Greek Lexicography

Introduction

Lexicography involves the collection of evidence relating to the meaning and usage of words, the identification and arrangement of the distinct senses of those words, and the presentation in a lexicon or dictionary of a kind of biography for each word. Although such work draws on etymological studies and on research into word formation, derivation, and compounding, since these are disciplines in their own right within linguistics and philology, they are not treated in this bibliography. Also, personal and place names may contribute to our understanding of word formation and the semantics of Greek vocabulary, and words certainly should be studied in their cultural context. However, works that are primarily onomastic in character rather than semantic or encyclopedic are not included here, although a few starting points are listed under Onomastic Works.

Introductory Works

Schaps 2011 is the best introduction, especially for students, to the various kinds of lexical reference tools available and what expectations to have of them.

Schaps, David M. 2011. Handbook for Classical Research Abingdon: Routledge: 69-80.
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A helpful warning for users of Greek and Latin lexica, drawing attention to the compilation of data, the principles of its arrangement, and reasons for omissions and exclusions of words. Catalogues of verb forms, reverse indices, and various Greek-English (for all periods), English-Greek, and etymological dictionaries are critically introduced.
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Theory And Practice

Discussions of individual words and of word groups are innumerable and scattered through commentaries, periodicals, and monographs. The Dicconario Griego-Español’s Repertorio is a periodically updated bibliography of word studies and lexical notes, which is now published online. Chadwick’s discussions of particular words provide accessible introductions to the application of the historical method in lexicography for ordering senses (Chadwick 1986, Chadwick 1992, and Chadwick 1996). Since Renehan’s comments were incorporated into the Revised Supplement to Liddell-Scott-Jones, they help to illustrate the lexical studies behind the final published entries (Renehan 1975 and Renehan 1982).

Chadwick, John. 1986. The semantic history of Greek eschára [‘εσχάρα]. In O-o-pe-ro-si: Festschrift für Ernst Risch zum 75. Geburtstag. Edited by Annemarie Etter, 515–523. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
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This word study illustrates the ordering of diverse senses along historical principles (drawing on Mycenaean textual evidence and archaeological discoveries), as well as the over-reliance of lexicographers on ancient grammarians.
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Chadwick, John. 1992. Semantic history and Greek lexicography. In La langue et les textes en grec ancien: Actes du Colloque Pierre Chantraine (Grenoble, 5–8 Septembre 1989). Edited by Françoise Létoublon, 281–288. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.
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A demonstration of how senses should be ordered following historical principles (as in the Oxford English dictionary, but not in Liddell-Scott-Jones), starting from an original meaning that may be obvious (kephalē [κεφαλή]) or reconstructed (stathmós [σταθμός]).
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Chadwick, John. 1996. Lexicographica graeca: Contributions to the lexicography of Ancient Greek. Oxford: Clarendon.
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This work, which arose from Chadwick’s role on the supervising committee for the Revised supplement to Liddell-Scott-Jones, consists of word studies and reexaminations of the relevant citations, especially for words with puzzling, problematic, or intricate entries in Liddell-Scott-Jones. The introduction outlines lexicographical methodology and how it should be applied to Greek.
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Hiorth, Finngeir. 1954–1955. Arrangement of meanings in lexicography. Lingua 4:413–424.
DOI: 10.1016/0024-3841(54)90075-3Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
An explanation of what is meant by the logical, historical, and empirical ordering of senses in relation to several lexica (not of Ancient Greek).
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Lee, John A. L. 1997. Hebrews 5:14 and héksis [‘έξις]: A history of misunderstanding. Novum Testamentum 39.2: 151–176.
DOI: 10.1163/1568536974712376Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
The sole attestation of this word in the New Testament is reexamined in light of extensive sampling of its occurrences in literature, philosophical texts, and the Septuagint. Alarms are sounded about lexicographers’ over-reliance on their predecessors and on established translations, and about the value of drawing on patristic commentaries.
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Renehan, Robert. 1975. Greek lexicographical notes: A critical supplement to the Greek-English Lexicon of Liddell-Scott-Jones. Hypomnemata: Untersuchungen zur Antike und zu ihrem Nachleben 45. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
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A valuable collection of notes on words already included by or to be added to Liddell-Scott-Jones, which originally appeared as a series of articles in Glotta 1968–1972. A significant number of notes deal with Neo-Platonist vocabulary.
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Renehan, Robert. 1982. Greek lexicographical notes: A critical supplement to the Greek-English lexicon of Liddell-Scott-Jones, second series. Hypomnemata: Untersuchungen zur Antike und zu ihrem Nachleben 74. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
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A continuation of Renehan’s additions and corrections to Liddell-Scott-Jones.
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Repertorio bibliográfico de la lexicografía griega. Rodríguez Somolinos, Juan, and Mónica Elias, eds.
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A online bibliography of word studies and other lexical notes.
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Ancient and Byzantine Lexical Scholarship

The study of rare words and even of the vocabulary of the works of particular authors as a whole (e.g., the Hippocratic corpus) began in the Hellenistic period. Later, the Atticists’ desire to write only the best 5th-century Attic Greek led to the creation not only of prescriptive lexica of commended words and those to be avoided, but also of works such as Harpocration’s Lexeis of the Ten Attic Orators. Later, encyclopedic works, such as the Suda, were compiled. The details of recent editions and studies are not supplied here; instead, the reader is referred to Dickey 2007 as an excellent introduction to this complex field, and to the studies by Rodríguez Adrados, et al. 1977.

Dickey, Eleanor. 2007. Ancient Greek scholarship: A guide to finding, reading, and understanding scholia, commentaries, lexica, and grammatical treatises, from their beginnings to the Byzantine period. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
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An accessible introduction to ancient lexica and etymological dictionaries from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine period. The nature and development of lexicography are discussed. Suggestions for topics for further research, sample texts with commentary, a vocabulary, and an extensive, annotated bibliography of editions and secondary literature are included.
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Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco, Elvira Gangutia, J. López Facal, and C. Serrano Aybar. 1977. Introducción a la lexicografía griega. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
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Members of the Diccionario Griego-Español team discuss ancient theories of semantics, the history of Greek lexicography in Antiquity and the medieval period, and the practicalities of compiling a modern lexicon (with particular reference to the handling of epigraphic and papyrological evidence).
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The History of Greek Lexicography from the Renaissance

Brief treatments of the history of modern lexicography of the Classical Greek language are provided by Collison 1982 and Zgusta 2006, but Lee 2003 should also be consulted, although it principally addresses the treatment of the New Testament. Imholtz 2007 and the articles in the Quarterly Review (attributed to J. R. Fishlake [Fishlake 1834 and Fishlake 1845]; see the Preface to Liddell-Scott-Jones, p. iv) help to contextualize the tradition of Liddell and Scott and their German and English predecessors.

