2



Day 1


passwd, who, tty, script, clear and tput, uname, date, cal, bc, man, pwd, mkdir, cd, rmdir


Lab Assignments:

1. Perform the following

a)   List the names of the users logged in and their total count without displaying any further details. b)   Find out your terminal‟s device name.
c)   Display current date in the form dd/mm/yyyy.
d)   Find out your machine‟s name and the version of the operating system.
e)   Clear the screen and place the cursor at row 12, column 25. f)   Find the decimal equivalent of 1101001.
g)   Find out the users who are idling. h)   Use man to get help
i)    Ensure that bc displays the results of all divisions using three decimal places.



Solutions:

1)a)   $ who  -q b)	$ tty
c)    $  date  +% d/%m/%Y
d)    $  uname  -nr e)    $ clear
$ tput cup   12 25

f)    $ bc ibase=2
g)    $ who -Hu h)    $ man tty

I)    $ bc
Scale=3
3




Day 2

cp, rm, mv, cat,  file, ls, umask, chmod, touch, ln, find

Lab Assignments:

1. Perform the following:

a)   Create a directory structure in your home directory (mca, two subdirectories cprogs and projects
under mca) while being in your home directory. b)   Change to the directory projects.
c)   Create a file called biodata and store your name, age, sex, and address in it.
d)   Make a copy of the file biodata into another file text within the directory cprogs. e)   Move the file text from cprogs to projects.
f)   Combine the contents of the file biodata and text into another file datatext. g)   Rename the file text to newtext.
h)   Change the permissions of the file newtext to rw-rw-rw-. i)    List all filenames starting with „a‟ or „b‟ or „m‟.
j)    List all filenames that end with a digit.
k)   List all files in the current directory whose second character is a digit.
l)	Use command(s) to create a directory in your home directory called KeepOut whose contents can be read only by you.



Solution:

1.   a)  $ mkdir   mca  mca/cprogs  mca/projects b)   $ cd  /mca/projects
c)    $ cat > /mca/projects/biodata
( write some datas)

d)    $ cp /mca/projects/biodata   /mca/cprogs/text e)    $ mv /mca/cprogs/text    /mca/projects/text
f)    $ cat  /mca/projects/biodata    /mca/cprogs/text >> /mca/projects/datatext g)   $ mv  /mca/projects/text    /mca/projects/newtext
h)   $ chmod  666  /mca/projects/newtext

I)   $  ls [abm] * J)   $  ls * [0-9]
K)    $ ls ? [0-9]*

L)   $ mkdir  keepout ;  chmod 400  keepout
4




Day 3

wc, od, cmp, diff, comm., tee, head, tail, cut, paste, sort, tr, uniq

Lab Assignments:

1. Perform the following:

a)   List all files beginning with character „a‟ on the screen and also store them in a file called file1.
b)   Sort the output of who and display on screen along with total number of users. The same output except the number of users should be stored in a file file1.
c)   Double space a file
d)   Select lines 5 to 10 of a file
e)   Find the user name and group id from the file /etc/passwd using the cut command. f)   Extract the names of the users from /etc/passwd after ignoring the first 10 entries.
g)   Sort the file /etc/passwd on GUID (primary) and UID (secondary) so that the users with the same
GUID are placed together. User with a lower UID should be placed higher in the list. h)   List from /etc/passwd the UID and the user having the highest UID.
i)    Device a sequence which lists the five largest files in the current directory.
j)    Remove duplicate lines from a file.
k)   Count the frequency of occurrences of words in a file.
l)	Find "long" listing of the smallest 5 files in the /etc directory whose name contains the string ".conf", sorted by increasing file size.
m)  What would you type at the command line to get a sorted list, with no duplicates, of all the users
logged into the local network?
n)   What would you type at the command line to find all files in your home directory that are more than a week old and end with .bak?
What would you type at the command line to find out how many total lines are contained in all the
files ending in .c in the current directory, printing only the total number of lines?



Solution:

1.   a)  $ ls [a] * | tee file1

b)   $ who  -q | sort ; who  -Hu | cat >> file1 c)  $  pr -d  file1
d)   $  head -10 file1 |  tail  -n -5

e)     $  cut -d  “:”  -f 1,4  /etc/passwd

f)     $ cut -d   “:”  -f  1   /etc/passwd | tail  -n +11 g)	$ cut  -d  “:” -f 3,4  /etc/passwd | sort  -n
h)   $ sort   -t  “:” -r  -n -k  3  /etc/passwd  | cut  -d  “:” -f    1,3  |  head  -1 i)    $ ls  -lS  |  head  -6
j)     $  uniq file1

k)   $  sort file1  |  uniq  -c
5




l)   $ ls -lSr  /etc/*.conf  |  head -5 m)  $ who |  uniq |sort
n)   $ find  -mtime   +7    -name   “*.bak”  -ls o)   $ wc -l   *.c
6




Day 4

ps, kill, grep, egrep, fgrep

Lab Assignments:

1. Perform the following

a)   Find out the PID of your login shell.
b)   Remove the header line from the ps output.
c)   List all processes that you are currently running on your machine, sorted by the command name in alphabetical order (i.e. a process running acroread should be listed before a process running zwgc). The
output should consist only of the processes you are running and nothing else (i.e. if you are running 6 processes, the output should only have 6 lines).
d)   Display the files in the current directory that contain the string MCA HITK in either upper- or lowercase.
e)   Store in a variable the number of lines containing the word MCA in the files mca1, mca2 and mca3.
f)	If you did not have the wc command, how would you use grep to count the number of users currently using the system?
g)   Remove blank lines from a file using grep.
h)   List the ordinary files in your current directory that are not writable by the owner.
i)    Locate lines ending and beginning with a dot and containing anything between them. j)    Locate lines that are less than 100 characters in length.





