destroy the United States contributed significantly to the first party system and the eventual declaration for war.
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  65. Pratt, Julius W. Expansionist of 1812. New York: Macmillan, 1925.
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  67. Pratt remains the leading advocate of the expansionist thesis as a cause of the war.
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  69. Stagg, J. C. A. Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.
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  71. Definitive examination of the politics of the early national era and its relationship to why the United States went to war and what its consequences were.
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  73. Trautsch, Jasper M. “The Causes of the War of 1812: 200 Years of Debate.” Journal of Military History 77 (January 2013): 273–293.
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  75. An essential survey of the historiography of the causes of the war.
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  77. White, Patrick T. A Nation on Trial: American and the War of 1812. New York: John Wiley, 1965.
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  79. White argues that the concept of national honor was the central reason the United States went to war, thereby replacing impressment and British trade restrictions as core causes.
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  81. Native Americans
  82.  
  83. Allen 1992 is a highly critical inquiry into British cynical and duplicitous use of the First Nations for their imperial ends. Willig 2008 is a more thorough analysis of the British use and betrayal of the natives. Horsman 1967 depicts the growing tensions between the various Indian nations and American frontiersmen, which forced most natives to rely on the British. Nowhere are internal tribal divisions more thoroughly analyzed than in Benn 1998, a study of the Iroquois, and Saunt 1999, on the Creeks. Braund 2012 updates the status of Creek studies. Sugden 1997, a life of Tecumseh, will remain the definitive study for some time.
  84.  
  85. Allen, Robert S. His Majesty’s Indian Allies: British Indian Policy and the Defence of Canada, 1774–1815. Toronto: Dundurn, 1992.
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  87. This is the standard survey of British Native American policy before and during the war by a Canadian historian.
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  89. Benn, Carl. The Iroquois in the War of 1812. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
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  91. Benn makes a well-balanced examination of Iroquois internal conflicts, alliances with both sides, and military operations.
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  93. Braund, Kathryn E. Holland, ed. Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War and the War of 1812. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2012.
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  95. Collection of twelve scholarly essays concerning the Creek War containing a number of revisionist arguments regarding the war in the Old Southwest. Contains an excellent bibliography of regional history.
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  97. Horsman, Reginald. Expansion and American Indian Policy. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1967.
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  99. Standard history of the evolving hostility between Native Americans and whites.
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  101. Saunt, Claudio. A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  102. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511511554Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. Scholarly exploration of cultural transformation of the Muscogee people and subsequent tribal factionalism that reaches fruition in the War of 1812.
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  105. Sugden, John. Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Henry Holt, 1997.
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  107. Undoubtedly the finest study of this Native American leader and his important role in the road to war in 1812 and his alliance with the British.
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  109. Willig, T. D. Restoring the Chair of Friendship: British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783–1815. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
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  111. An updated review of British efforts to utilize Indians for the defense of Canada and the natives’ response.
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  113. Biographies
  114.  
  115. The political, military, and naval leaders of the United States and Canada loom large in the national histories of both countries. British political biographies seldom provide much attention relative to the war but there are several detailed studies of military and naval leaders.
  116.  
  117. Political and Intellectual Leaders
  118.  
  119. Brant 1961 remains the standard study of Madison’s war years; both Gash 1962 on Lord Liverpool and Thompson 1999 on Lord Bathurst reflect the British reluctance to concern themselves with American issues. Leepson 2014 on Francis Scott Key tries to impose contemporary values on a historical figure; some of this criticism is also reflected in Horsman 1964 on Matthew Elliott and Robertson 1926 on Bishop John Strachan.
  120.  
  121. Brant, Irving. James Madison: Command in Chief, 1812–36. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961.
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  123. Concluding volume of six-volume biography is both comprehensive and sympathetic to the fourth president.
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  125. Gash, Norman. Lord Liverpool: The Life and Political Career of Robert Banks Jenkinson, Second Earl of Liverpool, 1779–1828. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1962.
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  127. British prime minister during the war, Liverpool finally realized that the political, military, and diplomatic costs of continuing it were unacceptable.
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  129. Horsman, Reginald. Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1964.
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  131. Detailed account of the man most Americans considered the provocateur of Native American warfare against the United States.
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  133. Leepson, Marc. What So Proudly We Hail: Francis Scott Key, A Life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
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  135. Journalist Leepson portrays a conflicted approach toward the author of America’s national anthem, who also personifies contemporary Southern white attitudes toward African Americans.
