SPACE and ELECTRONIC WARFARE LEXICON SEW Lexicon ABC

SPACE and ELECTRONIC WARFARE LEXICON  SEW Lexicon ABC
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Terms
(Linked word groups indicate cross-reference within the glossary)
3 PLUS 3 - A National Missile Defense System using satellites and ground-based radars deployed close to the regions from which threats are likely.  The space-based system would detect the exhaust plume from the burning rocket motor of an attacking missile.  Forward-based radars and infrared-detecting satellites would resolve smaller objects to try to distinguish warheads from clutter and decoys.  Based on that data, the ground-based interceptor -- a hit-to-kill weapon -- would fly toward an approximate intercept point, receiving course corrections along the way from the battle management system based on more up-to-date tracking data.  As the interceptor neared the target its own sensors would guide it to the impact point.  [10:2606]  See also BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE (BMD).
3D-iD  - A Local Positioning System (LPS) that is capable of determining the 3-D location of items (and persons) within a 3-dimensional indoor, or otherwise boundaried, space.  The system consists of inexpensive physical devices, called "tags" associated with people or assets to be tracked, and an infrastructure for tracking the location of each tag.  [10:2657]  NOTE: Related technology applications include EAS, EHAM, GPS, IRID, and RFID.
4GL - See FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGE
5GL - See FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE
A
A-POLE - The distance between a missile-firing platform and its target at the instant the missile becomes autonomous.  Contrast with F-POLE . [10:27 ]
ABSORPTION - (RF propagation) The irreversible conversion of the energy of an electromagnetic WAVE  into another form of energy as a result of its interaction with matter. See also ELECTRO-OPTIC PAINTING  and RADAR CAMOUFLAGE . [3 ]
ABSORPTION HIDING - A LOW-PROBABILITY-OF-INTERCEPT  technique in which the radar operates in the ABSORPTION regions of the MILLIMETER WAVE spectrum (i.e., frequencies having large values of atmospheric attenuation by oxygen and water vapor), making it difficult to detect. [4:15 ]
ABSORPTIVE CHAFF - CONFUSION REFLECTORS  which consist of extremely thin conductors, graphite strands, or other material which will absorb electromagnetic energy.  See also CHAFF . [8 ]
ACCESSIBILITY - A measure of the ease with which an enemy can reach an electronic system with a JAMMING  countermeasure of appropriate form and sufficient power. See also VULNERABILITY , INTERCEPTIBILITY , and SUSCEPTIBILITY . [4:13 ]
ACCOMPANYING JAMMING - See ESCORT JAMMING .
ACOUSTIC BULLET - A NONLETHAL WEAPON  consisting of a high-power, very low frequency acoustic beam weapon  that incapacitates by creating plasma in form to the target, generating an impact wave like that of a blunt object. It causes blunt object trauma, as opposed to that of a conventional bullet which cause ripping and tearing of the target.  [10:2341 ]   See also SONIC BULLET .
ACOUSTIC DETECTION SENSOR (ADS) - A passive system designed to detect and identify low-flying helicopters and REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES  (RPV), as well as to detect, identify and localize sniper firings.  [10:2719 ]  See also SNIPER ACOUSTIC DETECTION SENSOR  (SADS).
ACOUSTIC JAMMING - The deliberate radiation or re-radiation of mechanical or electro-acoustic signals with the objectives of obliterating or obscuring signals which the enemy is attempting to receive and of deterring enemy weapon systems.  [1 ]
ACOUSTIC PARITY - Simultaneous first passive detection of each other by a submarine and surface ship. See also ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE.  [10:126 *]
ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE - The noise emitted by a ship to the water used by passive sensors. This NOISE  is further defined as broadband or narrow-band to help define both its source by the ship and its utility to the sensor. See also BROADBAND NOISE , NARROWBAND NOISE . [10:126 *]
ACOUSTICS SIGNATURE CONTROL - The employment of materials, electronics, and platform design features intended to reduce the susceptibility of the platform to detection, tracking, and engagement by an adversary using acoustic sensors, such as SONAR .   ACOUSTICS SIGNATURE CONTROL includes the use of passive and active devices, materials, features, or techniques on a platform to reduce or limit the generation or transmission of sound or vibrations.  These include specially designed materials, coatings, absorbers, decouplers or damping, as well as active noise reduction or cancellation systems, and magnetic bearings.  [12 ]  See also INFRARED SIGNATURE CONTROL , LASER SIGNATURE CONTROL , MAGNETIC SIGNATURE CONTROL , MULTISPECTRAL SIGNATURE CONTROL , OPTICAL SIGNATURE CONTROL , RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) SIGNATURE CONTROL , and SIGNATURE CONTROL .