Solution:
1.   (a  to c  is discarded)

d)  $ grep -il  „MCAHITK‟   *

e) $ var=`grep MCA mca[1-3]  | wc -l`

$ echo  $var

f)  who | grep  -c  “.*”

g) $ grep -v  “^$”  aa1

h)  $ ls -l  | grep  -v   „^..w‟

i)   $ grep „^\..*\.$‟   mca4

j)   $  grep  „^.\{0,99\}$‟   * file1
7






Day 5

Lab Assignments:
1.   Write a shell script to find out whether an integer input through the keyboard is an odd number or an even number.
2.   Write a shell script to find out whether any year input through the keyboard is a leap year or not. If no argument is supplied the current year should be assumed.
3.   Write a shell script to find the maximum of three numbers provided as command line arguments.
4.   Write a shell script to check whether a given number is prime or not.


Solution: (LAB)

1)     #!   /bin/sh

# Purpose:  To find whether an  integer  taken  as  input is  an odd  or even  number.

#  USAGE: sh  oddeven.sh  (No arguments required)

echo  “Enter  an integer:”

read n

if   test  `expr   $n %  2`  -eq  0 then
echo  “$n is a  even  no.”

else

echo  “$n is a odd  no.”

fi

#  end  of  script









2)    #!  /bin/sh

# Purpose: To find out whether  a year taken as  input  is leap  year or  not.

# USAGE: sh leapyear.sh  year

If  test  $#  -eq   0 then
8




set  `date`

var=$6

else

var=$1

fi

if  test  `expr   $var  % 4`  -eq  0 -a  `expr   $var  % 100` -ne  0 -o  `expr   $var  % 400`  -eq 0`

then

echo  “$var is  a leap  year”

else

echo  “$var is  not  a leap year”

fi

# end  of script






3)   #!  /bin/sh

# Purpose: To find  out  maximum of  three  numbers  taken  as command  line  argument.

# USAGE:  sh maxthreeno.sh   number1   number2   number3

If  test  $#  -ne  3 then
echo “please give three  numbers”

exit fi
if   test  $#  -eq   3 then
max=$1

if  test $2  -gt  $max then
max=$2
9




fi

if  test $3  -gt $max then
max=$3

fi

fi

echo  “max number=$max”

#end  of  script




4)  #! /bin/sh

# Purpose:  To check whether  a  integer is  prime  or not taken  as input.

# USAGE: sh  primecheck.sh(No arguments required)

echo “Enter a number:”

read n i=1
k=0

while  test $i  -le  $n do
if  test `expr $n  % $i `  -eq  0 then
k=`expr  $k   + 1`

fi

i=`expr  $i  + 1`

done

if  test  $k -eq 2 then
echo  “$n is prime”

else
10




echo  “$n  is  not prime”

fi

# en d of  script




Home assignments:
1.   Write a shell script to find the factorial value of any integer entered through the keyboard.
2.   Write a shell script to generate all combinations of 1, 2 and 3.
3.   Write a shell script to print all prime numbers in a given range.
4.   Write a shell script to calculate the sum of digits of any number entered through keyboard.
5.   Rajesh‟s basic salary (BASIC) is input through the keyboard. His dearness allowance (DA) is 52% of BASIC. House rent allowance (HRA) is 15% of BASIC. Contributory provident fund is 12% of (BASIC + DA). Write a shell script to calculate his gross salary and take home salary using the following formula:
Gross salary = BASIC + DA + HRA

Take home salary = Gross salary - (BASIC + DA) * 0.12






Solution:(HOME)

1)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To find out the factorial  of  a given integer.

# USAGE: sh factorial.sh (No arguments required)

echo “Enter an integer:”

read  n f=1
i=1

while  test $i -le   $n do
f=`expr   $f  \* $i`

i=`expr  $i  + 1`

done

echo “Factorial value: $f”

# end  of  script
11






2)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To generate  all  combinations of  1,2 and  3.

# USAGE: sh  combin123.sh (no arguments required)

echo “Respective combination  of  1,2,3  are:”

i=1

while  test $i  -le  3 do
j=1

while test  $j   -le 3 do
k=1

while  test $k  -le  3 do
s=`expr $i  \*  100  + $j  \* 10  + $k`

echo  $s

k=`expr  $k  + 1`

done

j=`expr  $j  + 1`

done

i=`expr  $i  + 1`

done

#end  of  script




3)   #!  /bin/sh

# Purpose: To print  all  prime  numbers in  a given range.

# sh  primerange.sh (No arguments required)

echo “Enter the  range:”
12




read n i=1
while  test  $i  -le  $n do
b=1 c=0
while test $b  -le  $i do
if test  `expr  $i  % $b`  -eq  0 then
c=`expr  $c  +  1`

fi

b=`expr   $b + 1`

done

if  test   $c  -eq   2 then
echo “$i  is a  prime number”

fi

i=`expr  $i   + 1`

done

#end  of  script









4)  #! /bin/sh

# Purpose: To find  out  the sum  of  digits  given  as  input.

# USAGE: sh  sumdigits.sh (No arguments required)

echo “Enter a  number :”
13




read n sum=0
while test $n  -gt  0 do
r=`expr  $n  % 10`

sum=`expr  $sum  + $r`

n=`expr  $n  /  10`

done

echo  “Sum of  digits:$sum”

# end  of  script




5)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To find out the Basic salary  of  an employee.