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  137. Robertson, Thomas B. The Fighting Bishop: John Strachan—The First Bishop of Toronto and Other Essays in His Times. Ottawa, ON: Graphic Publishers, 1926.
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  139. Sympathetic life of the outspoken anti-American Anglican clergyman who led the conservative wing of Canadian politics.
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  141. Thompson, Neville. Earl Bathurst and the British Empire, 1762–1834. Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper, 1999.
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  143. As secretary at war, Bathurst was an influential figure in determining British military policies toward the United States.
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  145. American Army
  146.  
  147. Remini 1977, a biography of Andrew Jackson, is perhaps the most thorough and analytical of the various accounts, although Johnson 1998, a profile of Winfield Scott, is a close second. Because of the importance of John Armstrong’s service as secretary of war, Skeen 1981 is a necessary read. Morris 2000 on Brown, Jacobs 1938 on James Wilkinson, and Skaggs 2014 on W. H. Harrison provide the best analyses of these three generals on the Canadian-American frontier. The dualism in Wells’s career provides an interesting contrast to typical biographies, which Heath 2015 describes in a detailed analysis.
  148.  
  149. Heath, William. William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015.
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  151. Captured and raised by the Miami, Wells had a bifurcated career between whites and natives that brought him disrespect and distrust from both sides and that ended in tragedy at Fort Dearborn in 1812.
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  153. Jacobs, James. Tarnished Warrior: Major General James Wilkinson. New York: Macmillan, 1938.
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  155. The best biography dealing with this controversial general’s War of 1812 career.
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  157. Johnson, Timothy D. Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
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  159. Superlative re-evaluation of the career of a professional soldier whose post–War of 1812 career left a lasting legacy for the Regular Army.
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  161. Morris, John D. Sword of the Border: Major General Jacob Jennings Brown, 1775–1828. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000.
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  163. Morris effectively recounts the story of a militia officer who demonstrated considerable skill leading both regulars and militia on the Lake Ontario frontier.
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  165. Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821. New York: Harper and Row, 1977.
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  167. The first volume in Remini’s Jackson biographical trilogy describes how this imperfect, passionate, and outsized man became the symbol of American strength and independence with his campaigns in the Southern Theater that concluded with the victory at New Orleans.
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  169. Skaggs, David Curtis. William Henry Harrison and the Conquest of the Ohio Country: Frontier Fighting in the War of 1812. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.
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  171. Skaggs is much more appreciative of the volunteer soldiers than most studies and effectively integrates tactics, logistics, and joint operations.
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  173. Skeen, C. Edward. John Armstrong, Jr.: A Biography. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981.
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  175. Best appraisal of this controversial secretary of war’s sometimes astute, more often misguided, leadership of the US Army.
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  177. American Navy
  178.  
  179. Daughan 2013 utilizes a psychological review of David Porter’s career. It constitutes a unique analytical approach. The bicentennial era produced four biographies of Stephen Decatur and making a choice between them is difficult, but Tucker 2004 is quite good. Davis 2005, Duffy 2001, Long 1981, Norton 2000, Schroeder 2006, Skaggs 2003, Skaggs 2006, and Smith 2000 are solid but conventional reviews of the lives of their subjects. Also of biographical interest is Ira Dye’s Fatal Cruise of the Argus (Dye 1994, cited under Oceanic Naval Operations: Atlantic Theater). Shulman 1992 demonstrates how a reinterpretation of history may be used to support naval policy changes.
  180.  
  181. Daughan, George C. The Shining Sea: David Porter and the Epic Voyage of the U.S.S. Essex during the War of 1812. New York: Basic Books, 2013.
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  183. A highly critical, psychological analysis of a controversial American naval officer that contrasts with the more heroic interpretation of most biographers.
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  185. Davis, William C. The Pirates Laffite: The Treacherous World of the Corsairs of the Gulf. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2005.
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  187. Well researched, but often tedious account of the brothers Laffite and their relationship to the economy, politics, and warfare of early Louisiana.
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  189. Duffy, Stephen W. H. Captain Blakeley and the Wasp: The Cruise of 1814. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2001.
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  191. The definitive study of a forgotten but very successful US naval cruise and the Wasp’s captain.
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  193. Long, David F. Ready to Hazard: A Biography of Commodore William Bainbridge, 1774–1833. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1981.
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  195. Bainbridge remains one of the most enigmatic officers of the early navy.
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  197. Norton, Louis Arthur. Joshua Barney: Hero of the Revolution and 1812. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2000.