Collison, Robert Lewis. 1982. A history of foreign-language dictionaries. London: André Deutsch.
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A history of lexical investigations and compilations from Classical Athens to the 20th century. The Alexandrian grammarians and their successors throughout the Greco-Roman world, as well as the Suda, Etymologica, Stephanus’s Thesaurus linguae graecae, Passow, and Liddell-Scott-Jones are treated in the context of developments in lexicography worldwide.
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Fishlake, J. R. 1834. Article VII. Quarterly Review 51 (March): 144–177.
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A detailed review of Schneider’s second edition, Passow’s second edition, the third edition of Stephanus’s Thesaurus linguae graecae by Hase, and of Donnegan’s second edition. A set of rules outlining an ideal lexicon follow. Available online.
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Fishlake, J. R. 1845. Article I. Quarterly Review 75 (March): 293–324.
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A detailed review of Donnegan’s fourth edition, Dunbar’s second edition, the first edition of Liddell-Scott, the abridgement (by Marshall), and Linwood’s Lexicon to Aeschylus.
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Imholtz, August A., Jr. 2007. “Liddell and Scott”: Precursors, nineteenth-century editions, and the American contributions. In Oxford Classics: Teaching and learning 1800–2000. Edited by Christopher Stray, 117–134. London: Duckworth.
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The history of Liddell-Scott to the eighth edition is situated against the previous Greek lexicographic projects undertaken in England. A plate shows a page from the sixth edition annotated with revisions for the seventh. The inclusion of epigraphic material in the later editions is explained. Drisler’s American edition is briefly discussed.
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Lee, John A. L. 2003. A history of New Testament lexicography. New York: Peter Lang.
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Lee analyzes the tradition of New Testament lexicography and the developments in its methodology from the late 15th century. He provides twelve word studies as illustrations and cautionary tales. An extensive bibliography and categorization of Greek lexica are included.
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Zgusta, Ladislav. 2006. Lexicography then and now: Selected essays. Edited by Fredric S. F. Dolezal and Thomas B. I. Creamer. Tübingen, Germany: Niemeyer.
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A collection of essays on the history and methodology of lexicography, including detailed treatments of Greek lexica (ancient, modern, and in progress) and attention to particular questions of theory (such as ordering sense—sections logically or chronologically).
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Liddell and Scott

The tradition of Liddell and Scott has dominated Greek-English lexicography and philology more generally and has also formed the basis of projects to produce lexica of Greek in Italian, Spanish, and Modern Greek. It began as a translation of the work of Franz Passow (as the title page indicated until the fourth edition in 1855), which itself was based on Schneider’s Handwörterbuch of 1798, and was revised piecemeal through eight editions by Liddell himself. Two abridgements were also published (Liddell 1889 and Marshall 1845). Scholars who wish to cite Liddell-Scott-Jones authoritatively should be aware of the limitations arising from this process of revision over one hundred years and then in the form of two Supplements (Liddell, et al. 1968 and Liddell, et al. 1996).

A Poetry map for Liddell-Scott-Jones Fraser, Bruce. 2007. A Poetry map for Liddell-Scott-Jones.
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References in Liddell-Scott-Jones to fragments of comedy, tragedy, hexameter poetry, lyric, elegy, and iambics could not be systematically updated in the Supplement and Revised supplement. This collection of comparationes (designed for the needs of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project) is particularly useful for tracking down modern editions of the fragments cited.
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Liddell, Henry George. 1889. An intermediate Greek-English lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon.
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This abridgement, repeatedly reprinted, was compiled from the seventh edition of Liddell-Scott (1883) at the request of schoolmasters. It includes every word attested from Homer to “the close of Classical Attic Greek” and from Aristotle’s ethical and political treatises, selections from Polybius and Strabo, Plutarch’s Lives, Lucian, the Greek Anthology (apparently expurgated), and the New Testament. The coverage (particularly the inclusion of neologisms) of Aeschylus (Supplices), Aristophanes, Aristotle (especially the Metaphysics), Euripides, the New Testament, and Plato (especially Parmenides, Sopist, Statesman, and Theaetetus), is not comprehensive in its scope. The attention paid to word formation and derivation is valuable, but the etymological comments are outdated.
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Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. 1925–1940. A Greek-English lexicon: A new edition. Revised by Henry Stuart Jones with Roderick McKenzie, et al. Oxford: Clarendon.
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Reprinted with Supplement in 1996. The standard reference work for the study of the Greek language and its literature from Homer to the reign of Justinian. In practice, postclassical authors were cited only for new words (this apparently applied for Euripides too) and early patristic texts (including the Apostolic Fathers) were not treated.
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Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. 1968. Greek-English lexicon: A supplement. Edited by E. A. Barber with P. Maas, M. Scheller, and M. L. West. Oxford: Clarendon.
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The Supplement includes the addenda and corrigenda that accrued during the publication of Liddell-Scott-Jones from 1925 to 1940, and new words from papyri and inscriptions published subsequently. Mycenaean evidence was not incorporated, but Latin loan words were.
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Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Roderick McKenzie. 1996. Greek-English lexicon: Revised supplement. Edited by P. G. W. Glare with A. A. Thompson. Oxford: Clarendon.
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Incorporating new evidence from papyri and inscriptions (including many early dialect texts) was the main aim of this revision of the 1968 Supplement. It also cautiously adds references to Mycenaean forms and to words attested in Linear B texts. Citations from newly discovered literature were added and minor corrections were made.
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Marshall, George. 1845. A lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon.
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Revised edition, 1872; most recent reprint, 1976. The first abridgement of Liddell-Scott was published anonymously, but was the work of Marshall, one of Liddell’s collaborators. Its scope is comparable with the Intermediate Greek-English lexicon. Particular attention was paid to parsing irregular forms (for Homer, Doric, and the New Testament) and to illustrating word formation. Its etymological notes should be ignored.
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Background, History, and Methodology of the Liddell-Scott Tradition

The nine editions of Liddell-Scott represent over one hundred years of development. The biography of Liddell by Thompson 1899 (supplemented by Kitchell 1988) relates the origins of Liddell-Scott and the process of revision. Stuart Jones 1941 provides a detailed treatment of the compilation of the ninth edition and the new evidence it employed.

Kitchell, Kenneth F., Jr. 1988. How the wrong parts wrote Scott and the right parts wrote Liddell. Classical Journal 84:47–52.
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A briefer and more readily accessible account than Thompson’s biography, which also draws on other sources and on previously unavailable archive material. (Kitchell also provides the evidence for how Liddell’s name was pronounced, i.e., rhyming with “fiddle” and “riddle.”)
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Stuart Jones, Henry 1941. The making of a lexicon. Classical Review 55:1–13.
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A supplement to the preface of the ninth edition of Liddell-Scott for scholars familiar with its character. The methodology (adding to the sheets of the eighth edition), improvements (e.g., use of modern editions and exact references for citations), and additions from inscriptions, papyri, and newly discovered literature (e.g., Sophocles’s Ichneutae) are explained with detailed examples.
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Thompson, Henry L. 1899. Henry George Liddell D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford: A memoir. London: John Murray.
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The official account of Liddell’s character and career, based both on his autobiography (covering the first twenty-three years of his life), which he began in 1887, and on correspondence and the reminiscences of his intimates, of whom Henry Thompson was one. Portraits, photographs, and some of Liddell’s sketches are included. The whole work is of interest for the history of Liddell-Scott, but pages 65–85 concentrate on the Lexicon’s origins and revision.
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Adversaria on Liddell-Scott-Jones, the Supplement, and the Revised Supplement

A selection of studies of Liddell-Scott-Jones are cited here as helpful introductions to its character. The treatments by Chadwick (Chadwick 1994) and Glare (Glare 1987 and Glare 1997), both of whom worked on the Oxford Latin dictionary and were involved, one as an advisor and the other as its editor, in the compilation of the Revised supplement, are particularly insightful.