# USAGE:  sh  basicsalary.sh (no arguments required)

echo “Enter rajesh `s basic  salary:”

read  basic

da=`expr  $basic \* 52  /  100` hra=`expr   $basic  \* 15  /  100` v=`expr   $basic + $da` cpf=`expr  $v  \*  12 / 100` gs=`expr  $basic  +  $da  + $hra` hs=`expr   $gs  - $cpf`
echo  “Gross salary:$gs”

echo “Home salary:$hs”

#end  of  script
4








Day 6



Lab Assignments:
1.   Write a shell program that takes a number from user and prints the reverse of the number.
2.   Write a shell script to determine whether two numbers input through keyboard are prime to each other.
3.   Write a shell script to find whether a number is divisible by 11.
4.   Write a shell script that produces a shell calculator to perform the following operations:
1.    Addition
2.    Subtraction
3.    Multiplication
4.    Division





Solution: (LAB)

1)   #!  /bin/sh

# Purpose: To find  out the  reverse  of  a  given  number.

#  USAGE:  sh  reverseno.sh (no arguments required)

echo  “ Enter a  number:”

read  n sum=0
while test  $n  -gt  0 do
r=`expr  $n  % 10`

sum=`expr   $sum  \*  10  + $r`

n=`expr  $n  /  10`

done

echo  “Reverse  of  a number:$sum”

#end  of  script




2)   #!  /bin/sh
15




#Purpose:  To  determine whether two  numbers  taken  as input are  prime  to each  other.

# USAGE:  sh  primeeachother.sh (NO arguments required)

echo  “Enter first  number:”

read  a

echo  “Enter second number:”

read  b

if   test  $b -gt $a then
max=$b min=$a
else

max=$a min=$b
fi

r=`expr  $max % $min`

while test  $r  -ne  0 do
max=$min min=$r
r=`expr  $max %  $min`

done

if  test  $min -eq 1 then
echo  “$a  and $b are prime  to  each other”

else

echo  “$a and  $b  are not prime to each  other”

fi

#end  of script
16











3)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To check whether the  given number is  divisible by  11.

# USAGE:  sh  div11.sh (no arguments required)

echo  “Enter  a number:”

read  n p=0
c=0 k=0
while test  $n -gt  0 do
r=`expr   $n  % 10` c=`expr   $c  +  1` n=`expr  $n /  10`
done i=1
while test   $i  -le $c do
r=`expr  $n  % 10`

if  test  `expr  $i  % 2`  -ne  0 then
p=`expr  $p  + 1`

else

k=`expr  $k  + 1`

fi

n=`expr  $n /  10`
17




i=`expr  $i  + 1`

done

if  test  $k -gt $p then
l=`expr  $k -  $p`

else

l=`expr  $p  -  $k`

fi

if  test  `expr  $l  % 11`  -eq  0 then
echo  “Divisible by 11”

else

echo  “Not  divisible  by  11”

fi

#end  of script




4) #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: A program to  generate  a calculator which  performs basic  arithmetical operations.

# USAGE:  sh  calculator.sh  operand operator operand

If  test  $# -ne  3 then
echo “Please  give  three arguments  as operand  op  operand”

exit fi
case  $2  in

+) var=`expr  $1 + $ 3`;;

-)var=`expr   $1 -   $3`;;

X)var=`expr  $1 \* $3`;; #(PLEASE GIVE X INSTEAD OF  *  DURING MULTIPLICATION)
18




/)var=`expr  $1 /  $3`;;

*) echo  “Invalid operator”;;

esac

echo  “The required value:$var”

#end  of  script






Home assignments:

1.    Write a shell script to print the following pattern for any number of lines:


*

* * *

* * * * *

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * *




2.    Write a shell script to test whether a given string is palindrome or not.
3.    Write a shell script which counts the number of consonants and vowels in a given sentence.
4.     Write a shell script to display the list of users as well as the number of users connected to the
system.






Solution: (HOME)

1)    #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To  generate  a  pattern with  stars.

# USAGE: sh  pattern.sh  (no argments required)

echo “Enter the  number of  rows:”

read r i=1
while  test $i  -le  $r
19




do

k=`expr   $r  - $i` while test  $k -gt 0 do
echo -n  “2blanks”

k=`expr   $k  - 1`

done j=1
while test   $j    -le    `expr  2  \* i  -   1`

do

echo  -n “*blank”

j=`expr  $j  + 1`

done echo
i=`expr  $i  + 1`

done

#end  of  script




2) #! /bin/sh

#Purpose:To check whether the given  string is  palindrome  or not.

#  USAGE:  sh  palindromestring.sh (no arguments required)

echo “Enter a  string:”

read  n len=${#n}
v=`expr   $len / 2  + 1`

i=1

while  test $i   -lt   $v do
20




k1=`echo  $n| cut -c  $i` k2=`echo   $n|cut -c $len` if  test  “$k1” != “$k2” then
echo “Not  palindrome”

exit fi
len=`expr   $len -  1`

i=`expr  $i   + 1`

done

echo  “Palindrome “

#end  of  script




3)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose:  To count number of  vowels  and  consonants  in a  sentence.