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  199. Detailed biography of this early US naval figure that lacks a general thesis and overemphasizes Barney’s significance in the Chesapeake campaign.
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  201. Schroeder, John H. Commodore John Rodgers: Paragon of the Early American Navy. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006.
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  203. Despite Rodgers’s mediocre record as a quarterdeck commodore, Schroeder gives his subject greater praise than he probably deserves.
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  205. Shulman, Mark Russell. “The Influence of History upon Sea Power: The Navalist Reinterpretation of the War of 1812.” Journal of Military History 56 (April 1992): 183–206.
  206. DOI: 10.2307/1985796Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. An analysis of how the War of 1812 US naval experience influenced such authors as Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Alfred Thayer Mahan to support naval expansion prior to World War I.
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  209. Skaggs, David Curtis. Thomas Macdonough: Master of Command in the Early U.S. Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2003.
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  211. A scholarly study of Macdonough’s career that argues that his triumph on Lake Champlain was more important to the war’s outcome than Perry’s victory on Lake Erie.
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  213. Skaggs, David Curtis. Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early U.S. Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2006.
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  215. Revisionist inquiry into Perry’s whole career with a detailed analysis of the controversy with Jesse Duncan Elliott that continued for three decades after Perry’s death.
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  217. Smith, Gene Allen. Thomas ap Catesby Jones: Commodore of Manifest Destiny. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2000.
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  219. Contains a fine discussion of the US Navy’s role in the New Orleans campaign.
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  221. Tucker, Spencer. Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2004.
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  223. Of the four well-written bicentennial-era biographies of Decatur (others by Robert J. Allison, Leonard F. Guttridge, and James Tertius de Kay), Tucker’s is the only one with adequate diagrams to explain the tactical engagements.
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  225. British and Canadian Army
  226.  
  227. Grodzinski 2013, a revisionist study of Prevost’s career, constitutes a major re-evaluation of the governor-general’s role in the defense of Canada. Grodzinski’s positive conclusions contrast sharply with the traditional Canadian history summarized in Turner 1999, a critique that sees aggressive campaigning as the most important ingredient in military success. General Riley’s treatise on Isaac Brock (Riley 2011) constitutes a thorough analytical analysis that needs to be read by anyone wishing to write military biography. The defense of General Procter in Antal 1997 provides a positive treatment of a man usually criticized by partisans of both sides. Wohler 1984 describes in detail the life of the French Canadian hero of the war.
  228.  
  229. Antal, Sandy. A Wampum Denied: Procter’s War of 1812. Ottawa, ON: Carleton University Press, 1997.
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  231. Antal is one of the few who defend British major-general Henry Procter’s controversial conduct of the war along the Detroit frontier.
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  233. Grodzinski, John R. Defender of Canada: Sir George Prevost and the War of 1812. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
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  235. Few British officials of the war have been more maligned by Canadians than Governor-General Sir George Prevost. Canadian scholar Grodzinski revises this tradition, deftly refutes the detractors’ arguments, and reinterprets Prevost’s leadership.
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  237. Riley, Jonathon. A Matter of Honour: The Life, Campaigns and Generalship of Isaac Brock. Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2011.
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  239. General Riley’s superb, detailed analysis of General Brock’s career will stand the test of time for years to come and is superior to Wesley B. Turner, The Astonishing General: The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock. Toronto: Dundurn, 2011.
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  241. Turner, Wesley B. British Generals in the War of 1812: High Command in the Canadas. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999.
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  243. Canadian scholar Turner explores the careers of five senior officers in the Canadas and argues that only Isaac Brock and Gordon Drummond deserve high accolades. Low grades are given to George Prevost, Roger Hale Sheaffe, and Francis de Rottenburg.
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  245. Wohler, J. Patrick. Charles de Salaberry: Soldier of the Empire, Defender of Quebec. Toronto: Dundurn, 1984.
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  247. French-Canadian military leader and victorious commander at the Battle of Chateauguay in 1813 receives a judicious treatment.
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  249. British Navy
  250.  
  251. Cockburn’s treatment by Morriss 1998 is a model study. Perrett 1998, an account of Admiral Gordon, demonstrate how a real Royal Navy officer may have been one of a composite group that inspired novelist C. S. Forester. Padfield 1968 on Captain Broke provides an informed account of perhaps the most effective Royal Navy commander in the North Atlantic. For wider views, one should read Latimer 2007, cited under General Overviews.
  252.  