Bain, David. 1999. Some addenda and corrigenda to the Revised supplement to Liddell and Scott. Glotta 75:121–133.
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A redress of several gaps in the Revised supplement’s coverage, with bibliography for most of the words discussed. Particular attention is given to medical terms, to the Cyranides, and to sexual meanings.
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Chadwick, John. 1994. The case for replacing Liddell and Scott. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39:1–11.
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Chadwick censures Liddell-Scott-Jones for the decision to “emend and patch” and to abbreviate the existing text; its philologically unsound basis (especially its etymologies); its treatment of dialect forms; its use of glosses without definitions; and its failure to distinguish some senses and to combine others.
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Glare, P. G. W. 1987. Liddell and Scott: Its background and present state. In Studies in Lexicography. Edited by Robert W. Burchfield, 1–18. Oxford: Clarendon.
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Glare concentrates on the work’s original use (as an aid to reading texts in the 19th-century classical curriculum and for Greek prose and verse composition), its dependence on Passow, and the problematic origins of the etymologies. He charitably illustrates the problems of translating contexts rather than defining the headword itself; of the use of imprecise, “pseudo-poetic,” and now archaic glosses; of being too technical and specific (with species or ancient sports); and of a predilection for treating words as synonyms (especially compound verbs).
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Glare, P. G. W. 1997. Liddell-Scott-Jones: Then and now. Hyperboreus 3:205–217.
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A revision of Glare 1987. With noteworthy charity, Glare adds discussion of inconsistencies arising from the imperfect incorporation of new editions of ancient authors, uncritical reliance on ancient lexicographers, and the fallacious treatment of Septuagint Greek.
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Renehan, Robert. 2001. Some supplements to the revised LSJ Supplement. Glotta 77:221–243.
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A collection of additional citations for entries in the Revised supplement, further comments, bibliography, and reassessments of certain passages.
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Thompson, Anne. 2003. A new Intermediate Ancient Greek-English lexicon: Problems and perspectives. In The lexicography of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Greek literature: Present state and prospects of current major projects. Proceedings of an International Conference, Thessaloniki, 9 November 1997. Edited by I. N. Kazazes, 165–176. Thessaloniki: Kentro Hellenikos Glossas.
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A detailed discussion of the Intermediate Greek-English lexicon and how its treatment could be improved in light of advances in philological research, developments in how Greek is taught, and digitalization.
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Mycenaean

Although the lexical evidence provided by the Linear B tablets was incorporated into the Revised supplement and the Diccionario Griego-Español gives cross-references to its companion volumes, the early studies Baumbach 1971, Chadwick and Baumbach 1963, and Morpurgo 1963 remain useful.

Aura Jorro, Francisco. 1993. Diccionario micénico: Diccionario Griego-Español anejos I–II. 2 vols. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
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A companion to the Diccionario Griego-Español treating words found in Mycenaean texts (including personal and place names). Entries include citations for the forms attested or partially attested (i.e., in lacunose texts) and references to discussions in the secondary literature.
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Baumbach, Lydia. 1971. The Mycenaean Greek vocabulary II. Glotta 49:151–190.
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A supplement and revision to the earlier collection by Chadwick and Baumbach.
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Chadwick, John, and Lydia Baumbach. 1963. The Mycenaean Greek vocabulary. Glotta 41:157–271.
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An index of Greek words (including personal and place names) for which the Linear B tablets provide evidence to varying degrees of certainty. Entries contain references and bibliography. An index of the Mycenaean forms discussed follows (pp. 259–271).
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Morpurgo, Anna. 1963. Mycenaeae graecitatis lexicon.Rome: Edizioni dell’ Ateneo.
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The first post-decipherment treatment. Entries include bibliography and Latin descriptions of the context.
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Early Greek

Although early hexameter and lyric poetry has often been the core focus of classical lexica, these texts have received dedicated treatments: Cunliffe 1963 and Cunliffe 1931 deal with Homer; Snell, et al. 1955–2010 provides an extensive study of all of the vocabulary of early hexameter poetry; and Rodríguez Somolinos 1998 has written several studies of Lesbian lyric.

Cunliffe, Richard John. 1931. Homeric proper and place names: A supplement to “A lexicon of the Homeric dialect.” London and Glasgow: Blackie and Son.
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Notes epithets associated with names and supplies a brief description or biography.
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Cunliffe, Richard John. 1963. A lexicon of the Homeric dialect. 2d ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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A treatment of the language of the Iliad (following the Oxford Classical Texts third edition) and Odyssey (following the Oxford Classical Texts second edition), compiled independently of previous Homeric lexica and first published in 1924. Personal and place names are omitted in the main volume. Appendices discuss the intricacies of the prefixes (or, better, adverbial preverbs) and the constructions found with the conditional conjunctions. Some etymological notes and cognates are included.
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Rodríguez Somolinos, Helena. 1998. El léxico de los poetas lesbios: Diccionario Griego-Español anejo IV. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
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A study of words attested in Lesbian lyric (Sappho and Alcaeus as well as unassigned fragments), but not in the Homeric poems. There is a particular interest in determining the relationship between the lexicon of Lesbian lyric and that of the rest of early non-Homeric poetry.
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Snell, Bruno, Hans-Joachim Mette, Gerda Knebel, Eva-Maria Voigt, and M. Meier-Brügger, eds. 1955–2010. Lexikon des frühgriechischen Epos. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
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A treatment of the vocabulary (including variant readings and personal and place names) of the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Hesiodic poems, the Homeric Hymns, and early epic fragments. Articles usually discuss (with bibliography) etymology and derivation, metrics, ancient explanations, and modern discussions, besides analyzing the meaning. Further details of the twenty-five fascicles are available online.
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Classical Greek

The language of Classical literature has received and continues to receive the most attention in Greek lexicography. In addition to French (Bailly 1963), German (Crönert 1912–1914), and Italian (Montanari 2004) lexica of Greek, projects are currently in progress, with different aims and on different scales, to produce Greek-English and Greek-Spanish lexica.