# USAGE: sh  vowelcons.sh  (No arguments required)

echo “Enter a  sentence:”

read line len=${#line} vowel=0
x=0 i=1
while  test  $i  -le  $len do
k=`echo $line|cut -c  $i | grep  -ic  [aeiou]` k1=`echo $line|cut  -c $i|grep -ic  [^a-z]` vowel=`expr  $vowel   + $k`
x=`expr  $x  + $k1`
21




i=`expr   $i   + 1`

done

echo  “No  of  vowel:$vowel” con=`expr   $len  - $vowel  - $x` echo  “No  of  consonants:$con”
#end  of  script




4)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose:  To count number of  users who  are currently  log ged in the  system.

# USAGE:  sh  user.sh (NO arguments required)

echo “List  of  users connected:`who  -q|head -1`”

echo  “No  of  users:`who   -q | tail -n -1 | cut  -c  9`”   #end  of  script
22




Day 7

Lab Assignments:

1.	Write a shell script that displays a list of all files in the current directory to which you have read, write and execute permissions.
2.    Write a shell script that lists files by modification time when called with lm and by access time when
called with la. By default, the script should show the listing of all files in the current directory.
3.    Write a shell script to display the files created or updated within fourteen days from the current date.
4.	Develop a shell script which displays all files with all attributes those have been created or modified in the month of November.


Solution: (LAB)

1)    #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To  display list  of  files  in current  directory to which  owner  have read,write      and execute  permission.

# USAGE: sh  rwxperm.sh (no arguments required)

for  var in   *

do

if   test   -r  $var   -a  -w  $var  -a  -x $var  -a  ! -d  $var then
ls   $var fi
done

#end  of  script




2)   #!  /bin/sh

# Purpose: To list the files  according to modification or access time  depending  on the arguments in command line.

# USAGE:  sh  filelist .sh   lm(for modification time)  or  la (last access time)

case   $1 in lm) ls -lt ;; la)  ls  -lut;;
*)    ls   -l;;
23




esac

#end  of  script






3)  #! /bin/sh

# Purpose:  To list the files created or  updated within  fourteen days from current date.

# USAGE:  sh filecreat14.sh (no arguments required)

find  -atime  -14  -mtime   -14  |  sort -u

#end  of  script






4)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To list those files created or  updated in month  of  November.

# USAGE: sh  createNOV.sh  (no arguments required)

for var  in  *

do

set --   `ls   -l  $var`

if   test  “$6”  =  “Nov”

then

ls  -l $var fi
done

#end  of  script




Home assignments:

1.	Write a shell script to print last twenty commands issued by the user. The user name is supplied as a command line argument to the script (use bash-history file).
2.    Write a shell program, which displays the message “welcome” and prints the date when you login to
your system.
24




3.    Accept a string from the terminal and echo a suitable message if it doesn‟t  have at least ten
characters.
4.	Write a shell script which receives either the LOGNAME or the UID supplied at the command prompt and finds out at how many terminals this user has logged in.
5.	Write a shell script, which gets executed the moment a user logs in. It should display the message “GOOD MORNING” or “GOOD AFTERNOON” or “GOOD EVENING” depending upon the time at which the user logs in.





Solution: (HOME)




1)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To print  last  20  commands  issued  by the  user.

# USAGE: sh 20comnd.sh    username if  test $#  -ne   1
then

echo  “Enter your login name  only”

exit fi
if  test “$1”   =  “$LOGNAME”

then

cat   $HOME/.bash_history | tail  -20 else
echo “Wrong username”

fi

#end  of script






2)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose:  To  print welcome  and  date when  user log in  to the system.

# USAGE:  sh  welcome.sh (no  arguments required)
25




# To be written in /.bashrc file

echo  “Welcome”

echo `date`

#end  of  script






3)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose:  To take a  string  and print  a msg if the  string  have or  not have  atleast 10 characters.

# USAGE:  sh  string10char.sh  string

If  test  $#  -ne  1 then
echo “Enter a  string.”

Exit fi
st=$1 v=${#st}
if  test $v   -lt  10 then
echo “String  doesnot  have atleast  10 characters.”

else

echo “String have  atleast 10  characters”

fi

#end  of  script









4)  #! /bin/sh
26




#Purpose: To print  number of  terminals  opened  by  the  user.

# USAGE:  sh  terminal.sh  loginname if  test  $# -ne    1
then

echo “Enter your login name only”

exit fi
if  test  “$1”  =   “$LOGNAME”

then

v=`ls   /dev/pts | wc  -w`

echo “Number of terminals=$v”

else

echo  “Wrong  login name”

fi

#end  of  script






5)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose:To  print  suitable msg  depending on the time  of  the  day when  the  user will log in.

# USAGE:  sh  message.sh  (no arguments  required)

# to be written in /.bashrc file var=`date +%H`
if  test  $var -lt   12 then
echo “Good  morning”

elif   test  $var -lt  16 then
27




echo  “Good  afternoon”

elif   test  $var  -lt  20 then
echo “Good  evening”

else

echo  “Good night fi
#end  of  script
28
























Day 8

Lab Assignments:
1.	Write a shell script, which reports names and sizes of all files in a directory (directory should be supplied as an argument to the shell script) whose size exceeds 100 bytes. The filenames should be printed in decreasing order of their sizes. The total number of such files should also be reported.
2.	Write a shell script that shows the names of all the non-directory files in the current directory and calculates the sum of the size of them.
3.    Write a shell script to list the name of files under the current directory that starts with a vowel.
4.    Write a shell script which receives two filenames as arguments and checks whether the two file‟s
contents are same or not. If they are same then the second file should be deleted.




Solution: (LAB)

1)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To print the name of  all files  in  a directory whose size   exceeds 100 bytes along with   total  number  of  such files.