  253. Morriss, Roger. Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998.
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  255. Cockburn is known for his ruthless leadership of British forces during the Chesapeake Campaign, 1813–1814. British naval scholar Morriss’s well-reached biography also traces Cockburn’s distinguished career in the Royal Navy in the following years.
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  257. Padfield, Peter. Broke and the Shannon. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1968.
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  259. Remains the definitive analysis of Capt. Philip B. V. Broke, who is best known for his victory over the USS Chesapeake.
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  261. Perrett, Bryan. The Real Hornblower: The Life and Times of Admiral Sir James Gordon. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1998.
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  263. An admiral during the Chesapeake campaign, Gordon had a career that may have inspired novelist C. S. Forester’s fictional hero Horatio Hornblower.
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  265. Military Affairs
  266.  
  267. Eckert 1973 on the US Navy Department is important especially for understanding the role of William Jones as departmental secretary. The surveys Quimby 1997 and Stanley 1983 provide solid introductions to military operations from differing national perspectives.
  268.  
  269. Eckert, Edward K. The Navy Department in the War of 1812. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1973.
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  271. The standard overview of the US naval department during the conflict.
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  273. Quimby, Robert S. The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study. 2 vols. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1997.
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  275. Well-documented critique of US Army operations and commanders. Weak on the Chesapeake campaign.
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  277. Stanley, George. The War of 1812: Land Operations. Toronto: Macmillian of Canada, 1983.
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  279. One-volume study of ground operations from a Canadian perspective. Largely superseded by Graves’s studies.
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  281. Military Personnel
  282.  
  283. There have been extensive studies of American military and naval personnel but, except for Sheppard 1994 and Grodzinski 2014 (cited under Army and Militia), little has been done on Canadian participation.
  284.  
  285. Naval
  286.  
  287. For the evolution of the US naval officer corps one must begin with McKee 1991. Crawford 2012 provides an interesting perspective on the role of petty officers in naval performance, and Valle 1996 reviews the problems of naval discipline in both navies throughout the era.
  288.  
  289. Crawford, Michael J. “U.S. Navy Petty Officers in the Era of the War of 1812.” Journal of Military History 76 (2012): 1035–1051.
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  291. Argues that the quality of petty officers was a usually ignored but important component in the success of US naval operations in the war.
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  293. McKee, Christopher. A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1991.
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  295. This is the essential study of the early US naval officer corps.
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  297. Valle, James E. Rocks and Shoals: Naval Discipline in the Age of Fighting Sail. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1996.
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  299. Covering the whole era of fighting sail, it describes the evolution of naval disciplinary policies through the American Civil War.
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  301. Army and Militia
  302.  
  303. To understand the conflicting attitudes of Canadians toward the war one must begin with Sheppard 1994 and Grodzinski 2014. Skeen 1998 may be too critical of the militia’s role and often fails to differentiate between militiamen and volunteers. Cassell 1972, a local study, and Smith 2013, a broader one on black participation on both sides, constitute nuanced revisionism. Skelton 1992, Stagg 1986, Stagg 2000, Stagg 2012, and Watson 2012 collectively demonstrate the growing professionalism in the US Army’s enlisted and officer ranks.
  304.  
  305. Cassell, Frank A. “Slaves of the Chesapeake Bay Area and the War of 1812.” Journal of Negro History 57 (April 1972): 144–155.
  306. DOI: 10.2307/2717218Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. One of the first inquiries into the role of African Americans in the war; Cassell contends that several thousand blacks fled to the British during the Chesapeake campaign, some of whom performed successfully as marines. The threat of slave departures and their roles as spies, guides, and marines adversely affected white Americans’ ability to conduct the military effort along the bay’s shore.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Grodzinski, John R. The 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot in the War of 1812. Fredericton, New Brunswick: Goose Lane Editions, 2014.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Distinguished Canadian military scholar studies this British Army unit recruited mostly in the Maritime Provinces of Canada which made a perilous winter march to Upper Canada (Ontario) where it fought a series of battles in 1813–1814.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Martin, Margaret C. “Creating an American Way of Mobilization: The Federal System and Wartime Mobilization in North Carolina during the War of 1812.” PhD Diss., University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 2014.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. Using North Carolina as a case study, Martin demonstrates that the use of militia volunteers to defend the state’s coast and to assist in defending Virginia and Georgia represents the state’s centrality in local and national defense policies.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Sheppard, George. Plunder, Profit, and Paroles: A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. This Canadian author makes a revisionist account of his countrymen’s participation in the war that contradicts 19th-century Canadian patriotism.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Skeen, C. Edward. Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. An anti-militia treatise that emphasizes militia failures and diminishes successes but sets the dilemma of the political role of militia in proper perspective.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Skelton, William B. An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784–1861. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Skelton sees the War of 1812 as a turning point in the evolution of a professional American army.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Smith, Gene Allen. The Slaves’ Gamble: Choosing Sides in the War of 1812. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Few residents of the United States, Canada, and the West Indies hoped to gain more by participating in military forces than the slaves and freedmen. Smith’s painstakingly researched inquiry into these men’s decisions and disappointments makes a critical addition to War of 1812 scholarship.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Stagg, J. C. A. “Enlisted Men in the United States Army, 1812–1815: A Preliminary Survey.” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 43 (1986): 615–645.