Bailly, Anatole. 1963. Dictionnaire grec-français. Revised by L. Séchan and P. Chantraine. 26th ed. Paris: Hachette.
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A dictionary of Greek, up to the 6th century CE, with French glosses, treating both secular and Christian authors, and including personal and place names.
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Crönert, Wilhelm. 1912–1914. Passow’s Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
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This extensive project to cover Greek literature to Procopius, the Septuagint, New Testament, papyri, inscriptions, coins, gems, vases, and some patristic texts reached aná [‘ανά], but was not resumed after World War I.
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Montanari, Franco. 2004. Vocabolario della lingua greca. 2d ed. Turin, Italy: Loescher.
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Entries feature glosses in Italian and use the citations from the Liddell-Scott-Jones tradition, but also supplement them from later authors (e.g., Dio Chrysostom, Plutarch, Achilles Tatius, and Longus).
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The Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project

Following his work on the Oxford Latin dictionary and his advisory responsibilities for the Revised supplement, John Chadwick saw the need for a new lexicon suited to students at school and university level. A team led by James Diggle and Anne Thompson (one of Chadwick’s students who worked as an editorial associate on the Revised supplement) is writing this lexicon at Cambridge. It prioritizes semantic ordering of senses (as seen in the Oxford Latin dictionary) and provides definitions based on word formation and indications of contexts (e.g., the subjects and objects of verbs). It is based on a fresh and comprehensive investigation of literary texts—not only from Homer to 5th- and 4th-century authors, but also including the Hellenistic poets, Polybius, Plutarch’s Lives, and the New Testament. It incorporates much of the literature rediscovered in the 19th and 20th centuries (e.g., Sappho and Alcaeus, Bacchylides, Aristotle’s Athenian constitution, Hyperides, and Menander). It will be published by Cambridge University Press but will also be available online, integrated with the Perseus Digital Library. The articles by Pauline Hire (Hire 2005), the project’s coordinator, and B. L. Fraser (Fraser 2008a and Fraser 2008b), one of the writers, outline its nature and distinctive contribution to lexicography in general.

Fraser, B. L. 2008a. Beyond definition: Organising semantic information in bilingual dictionaries. International Journal of Lexicography 21:69–93.
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A treatment of the research and writing processes of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project and, in particular, of the benefits of a digital database of citations and of the use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) and style sheets to assist the writers. The significance of having different entry structures for the various parts of speech is also discussed.
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Fraser, B. L. 2008b. Lexicographic slips: Gathering and organising contextual data for dictionary entries. In Lexicografia e semântica lexical: Caminhos para a feitura de um dicionário de Grego. Colóquio Internacional – ACTAS (Lisboa, 24–25 de Novembro de 2006), 53–72. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Clássicos.
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A detailed treatment of the use of electronic searches to produce a database of citations to supplement previous collations of sources. The technical papers relating to the software involved are referenced. The importance of word formation and contextual information is also discussed. Also available online.
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Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project.
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Consult this page for information about the Cambridge Greek Lexicon project.
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Hire, Pauline. 2005. The Cambridge New Greek Lexicon Project. Classical World 98:179–185.
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The need for an up-to-date lexicon for students is explained, with particular discussion of the importance of newly discovered literary texts, developments in philological approaches and advances in lexicography, and the use of digital technologies. The approach is illustrated through several sample entries and the editor’s comments on them.
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Diccionario Griego-Español

The Diccionario Griego-Español (DGE) was begun in 1962 and is the most extensive Greek lexicographical project currently in progress. Between 1980 and 2009, seven volumes were published, covering a to exauo to’ekpelekáō [α to ἔξαυος] (see Rodríguez Adrados 1980–). Although in the tradition of Liddell-Scott-Jones, this lexicon presents a far broader range of data, not only by incorporating papyri and epigraphic (including Mycenaean) evidence published since Liddell-Scott-Jones and its supplements, but also by systematically including personal and place names occurring in literature and by drawing on a larger collection of authors and works (including Christian texts down to 600 CE). Its companion volumes are cited in the appropriate sections of this bibliography. López Facal 1976 gives an introduction in English to this project, and Renehan 1983 reviews its first volume.

López Facal, J. 1976. A new Greek lexicon. Liverpool Classical Monthly 1:106–110.
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An introduction to the compass and the treatment of vocabulary in Diccionario Griego-Español for English readers.
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Renehan, Robert. 1983. A new lexicon of Classical Greek. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 24:5–20.
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A very thorough review of the first volume of the DGE.
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Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco, ed. 1980–. Diccionario Griego-Español. 7 vols. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
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A comprehensive treatment of Greek vocabulary (including Latin loan words) from the Mycenaean archives to 600 CE. Entries contain several Spanish glosses to illustrate the limits of the meanings of each word.
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Single-Author Lexica

A number of authors and individual works have attracted particular attention. The lexica cited below for Classical authors and for Hellenistic and Roman literature are presented as exemplary and are of particular value as supplements to Liddell-Scott-Jones. See Barends 1955 for Aeneas Tacticus, Bétant 1961 for Thucydides, Ellendt and Genthe 1958 for Sophocles, Gerber 1984 for Bacchylides, Italie 1964 for Aeschylus, Powell 1938 for Herodotus, and Slater 1969 for Pindar.

Barends, D. 1955. Lexicon Aeneium: A lexicon and index to Aeneas Tacticus’ military manual “On the defence of fortified positions.” Assen, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Van Gorcum.
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Compiled on the model of Powell’s Lexicon to Herodotus and based on the Loeb edition of Oldfather. The division into sense-sections mostly follows the ordering in Liddell-Scott. Technical terminology and senses are indicated, as are (evident and possible) borrowings from other authors.
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Bétant, E.-A. 1961. Lexicon Thucydideum. 2 vols. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
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First published in 1843–1847. Each entry contains Latin glosses and citations.
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Ellendt, Friederich, and Hermann Genthe. 1958. Lexicon Sophocleum editio altera emendata. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
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An extensive treatment in Latin, with citations and discussions of variant readings and conjectures. The first edition was published in 1835 and then revised in 1872.
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Gerber, Douglas E. 1984. Lexicon in Bacchylidem. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms-Weidmann.
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A treatment of the vocabulary (including personal and place names) attested in Bacchylides, with due attention to the fragmentary nature of the text and to the handling of emendations and supplements. The Teubner edition of Snell-Maehler and, for the Epinicians, Maehler’s Leiden edition were used. Glosses are in English.
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Italie, Gabriel. 1964. Index Aeschyleus: Editio altera correcta et aucta. Edited by S. L. Radt. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
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First published in 1955, a full lexicon to Aeschylus with Latin glosses and taking previous indices and lexica as its basis. Variants and conjectures are noted. Radt incorporated material from Murray’s second Oxford Classical Texts edition, Denniston and Page’s Agamemnon, and Mette’s 1959 edition of the fragments.
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Powell, J. Enoch. 1938. A lexicon to Herodotus. 2d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Reprinted in 2004 (Hildesheim, Germany: Olms). A model of its kind, which classifies into different sense-sections every occurrence of every word in Herodotus (including personal and place names). It is based on the third edition of Hude for Oxford Classical Texts, but takes into account plausible variant readings. Words first attested in Herodotus are noted. Entries indicate whether a word occurs in narrative or direct speech. Lemmata often consist of the form of the word as it appears in the text.
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Slater, William J. 1969. Lexicon to Pindar. Berlin: de Gruyter.
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A treatment (independent of Liddell-Scott, especially in questions of accentuation) of the vocabulary of Pindar (following the Teubner edition of Snell and Maehler), which incorporates papyrological evidence and draws on advances in textual criticism and in our understanding of metrics. Powell’s A lexicon to Herodotus and Italie’s Index Aeschyleus provided models, but some entries also include bibliography.
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Lexica to Individual Works

There are dedicated treatments of the vocabularies of Aristotle’s Rhetoric (Wartelle 1982) and Poetics (Wartelle 1985).