# USAGE:  sh file100byte.sh  directoryname

If  test  $# -ne  1 then



fi

cd  $1

echo  “Please  give  a  directory  name  and  try  again”
exit

find -size  +100b | sort –nr

echo  “Total number of such files:”

find  -size  +100b | grep -c  “.*”
29





#end  of  script





2)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To print all  non-directory files  in current directory  alongwith the total  size  of those files.

#USAGE:  sh  sizenondir.sh (No arguments required)

sum=0

for  var in  *

do

if test  !  -d   $var

then






fi done


ls   $var

set   --   `ls  -l   $var`

let sum=sum+$5

echo  “Sum  of  sizes  of  all  non directory files under  current  directory is:$sum”

#end  of  script





3)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To list the files  starting with a  vowel.

# USAGE :  sh filevowel.sh (no arguments  required)

echo  “Required files  are:”

ls | grep  “^[aeiou]”

#end  of  script





4)  #! /bin/sh
30




#Purpose: To compare two files and  delete  the second file if  they are equal.

# USAGE:  sh filecomparedel.sh  file1  file2 if   test  $# -ne 2
then

echo “Please give two filenames.”
exit fi

cmp -s   $1 $2

if  test  $? -eq 0 then
echo “$1  and $2  are same”
rm   $2

else

echo “$1  and $2  are not same”

fi

#end  of  script






Home assignments:
1.	Write a shell script to check if a given file (filename supplied as command line argument) is a regular file or not and find the total number of words, characters and lines in it.
2.	Write a shell script which reads a directory name and compares the current directory with it (which has more files and how many more files).
3.	Write a shell script to check whether the given file is a blank file or not. If not found blank then display the contents of the file.
4.	Write a shell script to concatenate two files and count the number of characters, number of words and number of lines in the resultant file.
5.    Write a shell script that accepts two directory names, say mca1 and mca2 as arguments and deletes
those files in mca2 which have identical named files in mca1.






Solution: (HOME)


1)  #! /bin/sh
31




#Purpose: To  check whether  the  given file  is regular or not  and find out total  no. of  words, total no.  of  characters and  total  no.  of lines in it.

# USAGE: sh  regularfile.sh  filename if  test  $#   -ne  1
then

echo  “Please  give  a filename”
exit fi


if   test   -d   $1

then

echo  “It is a directory ,please  give a file name”
exit fi

if  test   -f  $1

.   then

echo   “It is  a regular file”

echo  “Total  Words:`wc  -w  $1 | cut -d  “ “   -f 1`”

echo  “Total  characters:`wc  -c $1 | cut  -d  “  “   -f 1`”

echo  “Total lines:`wc  -l  $1 | cut  -d “  “  -f 1`”

else


echo  “It is not  a regular file”

fi

#end  of  script




2)    #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To check two  directories   and   compare  how many files  between them.

#USAGE:  sh  dircheck.sh  (No  arguments required)

echo -n  “Enter  a directory name:”

read  dirc x=`pwd`
32





v1=`pwd | ls |wc  -w`

echo  “Files in  `pwd`  =$v1”

cd   $dirc y=`pwd`
v2=`ls |wc  -w`

echo  “Files in  `pwd`=$v2”
if  test   $v1 -eq $v2 then

echo  “Both  directory  have  same  no of files”
fi

if  test   $v1 -gt  $v2

then


echo  “Current  directory  $x contains  `expr   $v1  -  $v2`   more  files  than   given
directory  $y”

else


echo  “Given  directory  $y contains  `expr   $v2  -  $v1`   more  files  than   current
directory  $x”

fi

#end  of  script



3)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To check whether the given file is  blank  or  not.

# USAGE: sh  blankfilecheck.sh filename if  test  $# -ne 1
then

echo  “Enter a filename  and try again”
exit fi

if  test -d  $1 then
echo  “It is  a directory,please enter  a filename”
33




exit fi

set -- `ls  -l   $1` if  test  $5 -eq  0 then
echo  “$1  is  a  blank file”

else

echo  “$1  is  not a  blank file”

echo  “Contents  of  the file:”

cat  $1 fi
#end  of  script





4)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To concatenate  two files and find  the no. of  words,char and lines  of  resultant file.

# USAGE:  sh  concatfileinform.sh file1 file2 if  test  $# -ne 2
then

echo  “Enter two file  names  only”
exit fi

echo  -n “Enter  the  name of  resultant file where these  two  files are to  be concatenated:”
read  rfile

cat   $1  $2 > rfile

echo  “Contents  of  resultant file:”

cat   $rfile

echo  “Resultant file  have:”

echo  “Number of  words:`wc  -w  $rfile| cut  -d “ “   -f  1`”
34




echo  “Number of  characters:`wc  -c  $rfile| cut -d “  “   -f  1`”

echo  “Number of  lines:`wc   -l $rfile| cut  -d “  “  -f  1`”

#end  of script





5)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To check two directories  and  delete files  of  second  directory which  is  identical to  the files of first  directory.