  334. DOI: 10.2307/1923685Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Here Stagg begins his inquiry into the enlisted personnel during the War of 1812.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Stagg, J. C. A. “Soldiers in Peace and War: Comparative Perspectives on the Recruitment of the United States Army, 1802–1811.” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 57 (2000): 79–120.
  338. DOI: 10.2307/2674359Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Stagg provides a detailed analysis into the types of individuals who joined the Regular Army during the Jefferson and Madison administrations prior to the war’s outbreak.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Stagg, J. C. A. “United States Army Officers in the War of 1812: A Statistical and Behavioral Portrait.” Journal of Military History 76 (2012): 1001–1034.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Court-martial records demonstrate officers were more likely to be cashiered for moral defects than for shortcomings as military leaders.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Watson, Samuel J. Jackson’s Sword: The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier, 1810–1821. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. An excellent study of the professionalization of the officer corps on the southeastern frontier.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Oceanic Naval Operations
  350.  
  351. Rodger 2004 constitutes a sine qua non beginning to an understanding of naval warfare in the age of fighting sail. McCranie 2011 concentrates on the Atlantic in this excellent analysis of the war on the high seas. Roosevelt 1882 is outdated; Budiansky 2010 provides a solid overview. Several of the biographies cited earlier develop the naval war in detail.
  352.  
  353. Budiansky, Stephen. Perilous Fight: America’s Intrepid War with Britain on the High Seas, 1812–1815. New York: Knopf, 2010.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Well-written bicentennial-era review with few new insights for specialists.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. McCranie, Kevin D. Utmost Gallantry: The U.S. and Royal Navies at Sea in the War of 1812. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2011.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. A well-researched and well-written analysis that ignores the war on the North American lakes; concentrates on the relationship of the high seas war and Royal Navy’s conduct in relation to the struggle with Napoleon.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Rodger, N. A. M. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. New York: Norton, 2004.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. The second volume in a proposed trilogy on the Royal Navy, this magnificent introduction to naval logistics, strategy, tactics, and personnel constitutes the best introduction to naval warfare in the age of fighting sail available.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812. New York: G. P. Putman’s, 1882.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. The future president’s often reprinted classic study concentrates on US Navy operations and neglects privateering.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Atlantic Theater
  370.  
  371. Nothing demonstrates the controversy over the effectiveness of British naval blockade of the United States more than Arthur 2011 and Lambert 2012 versus Dudley 2003. Young 2014 examines the British occupation of Maine and Roberts 2014 and de Kay 1990 illustrate British raiding tactics on the Connecticut coast and Cusick 2003 the forgotten and complex interactions of Georgians versus British, Spanish, natives and blacks in the southeastern Atlantic coast. Two important naval duels are skillfully analyzed by Dye 1994 and Padfield 1968, cited under British Navy. Many of the naval biographical works also examine the naval war at sea.
  372.  
  373. Arthur, Brian. How Britain Won the War of 1812: The Royal Navy Blockades of the United States, 1812–1815. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2011.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Title somewhat exaggerates the effectiveness of the blockade but provides a solid review of the oceanic war from a British perspective.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Cusick, James G. The Other War of 1812: The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2003.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Of all the ignored aspects of the War of 1812 none is more unknown than the abortive attempt by Georgians to seize eastern Florida. Cusick deftly analyzes and integrates the interactions of Georgians and Spaniards, Indians and blacks, into a cohesive whole.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. de Kay, James Teritus. The Battle of Stonington: Torpedoes, Submarines, and Rockets in the War of 1812. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1990.