Wartelle, André. 1982. Lexique de la “Rhétorique” d’Aristote. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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The vocabulary of Aristotle’s Rhetoric, including the titles of works he discusses and personal and place names, is indexed and glossed in French and attestations are sorted morphologically. Words occurring in quotations from other authors are labeled accordingly. Cross-references to comparable or related terms are also included.
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Wartelle, André. 1985. Lexique de la “Poétique” d’Aristote. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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A treatment of the vocabulary of Aristotle’s Poetics on the model of Wartelle 1982. Entries are occasionally sorted syntactically (e.g., án [‘άν]).
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Lexica of Hellenistic Literature

The Hellenistic poets Lycophron, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, and Theocritus have received dedicated lexica by Ciani 1975, Fernández-Galiano 1976–1980, Reich and Maehler 1991–, and Rumpel 1961. A complete lexicon to Polybius has been compiled by Mauersberger, et al. 1956–2006. The vocabulary of the fragments and rediscovered plays of Menander has been treated by Pompella 1996.

Ciani, Maria Gracia. 1975. Lexikon zu Lycophron. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
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This work treats the vocabulary (including personal and place names) of the Alexandra (following Mascialino’s 1964 Teubner edition) and the tragic fragments (from Nauck’s edition). Latin glosses are provided for each sense-section. Particular attention has been paid to indicating that words are hapaxes, are attested first in Lycophron, or are used with a new meaning.
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Fernández-Galiano, Emilio. 1976–1980. Léxico de los Himnos de Calímaco. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
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Following the model of Lexikon des frühgriechischen Epos, entries include references to earlier use, frequency, prosody, the dialectal and inflected forms attested, and Spanish glosses. Pfeiffer’s edition was used. Further contextual and philological information is supplied (with bibliography). Frequent comparisons with the Palatine Anthology broaden the utility of this lexicon.
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Mauersberger, Arno, Günter Glockmann, Hadwig Helms, Christian-Friedrich Collatz, and Melsene Schäfer, eds. 1956–2006. Polybios-Lexikon. 3 vols. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
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A full lexicon to Polybius (except that personal and place names are excluded). Entries are divided into sense-sections, indicate the number of attestations, include German glosses, and contain some discussion of collocations and syntax. The nature of this project is helpfully explained and assessed by J. Blomqvist in Gnomon 73 (2001): 106–109. A revised edition of the first volume has been published.
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Pompella, Giuseppe. 1996. Lexicon Menandreum. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
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Latin glosses are provided for every word (including personal and place names) for the plays as published in Sandbach’s third Oxford Classical Texts edition, the fragments from Koerte’s second edition, and the Sententiae from Jaekel’s edition. Attestations of inflected forms are listed and entries are divided up by the metrical position in which a word occurs.
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Reich, Franz, and H. Maehler. 1991–. Lexicon in Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica. 6 fascicles. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
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An update of Reich’s 19th-century work for the Budé text of Vian-Delage, which covers (in seven fascicles to date) a–améssosi [‘α–μέασσοςι] with German glosses, citations, and references to attestations in Homer. Metrical data are not mentioned. Variants and conjectures are not discussed systematically. The user should take into account the criticisms raised by M. Campbell in Gnomon 66 (1994): 270–271, 67 (1995): 359, and 71 (1999): 643.
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Rumpel, Johannes. 1961. Lexicon Theocriteum. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
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First published in 1879. Entries contain Latin glosses and explanations, citations, comments on prosody, references to dialectal forms (“aeol.” and “dor.” appear as labels), and notes about variants and conjectures.
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Lexica of Greek Literature in the Roman Period

The vocabulary of Dio Chrysostom has received some commentary from Highet 1974, and a full lexicon to Achilles Tatius has been compiled by O’Sullivan 1980. The vocabulary of the late hexameter poets Musaeus, Quintus, and Nonnus has been treated by Bo 1966, Vian and Battegay 1984, and Peek 1968–1975.

Bo, Domenico. 1966. Musaei lexicon. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
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Latin glosses are provided and attestations are referenced. Personal and place names are included. Although the texts of Dilthey 1874, Ludwich 1912, and Malcovati 1947 were principally used, variants, and rejected readings as well as emendations have been taken into account.
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Highet, Gilbert. 1974. Lexical notes on Dio Chrysostom. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 15:247–253.
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A step toward correcting a gap in Liddell-Scott-Jones, by adding words and meanings attested in Dio but omitted or only cited from authors later than Dio. Corrigenda to Liddell-Scott-Jones are also mentioned.
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O’Sullivan, James N. 1980. A lexicon to Achilles Tatius. Berlin: de Gruyter.
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Although the basis is Villborg’s edition of 1955, subsequent work and papyrological discoveries have been considered in this treatment of the vocabulary of Leucippe and Clitophon. Conjectures are noted. Occurrences are classified by meaning and syntax, with English glosses.
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Peek, Werner, ed. 1968–1975. Lexikon zu den Dionysiaka des Nonnos. 4 vols. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
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An extensive treatment of the vocabulary of the Dionysiaca (including personal and place names), following the edition of Keydell. Each entry contains German glosses, a summary of the placement of the headword in the hexameter, citations, and reports of variant readings. Articles for verbs are arranged with attention to their syntax.
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Vian, Francis, and Élie Battegay. 1984. Lexique de Quintus de Smyrne. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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A complete index of Quintus’s vocabulary with French glosses, citations, notes on prosody and placement in the hexameter (i.e., sedes), and indications of how many times each form occurs.
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Lexica of Koine Greek in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods

The lexicon of postclassical, late, and non-literary Greek is a vast field, and evidence for new words and previously unattested meanings increases as more papyri and inscriptions are published. Since the New Testament has been a focal point and the principal lens through which much nonliterary Greek has been studied, there remains much work to do in this area. Sophocles 1860 and Sophocles 1870 remain the only works to encompass postclassical Greek and are superseded only in part by Trapp 1994–2005. (For an English introduction to the latter, see Trapp 2003.) Shipp 1979 provides treatments of a number of items of Koine vocabulary in relation to Modern Greek.