#USAGE : sh  identicalfiledel.sh   directory1   directory2 if  test $#   -ne   2
then

echo “Enter two directory  names only”

exit fi
if  test  -d   $1  -a  -d  $2 then
echo “$1  and $2  are directories”

else

echo “$1  and $2  are not  directories”

exit fi


echo  “Files in  directory  $1=`ls  $HOME/$1`” echo  “Files in  directory  $2=`ls  $HOME/$2`” f=0
cd  $1

for  var1 in  *

do

cd  $HOME/$2
35




for  var2  in *

do

cmp   -s  “$var1”   “$var2”

if  test $?  -eq  0 then
f=1

echo   “$var2  is  present  in $1  and  $2 with identical  names”

rm  $var2

echo  “$var2  is removed from $2”

fi done
done

if  test  $f  -eq  0 then
echo  “There are no  identical  named files in  $1  and $2”

else

echo  “Present files in  $2 are:”

ls  $HOME/$2 fi
#End  of  script
36




Day 9

Lab Assignments:
1.	A file called list consists of several words. Write a shell script which will receive a list of filenames, the first of which would be list. The shell script should report all occurrences of each word in list in the rest of the files supplied as arguments.
2.	Write a shell script which deletes all lines containing the word UNIX in the files supplied as arguments to this shell script.
3.	Write a shell script which would receive a log name during execution, obtain information about it from password file and display this information on the screen in easily understandable format.
4.	Write a shell script, which will receive either the filename or the filename with its full path during execution. This script should print information about the file as given by ls –l command and display it in
an informative manner.





Solution: (LAB)

1)       #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To consider  a file  and compare all  occurrences  of words of that file with  the files supplied  as  arguments.

#USAGE: sh  listoccurence.sh list file1 file2  file3………file n

If test  $# -eq  0 then
echo  “Please  give filenames”

exit fi
l=$1 shift
for  var1  in $*

do

for var2 in `cat  $l`

do

echo  “Occurrence  of  $var2 in  $var1  is :`grep  -c $var2  $var1`”

done done
37




#end  of  script






2)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To delete the  lines containing  the word  UNIX  in the file supplied.

#USAGE:  sh   unixdelete.sh  filename(s) If test  $#  -eq 0
then

echo  “Please  give filenames”

exit fi
for  var in  $*

do

grep -v  “UNIX” $var >ff cp  ff  $var
done

#end  of script






3)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To print  the user information  in a  informative manner.

#USAGE: sh  userinform.sh  loginname if  test $#  -ne  1
then

echo “Enter  your  login  name only”

exit fi
grep -w  “$1”  “/etc/passwd”>file1
38




IFS=:

If  test  $? -eq  0 then
set --   `grep -w “$1”   “/etc/passwd”`

echo “Loginame:$1” echo “Password:$2” echo  “UID:$3”
echo  “GUID:$4”

echo  “Home:$5”

echo  “Login shell:$7”

else

echo “User  doesnot exist”

fi

#end of  script






4)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To display all the attributes of  file in  a informative manner.

# USAGE: sh fileinform.sh filename if  test $#  -ne  1
then

echo  “Enter a file name”

exit fi
set  --  `ls - l  $1`

echo “File  permission:$1”

echo “Links:$2”

echo “Username:$3”
39




echo “Groupuser name:$4”

echo  “Size:$5” echo  “Month:$6” echo  “Date:$7”
echo  “Time:$8”    #end of script














Home assignments:
1.	Write a shell script that takes a list of names and displays all information in the password file, where login names are the members of the list.
2.	Write a shell script that periodically count the number of users logged into the system. Send the number of minutes at which to check as parameter.
3.    Write a shell script to count the number of words of different length present in a given text.
4.    Write a shell script to count the frequency of different words used in a file.
A shell script receives even number of filenames. Suppose four filenames are supplied then the first file should get copied into the second file, the third file should get copied into the fourth file, and so on. If odd number of filenames is supplied then no copying should take place and an error message should be displayed.






solution: (HOME)




1)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose: To take list of  login names  and  print  there attributes in informative manner from password file.

#USAGE: sh  usersinform.sh   loginname(s)

if  test $#  -eq   0 then
echo “Enter  your  login  names  please”

exit
40




fi

for var in  $*

do

grep  -w   “$var”  “/etc/passwd” > file1

IFS=:

If  test  $? -eq  0 then
set --   `grep -w “$var”  “/etc/passwd”`

echo  “information   of  $var is:”

echo “Loginame:$1” echo “Password:$2” echo  “UID:$3”
echo  “GUID:$4”

echo  “Home:$5”

echo  “Login shell:$7”

echo else
echo “User  doesnot exist”

fi done
#end of  script




2)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose:  To  generate a script which will print no. of  users currently logged  in according to the time  supplied.

#USAGE: sh  usersattime.sh time(in terms of second)

if test $# -ne 1 then
echo "please give time in minute in terms of seconds" exit
41




fi

while true do
c=`who|grep -c   ".*"`

echo "number of users=$c"


done

sleep $1

#end  of script





3)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose:  To print the  occurrence  of  lenghth  of  different word in  a text.

#USAGE:  sh wordlengthoccur.sh  (no arguments  required)

echo  "Enter a text:" read  n
echo  $n|tr  -cd   "[\040a-zA-Z]" > ff for  var  in `cat ff`
do

echo  ${#var} >> f1 done
echo   “Number of  words  of  different  lengths are:”

cat f1|sort|uniq –c rm  f1
# end  of  script






4)  #! /bin/sh

#Purpose: To print the frequency  of  different words in a file.

#USAGE: sh freqword.sh filename







42




if  test $#  -ne  1

then



fi


echo  "please give file name" exit

echo “Frequency  of  different words  in the file $1:”

tr  '  '  '\n'  < $1|tr  -cd   "[\na-zA-Z]" |sort| uniq  –c

#end  of  script






5)   #!  /bin/sh

#Purpose:  To concatenate the first file to  second,third to fourth   and so on,if  the total  number of  arguments is even or else  do nothing.