  382. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. The sturdy resistance of this small Connecticut port to overwhelming Royal Navy force in August 1814 became an American Thermopylae and contrasted with the lack of defense at Pettipaug a few months earlier.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Dudley, Wade G. Splintering the Wooden Wall: The British Blockade of the United States, 1812–1815. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2003.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Controversial study asserting that the British blockade of the US coast was not as successful as usually argued.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Dye, Ira. The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1994.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Traces the careers of John Fordyce Maples, RN, and William Henry Allen, USN, whose encounter in 1813 results in the loss of the USS Argus and the failure of Allen’s mission to destroy British merchant shipping, rather than fighting Royal Navy men-of-war.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Lambert, Andrew. The Challenge: Britain against America in the Naval War of 1812. London: Faber & Faber, 2012.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. British professor Lambert provides an antidote American naval chauvinism and champions the success of the Royal Navy’s blockade of the Atlantic coast.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Roberts, Jerry. The British Raid on Essex: The Forgotten Battle of the War of 1812. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2014.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Narrowly focused, but well researched inquiry into the Royal Navy raid up the Connecticut River in April 1814 to the community then called Pettipaug (now Essex) resulting in the largest destruction of American shipping in the war.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Young, George F. W. The British Capture and Occupation of Downeast Maine, 1814-1815/1818. Stonington, ME: Penobscott, 2014.
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. Canadian historian details the Nova Scotia led occupation of downeast Maine in 1814 in a well-researched study.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Privateering
  406.  
  407. While US Navy apologists don’t want to admit the significance of privateering’s contributions and British scholars won’t accept its impact on UK policies, privateering constituted an important aspect of the war on the high seas. Kert 2015 looks at Canadian privateering and illustrates a long-forgotten side of the conflict. Petrie 1999 provides an introduction to the legal aspects of privateering and Garitee 1977 an interesting account of Baltimore’s role in this aspect of naval warfare.
  408.  
  409. Garitee, Jerome R. The Republic’s Private Navy: The American Privateering Business as Practiced by Baltimore in the War of 1812. Middletown, CT: Published for Mystic Seaport by Wesleyan University Press, 1977.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. A model study of privateering business from financing, to shipbuilding, to crewing, to employing vessels from this Chesapeake port.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Kert, Faye. Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Summary of Kert’s decades of research on North Atlantic privateering by both Canadians and Americans during the war and why the losses contributed to the British decision to end the war.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Petrie, Donald A. The Prize Game: Lawful Looting on the High Seas in the Days of Fighting Sail. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1999.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. Distinguished attorney provides a legal analysis of maritime prize rules through case studies.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Canadian-American Border Operations
  422.  
  423. Crisman 2014 is a model for the presentation of archaeological studies to the general public. This volume and Kopp 2012 demonstrate how wartime modifications in shipbuilding allowed rapid construction of warships.
  424.  
  425. Crisman, Kevin J., ed. Coffins of the Brave: Lake Shipwrecks of the War of 1812. College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2014.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Underwater archaeologists examine remains of sixteen wartime vessels to provide a re-evaluation of construction techniques and freshwater warfare from Lake Huron to Lake Champlain.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Kopp, Nadine. “The Influence of the War of 1812 on Great Lakes Shipbuilding.” Master’s thesis, East Carolina University, 2012.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. Wartime shipbuilding brought modification and simplification of construction techniques. Kopp contends that a heretofore unidentified British shipwreck was probably the Earl of Moira built in 1805.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Lake Champlain
  434.  
  435. Everett 1981 is the best overall account, but should be read in conjunction with Graves 2013, cited under Lake Ontario; Grodzinski 2013, cited under British and Canadian Army; and Skaggs 2003, cited under American Navy. Graves’s 2013 article corrects British Army manpower during the Champlain campaign.
  436.  
  437. Everett, Allan. The War of 1812 in the Champlain Valley. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1981.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. Remains the best overall survey of the conflict along the traditional invasion route between New York and Quebec.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Graves, Donald E. “‘The Finest Army Ever to Campaign on American Soil’: The Organization, Strength, Composition, and Losses of the British Land Forces during the Plattsburgh Campaign.” Journal of the War of 1812 6.4 (2013).
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. A revisionist accounting of the number and experience of British Army troops at Plattsburgh.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Lake Ontario
  446.  