Sophocles. 1860. A glossary of later and Byzantine Greek. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences n.s. 7:1–624.
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An earlier and shorter form of Sophocles’s Lexicon was also published. This periodical is available through JSTOR, which may prove to be the most accessible form of Sophocles’s work.
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Sophocles. 1870. Greek lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine periods (from B. C. 146 to A. D. 1100). Boston: Little, Brown.
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Second edition printed in 1887 (Boston: Harvard University Press). Although superseded in part by Lampe and Trapp, Sophocles remains the only lexicon to attempt to encompass Greek from the Septuagint, Polybius, and Hellenistic inscriptions, through the epigrammatists and novelists, to late secular and patristic Greek. A print-on-demand reprint is available in two volumes (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2004).
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Shipp, G. P. 1979. Modern Greek evidence for the Ancient Greek vocabulary. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
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A reassessment of items of ancient vocabulary through modern Demotic Greek and its dialects to clarify our understanding of their genre, dialect, register, and chronology. The work predominantly treats words in the Koine or attested late. Particular attention is given to the evidence provided by the Atticistic lexicographers Phrynichus, Moeris, and Ammonius, and by Hesychius and the Suda.
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Trapp, Erich, ed. 1994–2005. Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität: Besonders des 9.–12. Jahrhunderts. 6 fascicles. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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A continuation of Lampe’s Patristic lexicon (from aáptos to prospelagízo [‘αάπτως to προσπελαγίζω], as of 2006) as far as the 15th century, with particular emphasis on vocabulary not attested earlier, adapted loan words, further derivations of proper names, and (to a lesser extent) new meanings. Popular Byzantine texts are not covered.
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Trapp, Erich. 2003. The Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität. In The lexicography of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Greek literature: Present state and prospects of current major projects. Edited by I. N. Kazazes, 187–192. Thessaloniki, Greece: Kentro Hellenikos Glossas.
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An English introduction to the history, aims, coverage, and methodology of Trapp’s Byzantine lexicon as well as his interest in the longevity of Greek words.
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The Septuagint

A full lexicon of the Greek versions of the Old Testament was a long-standing desideratum. Muraoka 2009 provides a comprehensive treatment in a fully fledged lexicon (its metholody is examined in Muraoka 2009). The smaller scale work of Lust, et al. 2003 is also welcome. Acknowledged weaknesses of Liddell-Scott-Jones in this area are explained by (Lee 1969). Lee 1983 demonstrates the need to employ evidence from the papyri in the study the vocabulary of the Septuagint. Although the vocabulary of the versions of Theodotion, Aquila, and Symmachus has received some attention (Reider 1916 and Liddell-Scott-Jones), these translations are not treated in full by Muraoka 2009 or Lust, et al. 2003.

Lee, John A. L. 1969. A note on Septuagint material in the Supplement to Liddell and Scott. Glotta 47:234–242.
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By drawing attention to the flaws in the Supplement’s methodology in treating occurrences of words in the Septuagint, Lee illustrates several key principles of lexicography, particularly in relation to handling the evidence provided by a translation text.
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Lee, John A. L. 1983. A lexical study of the Septuagint version of the Pentateuch. Society of Biblical Literature: Septuagint and Cognate Studies Series. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.
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A study of the “everyday, non-theological, vocabulary” of the Pentateuch with a view to showing its similarity to that of the Koine in general and to illustrating how papyrological evidence should be applied to the lexicography of the Septuagint.
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Lust, Johan, Erik Eynikel, and K. Hauspie, with G. Chamberlain. 1992–1996. A Greek-English lexicon of the Septuagint. Revised Edition. Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
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This work covers all of the vocabulary in the Septuagint (as in the edition of Alfred Rahlfs exclusively), with citations of the first five occurrences, some references to the Hebrew words being translated, and an extensive bibliography. Greek neologisms are noted, as are words also found in the New Testament, but there are no direct references to parallels in the New Testament or documentary texts.
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Muraoka, T. ed. 1990. Melbourne Symposium on Septuagint Lexicography.. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.
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An exploration of the ideology underlying Lee 1983 and Muraoka 2009. Function words, unique Septuagintal uses, agapáw [ἀγαπάω] as a standard verb for ‘I love’, sunístēmi [συνίστημι], and, as a counterbalance, instances of Greek words with Hebraistic semantics are studied and sample entries are presented.
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Muraoka, T. 2009. A Greek-English lexicon of the Septuagint. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
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A thorough treatment of the vocabulary of the Greek versions (including Theodotion and the recensions, but not Aquila and Symmachus) of the Old Testament based on the most recent critical editions. The Septuagint is analysed primarily as a Koine Greek document to be understood in and of itself, not through reference to a Hebrew Vorlage. Evidence from other Koine texts, including the New Testament, is taken in account. Extended definitions, rather than just simple glosses, are provided and due attention is paid to context and collocation, and references to the Hebrew “equivalents” being translated are supplied. Some entries for ethnics are included. Evidence from other Koine texts, including the New Testament, is taken in account. The Bibliography is extensive and the Introduction invaluable.
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Reider, J. 1916. Prolegomena to a Greek-Hebrew and Hebrew-Greek Index to Aquila. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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The use of Greek vocabulary In the fragments of Aquila’s translation is considered in view of its translation technique and of Aquila’s exegesis, Vorlage, and knowledge of Hebrew. Words peculiar to Aquila, rare words, and words shared with the versions of Theodotion and Symmachus are catalogued (pp. 101-138).
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The New Testament

The lexicon of the New Testament has long been its own subject area, and it would be beyond the scope of this bibliography to give more than a brief introduction. See Lee 2003 and its extensive bibliography for a fuller treatment. Danker 2000 and Louw and Nida 1988–1989 provide treatments of the vocabulary of the New Testament ordered alphabetically and by semantic domains, respectively. The latter approach is discussed further in Nida and Louw 1992. House and Souter 1916 and Danker 2009 provide distilled and very usuable lexica. The growth in the publication of inscriptions and documentary papyri provoked studies in search of parallels, such as those by Moulton and Milligan 1930. The ever-growing corpora of such texts call for further work, such as the samples of Horsley and Lee 1997 and Horsley and Lee 1998.