#USAGE:  sh  evnoddfiles.sh   filename(s)

if   test  $#  -eq   0 then
echo  "give file names" exit
fi

v=`expr   $#   % 2`

k=$#

c=0

if   test  $v  -eq   0 then



for  var  in   $*
do

c=`expr   $c + 2`

l=$1 m=$2
cp  $l   $m shift    2
if  test  $c  -eq  $k
43








done

then fi


exit 1


else

fi


echo   "No copy should  take place as  odd number of  files are supplied"

#end  of  script
44




Day 10




Lab Assignments:
1. Devise a menu-driven shell program that accepts values from 1 to 4 and performs action depending upon the number keyed in:

1.    List of users currently logged in
2.   Present date
3.   Present working directory
4.   Quit





solution: (LAB)

1)   #!  /bin/sh

#USAGE:  sh  menu.sh (no arguments required)

while true do
echo  “1.  List  of  users currently logged in.”

echo   “2. Present date”

echo   “3. Present working  directory”

echo  “ 4. Quit”

echo  -n “Enter your  choice:”

read  ch case  $ch in
1) who;;

2) date +%d-%B-%Y;;

3) pwd;;

4) exit;;

*) echo  “Invalid choice.”;;

esac

#end  of  script
45




Home assignments:

1. Write a shell script to make a password based menu-driven program, which will give a maximum of three chances to enter the password. If the given password is correct then the program will show the
1.    Number of users currently logged in.
2.    Calendar of current month.
3.    Date in the format: dd / mm / yyyy.
4.    Quit
The menu should be placed approximately in the centre of the screen and should be displayed in bold.






solution: (HOME)




1)   #!  /bin/sh

#USAGE: sh  menupasswd.sh  (no arguments required)

c=0 f=0
while   test  $f   -eq  0 do
echo  "Enter ur login name:" read n

if   test  $n !=   $LOGNAME
then
f=0

c=`expr $c + 1`

if   test  $c  -eq   3 then



else fi
done




fi f=1

echo   "3 chances over" exit 1

if   test  $f   -eq   1

then


echo  "Login name valid" while true
46




do

echo "1.List of users currently logged in" echo   "2.calendar of current month" echo   "3.Date in format:dd/mm/yyyy"
echo   "4.Exit"

echo  "Enter ur choice:" read  ch
case  $ch  in

1) who -q|tail -1;;

2) cal;;

3) date +%d/%m/%Y;;

4) exit;;

*) echo "invalid entry";;


done

esac

fi




#end  of  script
47




Day 11

Lab Assignments:

1. sed assignments

a)   Delete last line of a file.
b)   Delete from third to the last line of a file.
c)   Append the line “LET US STOP” after the last line.
d)   Print first five lines of a file.
e)   Remove all lines containing the word „BCA‟ from a file.
f)    Append the third line after the last line in a file.
g)   Replace all occurrences of „two‟ with „three‟ in a file. h)   Cut and paste the third line after the last line in a file. i)    Double-space a file.
j)    Insert a blank line above every line that matches "MCA".


2. awk assignments

a)   List all regular files in the current directory whose name starts with „a‟.
b)   Display the current date and month in the given format:
c)   Date: 22/11/2007 d)   Month: Nov
e)   List all files in the current directory whose size is greater than 200 bytes, and also give the sum of the
sizes of all those files.
f)   List the name of files under the current directory that starts with a vowel. g)   Check whether a given string is palindrome or not.
h)   List all users currently logged into the system.
i)    List all files in the current directory that has more than one link to it. j)    Double-space a file.
k)   Double-space a file that already has blank lines in it. Output file should contain no more than one
blank line between lines of text.
l)    Number each line of file, but only print numbers if line is not blank.




Solutions: (LAB)

Sed  assignments:

1)   a)  $ sed   „$d‟  file

b)   $ sed   „3,$d,  file

c) $  sed   „$a\LET US STOP\‟  file

d)  $ sed    „5q‟  file

e)  $ sed  -n „/BCA/!p‟  file

f)    $ sed  -n  „p‟   file ;  sed   -n „3p‟  file
48




g) $  sed „s/two/three/‟   file

h) $ sed -n  „3!p‟  file  ; sed  -n  „3p‟  file

i)   $ sed   „‟i\         \‟   file

j)   $ sed   „/MCA/i\     \‟   file



Awk   assignments:

2)  a) $ ls | awk  „/^a/{print}‟  file

b,c,d) $ date  +”%d  %m  %Y  %h”|awk  -F  “ “  „{print  “Date:”  $1”/”$2”/”$3 ;  print
“Month:”     $4}‟

e) $ ls  -l | awk  -F  “ “  „BEGIN{printf  “List  of files:\n”} ; $5>200{s=s+$5;printf
“%s\n”,$9};  END{print “Sum of sizes:” s}‟

f) $ ls|awk  „/^[aeiou]/{print}‟

g) #!/bin/sh
#Program: palin.sh

#Purpose:  To prove whether a string is palindrome or not  using awk command

#usage:  sh  palin.sh

echo –n ”Enter any string:”

read  a junk

echo  “$a” | awk „

{
p=$1
stat=”Palindrome” l=length(p) loop=int(l/2)
for(i=1;i<=loop;i++)
{
first=substr(p,i,1)
last=substr(p,l-i+1,1)

if(first != last)
stat=”Not palindrome”
}
print  stat
}‟




h) $ who |awk -F  “ “  „{print  $1}‟
49




i)  $ ls -l |awk -F  “ “  „$2>1{print  $9}‟

j)   $ awk „1; {print “”}‟ file

k)  $ awk  „NF{print $0  “\n”}‟   file

l)  $ awk „NF{$0=++a   “:”  $0} ;  {print}‟   file


Home assignments:

1. sed assignments

a)         Number each line of file, but only print numbers if line is not blank. b)         Count lines (emulate "wc -l").
c)         If a line ends with a backslash, append the next line to it.
d)         Add a blank line every 5 lines (after lines 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.).
e)		Print the line immediately after the line containing “MCA”, but not the line containing “MCA”.

f)          Print line number 5.
g)         Beginning at line 3, print every 7th line.