  447. Graves 1993, Graves 1994, Graves 1999, and Graves 2013 are the sine qua non of accounts of campaigns from Niagara to Plattsburgh, with Barbuto 2000 providing additional commentary on the 1814 campaign. Malcomson 1998, a study of naval operations on the critical Lake Ontario Theater, needs to be complemented by studies of the careers of commodores Sir James Lucas Yeo and Isaac Chauncey that remain undone. Malcomson 2008 on the York raid and Wilder 1994 on Sackets Harbor provide thorough accounts of these operations.
  448.  
  449. Barbuto, Richard V. Niagara 1814: America Invades Canada. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. Effective American-centered account of the war on the Niagara frontier that result in stalemate. Should be read in conjunction with Graves’s studies cited here.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Graves, Donald E. The Battle of Lundy’s Lane, 1814 on the Niagara. Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1993.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. With extensive research and deft analysis, Graves describes what is perhaps the bloodiest battle fought in North America before the American Civil War.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Graves, Donald E. Red Coats & Grey Jackets: The Battle of Chippawa, 5 July 1814. Toronto: Dundurn, 1994.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Canada’s leading military historian of the War of 1812 concludes that the British loss at Lundy’s Lane was a consequence of underestimating the fighting qualities of the American regular soldier.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Graves, Donald E. Field of Glory: The Battle of Crysler’s Farm, 1813. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. The abortive 1813 American campaign toward Montreal receives its definitive account.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Graves, Donald E. And All Their Glory Past: Fort Erie, Plattsburgh, and the Final Battles in the North, 1814. Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2013.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Graves climaxes a lifetime of research and analysis with this analysis of campaigns from Lake Champlain to Lake Erie. Graves’s insights into strategy, weaponry, personnel, tactics, and combat constitute a critical study for anyone wanting to comprehend the war along the Canadian-American borderlands.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Malcomson, Robert. Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1998.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Canadian scholar writes the most thorough account of the naval struggle for control of this most strategically important of the Great Lakes.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Malcomson, Robert. Capital in Flames: The American Attack on York, 1813. Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2008.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. The most deeply researched and effectively written of Malcomson’s eight books on the War of 1812 pulls no punches when recounting British and Canadian failures and American misdeeds during the attack on Upper Canada’s capital.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Wilder, Patrick A. The Battle of Sackett’s Harbour, 1813. Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1994.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. A critical performance evaluation of both services on both sides during the battle for the United States’ only deep water port on Lake Ontario, May 1813.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Upper Lakes and Old Northwest
  482.  
  483. Gilpin 1958 provides an overview of the situation although subsequent research provides detail absent in this account. Jortner 2012 on the Tippecanoe Campaign introduces the problem of pre-war British-Indian collaboration, which is expanded in Skaggs 2014, a study of Harrison cited under American Army. The bicentennial accounts of Illinois Territory (which included modern Wisconsin) Ferguson 2012 and Keating 2012 expand our understanding of the usually ignored Upper Mississippi Theater. Although not entirely successful in justifying William Hull’s conduct in 1812, Yanik 2011 provides an antidote to the more critical accounts. Dunnigan 1980 on Mackinac operations, Skaggs and Altoff 1997 on Lake Erie, and Gough 2002 on British success on Lake Huron are standard accounts.
  484.  
  485. Dunnigan, Brian L. The British Army at Mackinac 1812–1815. Reports in Mackinac History and Archaeology 7. Lansing, MI: Mackinac Island State Park Commission, 1980.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Dunnigan’s summary of the British occupation of this critical outpost at the junction of Lakes Huron and Michigan remains the standard study.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Ferguson, Gillum. Illinois in the War of 1812. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Military-focused study of the war on the upper Mississippi Valley from an Anglo-American perspective.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Gilpin, Alec R. The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1958.
  494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495. A standard, but outdated survey of operations from the Ohio Valley to the Great Lakes.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Gough, Barry. Fighting Sail on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2002.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. Examines how British and Canadian heroics deprived the United States from controlling Lake Huron in the aftermath of the USN victory on Lake Erie.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Jortner, Adam. The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War on the American Frontier. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. A well-analyzed account of the role William Henry Harrison and Tecumseh played in the road to war in 1812.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Keating, Ann Durkin. Rising up from Indian Country: The Battle of Fort Dearborn and the Birth of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
  506. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226428987.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Using John Kenzie’s career as its focus, this is a nuanced multicultural analysis of the war in Illinois Territory.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Skaggs, David Curtis, and Gerard T. Altoff. A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1997.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. A detailed account of the preparation for, conduct of, and consequences of the Battle of Lake Erie, September 1813.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Yanik, Anthony J. The Fall and Recapture of Detroit in the War of 1812: In Defense of William Hull. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. Yanik provides a controversial but serious defense of General Hull’s conduct during the first months of the war.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Chesapeake Campaign
  518.  