Danker, Frederick William. 2000. A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (BDAG). Based on Walter Bauer’s Griechischen-deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der frühchristlichen Literatur, sixth edition, ed. Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, with Viktor Reichmann and on previous English editions by W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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The standard reference work for the Greek of the New Testament, the Apostolic Fathers, early apocryphal texts, and Jewish literature in Greek. Words have both extended definitions and translations. Since words are treated in the context of the Koine, BDAG is a very useful tool for studying the vocabulary of papyri, inscriptions, and postclassical literature.
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Danker, Frederick William. with Kathryn Krug. 2009. The Concise Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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This finely produced lexicon, with “extended definitions” and glosses, is neither an abridgement of Danker 2000 nor a revision of any previous small lexicon. It covers the vocabulary of the Nestle-Aland 27 and select variant readings. Its comments on the interrelationships, Indo-European cognates, and etymologies of words (even personal and proper names) are is most distinguishing feature.
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Horsley, G. H. R., and John A. L. Lee. 1997. A lexicon of the New Testament with documentary parallels: Some interim entries, 1. Filología Neotestamentaria 10:55–84.
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An outline of the principles for a project to replace Moulton and Milligan 1930, with illustrative entries for words relating to teachers and doctors, drawing on papyri and inscriptions (from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE). Its discussion of lexicographic method explains the advantages of definitions over simple glosses.
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Horsley, G. H. R., and John A. L. Lee. 1998. A lexicon of the New Testament with documentary parallels: Some interim entries, 2. Filología Neotestamentaria 11:57–84.
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The second installment of the preceding article provides specimen entries for forty words from A to E. These helpfully illustrate the need for cautious treatment of evidence from papyri and inscriptions.
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Lee, John A. L. 2003. A history of New Testament lexicography. New York: Peter Lang.
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Lee analyzes the tradition of New Testament lexicography and the developments in its methodology from the late 15th century. He provides twelve word studies as illustrations and cautionary tales. An extensive bibliography and categorization of Greek lexica are included.
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Louw, Johannes P., and Eugene A. Nida. 1988–1989. Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament: Based on semantic domains. 2d ed. 2 vols. New York: United Bible Societies.
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Words are treated as related members of a semantic domain, such as “foods and condiments,” “linear movement,” “weight,” and “punish, reward,” instead of in alphabetical order. Each word has a definition and translations rather than merely being glossed. Evidence from outside the New Testament was not considered.
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Moulton, J. H., and G. Milligan. 1930. Vocabulary of the Greek Testament. London: Hodder and Stoughton
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Reprinted in 2004 (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson). This collection of parallels (chiefly from papyri and inscriptions) for words in the New Testament remains of interest historically and methodologically for its discursive notes, although its citations have been incorporated and updated in Liddell-Scott-Jones, Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich and other more recent works. The reprint adds an index locorum of New Testament passages.
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Nida, Eugene A., and Johannes P. Louw. 1992. Lexical semantics of the Greek New Testament based on semantic domains: A supplement to the Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament based on semantic domains. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
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This companion to the Lexicon of Louw and Nida 1988–1989 provides a detailed treatment of the principles and procedures employed in their work. Worked examples of the analysis of meaning and classifying domains are included, as are exercises for students.
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House, M., and A. Souter. 2008. Compact Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson.
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Although idiosyncratic and outdated, the convenient lexicon of Souter (subsequently a contributor to Liddell-Scott-Jones and an editor of the Oxford Latin Dictionary) remains worth consulting for its independence. It drew on Moulton and Milligan 1930, but it is not derived from the tradition represented by Danker 2000 and seems unknown to the editor of the latter. Revised and expanded from the original version A Pocket Lexicon to the Greek New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1916).
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Whale, Peter. 1989. The targeting of New Testament Greek dictionaries. In Lexicographers and their works. Edited by Gregory James, 201–214. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press.
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Whale analyzes different types of glossaries and lexica of the New Testament in relation to the needs and interests of students and scholars.
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Papyri and Inscriptions

The papyri and other documentary texts from Egypt (including inscriptions, parchments, ostraca, wooden tablets, and mummy labels) have provided a vast body of evidence for Koine Greek vocabulary. The vocabulary of inscriptions from other regions has not been studied systematically or on the same scale as the work begun in Preisigke and Kiessling 1925–1931, Kiessling 1944–1971, and Kiessling 1971.

Preisigke, F. and Kiessling, Emil. 1925–1931. Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden mit Einschluss der griechischen Inschriften, Ausschriften, Ostraka, Mumienschilder usw. aus Ägypten. 3 vols. Berlin: Erbe.
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A lexicon of the vocabulary of documentary texts from Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Egypt. The third volume, Besondere Wörterliste, treats words by their semantic field (e.g., coins, weights and measures, theonymns, and topography).
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Kiessling, Emil. 1944–1971. Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden mit Einschluss der griechischen Inschriften, Ausschriften, Ostraka, Mumienschilder usw. aus Ägypten, Bande IV. Berlin and Marburg, Germany: Bersasser.
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A revision to Preisigke’s Wörterbuch, which incorporates evidence for a to ‘epikóptō [‘α–’επικόπτω] from documents published after Preisigke.
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Kiessling, Emil. 1971. Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden mit Einschluss der griechischen Inschriften, Ausschriften, Ostraka, Mumienschilder usw. aus Ägypten, Supplement 1 (1940–1966). Amsterdam: Hakkert.
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A supplement to the Wörterbuch collecting attestations of words from documents published between 1940 and 1966. Also included are lists, for example of Latin loan words, magistrates and titles, terms relating to the calendar, weights and measures, coinage, religion, and topography.
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Rupprecht, Hans-Albert, and Andrea Jördens. 1991. Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden mit Einschluss der griechischen Inschriften, Ausschriften, Ostraka, Mumienschilder usw. aus Ägypten, Supplement 2 (1967–1976). Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz.
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A supplement to the Wörterbuch collecting attestations of words from documents published between 1967 and 1976. Also included are lists, for example of Latin loan words, magistrates and titles, terms relating to the calendar, weights and measures, coinage, religion, and topography.
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Rupprecht, Hans-Albert, and Andrea Jördens. 2000. Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden mit Einschluss der griechischen Inschriften, Ausschriften, Ostraka, Mumienschilder usw. aus Ägypten, Supplement 3 (1977–1988). Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz.
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A supplement to the Wörterbuch collecting attestations of words from documents published between 1977 and 1988. Also included are lists as in Rupprecht and Jördens 1991.
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Patristic Greek

Since Liddell-Scott-Jones did not include any Christian Greek (apart from the New Testament and texts which are part of other collections, such as the Greek Anthology), Lampe 1961 was compiled to address this particular field.

Lampe, G. W. H. Lampe, G. W. H. 1961. A patristic Greek lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon.
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This work, which functions as a supplement to Liddell-Scott-Jones, covers the Greek of the Church Fathers from Clement of Rome (c. 95 CE) to Theodore of Studium (died 826 CE). It concentrates on technical theological vocabulary.
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Latin Loan Words and Other Contact Phenomena

One aspect of the vocabulary of Koine Greek that has received particular attention is the incorporation of Latin words and calques. Daris 1991 and Cervenka-Ehrenstrasser and Diethart 1996– are compilations of the evidence from Egypt, but Mason 1974, a study of terminology relating to Roman institutions, draws on literary and documentary evidence from throughout the empire.

Cervenka-Ehrenstrasser, Irene-Maria, and Johannes Diethart, eds. 1996–. Lexikon der lateinischen Lehnwörter in den griechischsprachigen dokumentarischen Texten Ägyptens mit Berücksichtigung koptischer Quellen. 2 fascicles. Vienna: Hollinek and Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
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A lexicon of Latin loan words in Greek papyri and ostraca (currently up to delta, but discontinued at present), which cites orthographic variants and Coptic transliterations, abbreviated forms, Greek synonyms, exhaustive lists of citations, and detailed bibliographies.
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Daris, Sergio. 1991. Il lessico latino nel greco d’Egitto. 2d ed. Barcelona, Spain: Instituto de Teologia Fonamental Seminari de Papirologia.
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A lexicon of loan words from Latin attested in Egyptian documentary texts.
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Mason, Hugh J. 1974. Greek terms for Roman institutions: A lexicon and analysis. American Studies in Papyrology 13. Toronto: Hakkert.
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A lexicon with extended treatments of selected items. The Greek words are its starting point (not the Latin terms borrowed or calqued). It covers papyri, inscriptions, literature, and the jurists before Diocletian.
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Greek Words in Coptic Texts

The most up-to-date treatment of the influence of Greek vocabulary on Coptic is Förster 2002.