2. awk assignments

a)         Count lines (emulate "wc -l").
b)         Print the sums of the fields of every line.
c)         Add all fields in all lines and print the sum.
d)         Print every line after replacing each field with its absolute value. e)         Print the total number of fields ("words") in all lines.
f)          Print the total number of lines that contain "MCA".
g)		Print the largest first field and the line that contains it (Intended for finding the longest string in field).

h)         Print the number of fields in each line, followed by the line. i)          Sort the login names of all users and print it.
j)          Print only lines of less than 65 characters. k)         Print line number 12.




Solution(HOME):-




Sed  assignment:




1)a) $ sed   „/./=‟  file| sed  „/./N ; s/\n/  /‟

b)  $ sed   -n   „$=‟   file

c)  $ sed -e :a  -e  „/\\$/N ; s/\\\n// ; ta‟   file
50




d)  $ sed  „n;n;n;n;G;‟   file

e)  $ sed  -n  „/MCA/{n;p;}‟    file

f) $ sed   -n „5p‟   file

g)  sed    -n  „3,${p;n;n;n;n;n;n;}‟   file




awk  assignment:

2)a) $ awk   „END{print NR}‟   file

b)  $ awk  „{s=0;  for(i=1 ; i<=NF ; i=i+1)  s=s+i ; print  s}‟  file

c) $ awk   „{for(i=1 ; i<=NF ; i=i+1) s= s+i ; END{print  s}‟   file

d)  $ awk  „{for(i=1 ; i<=NF ; i=i+1)  print  “  “ i ;   printf “\n%s\n”,  $0}‟   file

e) $ awk   „{total=total+NF} ;  END{print  total}‟    file

f) $ awk    „/MCA/{n++} ; END {print  n}‟   file

g)  $ awk  „$1>max1{max=$1  ;  max2=$0} ;  END{print  max1,max2}‟  file

h) $ awk  „{print   NF  “:”   $0}‟   file

i) $ awk  -F   “:”   „{print  $1 | “sort”}‟    /etc/passwd

j) $ awk  „length<65‟   file

k) $ awk  „NR==12‟   file
51




Day 12

Lab Assignments:



1.   A text file contains information in the following format in each line of the text: Date                  Product Code                 Quantity                         Indicator (In/Out)

------                  -----------------                -----------                        ---------------------

|                                   |                                |                                            |

|                                   |                                |                                            |

|                                   |                                |                                            |

Write a shell script to calculate the cumulative stock of any particular product (either input from keyboard or command line argument) at any date.



2.   A file contains marks of examination in the following format:
Name          Subject1            Subject2            Subject3            Subject4            Subject5

-------          ----------            ----------            -----------           -----------           -----------

.                   .                        .                          .                         .                         .

.                   .                        .                          .                         .                         .

.                   .                        .                          .                         .                         .

Write a shell script to arrange the records according to the total marks of all subjects in the descending order.





















Solution : (LAB)

1)  stock database:(stocklist.txt)
52



	Date	Productcode	Quantity	indicator(in/out)
07/11/09	001	25	In
07/11/09	002	30	Out
07/11/09	001	50	In
11/11/09	003	60	In
12/11/09	002	70	Out
12/11/09	002	75	In
11/11/09	003	80	Out


Shell script:

#!/bin/sh

#Program: stock.sh

#Purpose: To calculate the cumilitive stock  of any particular product at any date.

#Usage: sh  stock.sh  stocklist.txt if  test  $# -ne 1
then

echo  “Enter the  database file as input in  command line.”

exit fi
awk  'BEGIN { printf "\nEnter date:" getline c <"/dev/tty"
printf "\nEnter code:"

getline c1 <"/dev/tty"

printf "Totalstock\n"
}

$1==c && $2==c1{x=x+$3} END{printf "%d\n",x} '  $1
#end  of  script




2)  student database: (studentinfo.txt)

Name		Sub1	Sub2	sub3	sub4	sub5
ajay	56	58	69	70	75
bimal	66	67	70	85	98
ajoy	87	88	89	90	92

53



raj	55	54	45	50		57
komol	78		77       71		82		83
sam      91       92       93      55        50


shell script:

#! /bin/sh


#Program: student.sh

#Purpose: To arrange  the records  according  to  the total  marks  of all  subjects  in descending order.

#Usage: sh  student.sh  studentinfo.txt if  test  $# -ne 1
then

echo  “Enter the  database file as input in  command line.”

exit fi
awk  ' BEGIN {printf "NAME   Total marks\n"} NR>1{
x=0

for(i=2;i<=NF;i++)

x=x+$i

printf "\n%s\t%d",$1,x|"sort -nr -k 2"

} '  $1

#end  of  script





Home Assignments:

1.   Write a shell function size( ) which lists only the total size of the files(filenames supplied as arguments).
2.   Write a shell script for renaming each file in the directory such that it will have the current shell
PID as an extension. The shell script should ensure that the directories do not get renamed.
3.   Write a shell script to sort a list of elements using bubble sort technique.