  519. Vogel 2013 and Whitehorne 1997 provide quality overviews of the campaigns of 1813–1814, while detailed accounts of many of the sub-components of warfare on the bay may be found in the other books and Graves 2012, an article. Shomette 2009 integrates archaeological research into an account of failed gunboat use in bay defense. Morriss 1998, cited under British Navy, should be included in any study of this campaign.
  520.  
  521. Graves, Donald E. “Why the White House Was Burned: An Investigation into the British Destruction of Public Buildings at Washington in August 1814.” Journal of Military History 76 (October 2012): 1095–1128.
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523. Argues while Britain may have had legitimate justification for burning nonmilitary public buildings in Washington, the short-term consequence was greater American unification regarding the conflict.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Shomette, Donald G. Flotilla: The Patuxent Naval Campaign in the War of 1812. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. An updated version of this marine archaeologist’s study of the Patuxent River operations.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Vogel, Steve. Through Perilous Fight: Six Weeks That Saved the Nation. New York: Random House, 2013.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. Popular journalist’s account of the Chesapeake campaign that is both well researched and well written.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Whitehorne, Joseph. The Battle of Baltimore, 1814. Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1997.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Despite its title, this is a laboriously written but thorough recounting of the whole Chesapeake campaign.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Southern Campaigns
  538.  
  539. The more recent Kanon 2014 and the classic Owsley 1981 emphasize the whole southern theater. Brown 1969, Remini 1999, and Reilly 1974 describe the New Orleans campaign from three different perspectives. Waselkov 2009 is a classic account of frontier rivalries.
  540.  
  541. Brown, Wilburt S. The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana, 1814–1815. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1969.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Marine veteran of World War II amphibious campaigns effectively examines this historic predecessor. The cultural interactions that impact a particularly bloody encounter at Fort Mims are explored in detail by Waselkov 2009.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Kanon, Tom. Tennesseans at War, 1812–1815: Andrew Jackson, the Creek War, and the Battle of New Orleans. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2014.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. A studious bicentennial-era re-evaluation of the war in the South.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Owsley, Frank Lawrence. Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812–1815. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1981.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Remains an essential summary of the war in the South.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Reilly, Robin. The British at the Gates: The New Orleans Campaign in the War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1974.
  554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555. Remains the standard study of the New Orleans campaign from the British perspective.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Remini, Robert V. The Battle of New Orleans. New York: Viking, 1999.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Jackson’s premier biographer summarizes the campaign with pro-American biases and deft prose.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Waselkov, Gregory A. A Conquering Spirit: Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813–1814. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. This deeply researched inquiry concludes that the 1813 massacre of several hundred whites and métis in modern Alabama was the result of social and political interactions that had long-term consequences for both sides in the years to follow.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Diplomacy
  566.  
  567. Black 2009 and Hattendorf 2013 correctly analyze the war as an event of modest importance for the British, who are more concerned with European matters. Perkins 1961, Perkins 1964, and Engleman 1962 focus primarily on Anglo-American diplomacy. Kaplan 1970 refocuses the role that American-French diplomacy played in the conflict.
  568.  
  569. Black, Jeremy. The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009.
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. Although error-filled when dealing with the war, this British scholar reinterprets Anglo-American relations and notes the relative insignificance of the United States in British foreign policy.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Engleman, Fred L. The Peace of Christmas Eve. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1962.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. Still the standard study of the peace negotiations at Ghent, Belgium.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Hattendorf, John B. “The Naval War of 1812 in International Perspective.” Mariner’s Mirror 99.1 (2013): 5–22.
  578. DOI: 10.1080/00253359.2013.766989Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. Argues that even though Britain defeated American military and naval offensives, it could not impose its military will upon the United States and had to recognize its independent sovereignty.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Kaplan, Lawsrence S. “France and the War of 1812.” Journal of American History 57 (June 1970): 36–47.
  582. DOI: 10.2307/1900548Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. Kaplan argues that most historians have ignored the role of France during the War of 1812 and that the French factor was a significant player in the war’s outcome.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Perkins, Bradford. Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805–1812. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. Still the standard introduction to the diplomatic crisis that led to the declaration of war.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Perkins, Bradford. Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591. This remains the standard treatise on diplomacy during and after the war that leads to the Monroe Doctrine.
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