Förster, Hans. 2002. Wörterbuch der griechischen Wörter in den koptischen dokumentarischen Texten. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
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A list of all words of Greek origin to be found in Coptic documentary texts (references to the original sources are given in full), also with some coverage of Coptic literary texts.
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Specific Semantic Fields and Corpora

Several areas of the lexicon have been treated separately in more encyclopedic forms. For animals, see Arnott 2007, Davies and Kathirithamby 1986, Thompson 1936, and Thompson 1947. Some medical vocabulary has been treated by van Brock 1961. The lexicon of magical papyri from Egypt has been treated by Muñoz Delgado and Rodríguez Somolinos 2001. See Henderson 1991 for obscene vocabulary and wordplay in comedy.

Arnott, W. Geoffrey. 2007. Birds in the ancient world from A–Z. London and New York: Routledge.
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Although more an encyclopedia than a lexicon and covering Latin and Greek bird names (arranged under transliterated lemmata and with an index of English bird names), this work (from a Hellenist who is also a bird-watcher) is cited here as a very helpful update to Thompson 1936.
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Davies, Malcolm, and Jeyaraney Kathirithamby. 1986. Greek insects. New York: Oxford University Press.
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An encyclopedic glossary arranged by the English name for each genus (with an index of transliterated Greek and Latin names and an index locorum), with extensive bibliographies.
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Henderson, Jeffrey. 1991. The maculate muse: Obscene language in Attic comedy. 2d ed. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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The second half of this work provides a glossary of sexual and scatological vocabulary in Old and Middle Comedy (the limited obscenity in Menander is not discussed), arranged by topic and with reference to the use of these terms in earlier poets, notably Hipponax.
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Muñoz Delgado, Luis, and Juan Rodríguez Somolinos. 2001. Diccionario Griego-Español anejo V Léxico de magia y religión en los papiros mágicos griegos.. Madrid, Spain: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
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A lexicon of every word in the magical papyri (but not curse tablets), featuring an index of translations (effectively a glossary), a reverse index of headwords (for use when trying to supplement a lacuna), and indices of hapaxes (neologisms) and of items in particular semantic fields (e.g., animals, plants, and materials).
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Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth. 1936. A glossary of Greek birds. London: Oxford University Press.
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Reprinted in 1966 (Hildesheim, Germany: Olms). The revised version of the 1895 classic treatment of Greek bird names from Homer to the Byzantine period, with encyclopedic treatments derived from the textual evidence. It should now be supplemented by N. Dunbar’s 1995 Oxford edition of Aristophanes’s Birds and by Arnott 2007.
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Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth. 1947. A glossary of Greek fishes. London: Oxford University Press.
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The classic treatment of Greek names for different species of fish, with attempts at identification, consideration of fish names in Latin, the Romance languages, and modern Greek, and thorough discussions of the textual evidence (including Pliny the Elder).
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van Brock, Nadia. 1961. Recherches sur le vocabulaire médical du grec ancien: Soins et guérison. Paris: Klincksieck.
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A series of studies of the semantics and word formation of a selection of medical terminology throughout the history of Greek. Reference is made to Mycenaean documents, dialect inscriptions, papyri, literature from Homer to the Hellenistic period, and to medical writers themselves as well as to Modern Greek evidence.
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Onomastic Works

Although personal names can preserve valuable evidence for lexicographers about semantics and word formation, onomastics is a subdiscipline of linguistics in its own right. Fraser, et al. 1987–, the website Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, and Pape and Benseler 1911 are included below as starting points.

Fraser, Peter M., Elaine Matthews, M. J. Osborne, and S. G. Byrne, eds. 1987–. A lexicon of Greek personal names. 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
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An inventory of personal names (with references to their occurrence in literary and documentary texts) sorted into nine volumes (sic published up to 2011) by region: the Aegean islands, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica; Attica; the Peloponnese, western Greece, Sicily, and Magna Graecia; Macedonia, the Balkans, and South Russia; the coastal Asia Minor from Pontus to Ionia, Caria and Cilicia, and inland of Asia Minor; names unassignable to a region.
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Lexicon of Greek Personal Names.
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The website for this project features tools for searching its database of published names, details of the project and publications associated with it, and an introduction to the study of Greek personal names.
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Pape, Wilhelm, and Gustav Eduard Benseler. 1911. Wörterbuch der Griechischen Eigennamen. 3d ed. Braunschweig, Germany: F. Vieweg.
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A dictionary of the names of persons (mythical and historical), people groups, regions, towns, and rivers, as well as of words related to them (e.g., ‘Romaïstí and skuthízein [‘Ρωμαϊστί and σκυθίζειν]). The meanings of names are also discussed.
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Digitization

Lexicography has benefited considerably from the creation of digital databases of Greek literary and documentary texts and from software tailored to the writing of highly structured entries. Fraser 2008a and Fraser 2008b discuss these issues in relation to the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project. Lexicographic research has also led to the creation of ancillary databases, such as those on the Aristarchus portal, while the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae enables students and scholars to gather information about attestations and contexts for their own word studies.

Aristarchus.
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A portal developed by Franco Montanari, which features the Lessico dei grammatici greci antichi (an encyclopedia about ancient scholars with Italian entries, but an English interface) and Poorly attested words in Ancient Greek (a catalogue of words not well attested in our texts or that are dubious for reasons of semantics or formation).
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Fraser, B. L. 2008a. Beyond definition: Organising semantic information in bilingual dictionaries. International Journal of Lexicography 21:69–93.
DOI: 10.1093/ijl/ecn002Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
A treatment of the research and writing processes of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project and, in particular, of the benefits of a digital database of citations and of the use of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) and style sheets to assist the writers. The significance of having different entry structures for the various parts of speech is also discussed.
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Fraser, B. L. 2008b. Lexicographic slips: Gathering and organising contextual data for dictionary entries. In Lexicografia e semântica lexical: Caminhos para a feitura de um dicionário de Grego. Colóquio Internacional – ACTAS (Lisboa, 24–25 de Novembro de 2006), 53–72. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Clássicos.
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A detailed treatment of the use of electronic searches to produce a database of citations to supplement previous collations of sources. The technical papers relating to the software involved are referenced. The importance of word formation and contextual information is also discussed. Also available online.
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Thesaurus Linguae Graecae.
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A searchable database of Greek literary texts from Homer to the fall of Byzantium in 1453 (including patristic texts and some monastic records). The lemmatized search, which will find every occurrence of a word and its inflected forms, enables users to gather data for comprehensive word studies.
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