ACOUSTIC WEAPON - A device, which may or may not be a NONLETHAL WEAPON , that emits sonic frequencies causing such sensations as debilitating dizziness and motion sickness or nausea, and can also generate vibrations of body organs resulting in extreme pain, seizures, or death.  [10:2730 ]   See also HIGH POWERED ACOUSTIC WEAPON , SILENT SOUND DEVICE , THERMAL GUN .   Note: Acoustic weapons may be grouped as shown below:  [10:2748 ]
ACOUSTIC WEAPON CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE	FREQUENCY	TARGET EFFECTS	PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS
Infrasound
Less than 20 Hz	Mild to severe discomfort; organ functional disturbance; organ disruption	Ground or structure penetration   Long-range propagation  Non-directional
Sonic	20 Hz to 20 KHz	Hearing interference; performance degradation; pain; hearing loss; tissue damage	Moderate propagation and moderate directionality
Ultrasonic	20 Khz and above	Possible diffuse psychological effects; pain; surface tissue damage; tissue destruction	Limited propagation; highly directional
ACOUSTO-OPTIC (AO) RECEIVER - A SIGINT receiver which process signals using BRAGG CELLs.  In these cells, RF signals are converted into acoustic waves which are then sampled with light beams.  AO receivers share the positive features of MICROSCAN RECEIVERs, and have good signal probability of intercept (POI).  [10:2561]
ACOUSTO-OPTICS - The interaction between sound and light in a crystal. This interaction modifies the light beam's amplitude, frequency, phase and direction, thus processing and revealing information carried by both the sound and the light. Acousto-optics has application in ESM  for analysis of low-probability-of-intercept FREQUENCY HOPPING  signals. See also BRAGG CELL . [10:29 ] NOTE: In a typical application, a laser beam is expanded, spatially filtered, and collimated by a set of lenses which direct the beam to a Bragg cell. Concurrently, a transducer on the cell converts the micro-wave signal into an acoustic wave that modulates the light beam, producing a separate beam for each component frequency of the signal and deflecting the beam in proportion to its frequency. A photodetector array detects each beam's position (its underlying frequency), and produces electric output indicating both the frequency and power of each component in the original microwave signal. This rapid signal processing allows accurate measurement of the signal's pulse timing and duration.
ACTIVE AIR DEFENSE - Direct defensive action taken to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action. It includes such measures as the use of aircraft, air defense weapons, weapons not used primarily in an air defense role and ELECTRONIC WARFARE . See also AIR DEFENSE. Contrast with PASSIVE AIR DEFENSE . [1 ]
ACTIVE ARMOR - Armor designed to dynamically thwart damage to a vehicle. It is comprised of explosive cassettes containing embedded sensors to detect an impacting projectile and to decrease it's damaging effect on the vehicle.  Active armor includes ELECTROMAGNETIC ARMOR , REACTIVE ARMOR  and SMART ARMOR .  []
ACTIVE ARRAY RADAR - A phased array radar in which each radiating element contains a transmitter and receiver front end, as opposed to a single transmitter/receiver serving all phased array elements.   Advantages attributed to active array radars include efficient use of prime power, no waveguide losses, very wide bandwidth, extreme reliability, and potential for ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) features, such as simultaneously performing radar surveillance, communications and weapon control, among others.  [10:2537]
ACTIVE CANCELLATION - A technique for reducing the RADAR CROSS SECTION  of a target, done by emitting radiation that will cancel the reflected radar energy. Contrast with PASSIVE CANCELLATION . See also RADAR CROSS SECTION REDUCTION  techniques. [10:37 ]
ACTIVE DENIAL SYSTEM - A NONLETHAL WEAPON  (NLW) that uses pulses of electromagnetic energy to heat the water molecules in a person's skin, causing a painful burning sensation but no actual burning.  [10:2883 ]  NOTE:  The ACTIVE DENIAL SYSTEM is designed to disperse disruptive crowds as far as 640 meters away without injuring the demonstrators.  The radiation can penetrate clothing but will only react with skin to a depth of less than 0.4 mm.   These weapons can be either hand-held, vehicle mounted, or mounted on aircraft.
ACTIVE ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES - The employment of active ELECTRONIC JAMMING  to prevent or degrade the use of the ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM  by the enemy. Contrast with PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES . [10:3 ]
ACTIVE ELEMENT ARRAY (AEA) - A phased-array system having an independently controlled active transmit and receive function for each radiating element.  [10:2677 ]  See also PHASED-ARRAY ANTENNA .
ACTIVE EXPENDABLE DECOY (AED) - An RF DECOY  separated some distance from the protected platform and which transmits a signal greater in amplitude than that of the SKIN PAINT  of the protected craft in order to capture the threatening missile and decoy it away from its target. [10:65 ]
ACTIVE HOMING GUIDANCE - See also HOMING GUIDANCE . Contrast with PASSIVE HOMING GUIDANCE , SEMI-ACTIVE HOMING GUIDANCE . {JOINT PUB 1-02} A system of homing guidance wherein both the source for illuminating the target, and the receiver for detecting the energy reflected from the target as the result of illuminating the target, are carried within the missile. [1 ]
ACTIVE INFRARED SENSOR - An INFRARED  sensor which transmits and receives radiation. The sensor may be a COHERENT INFRARED SENSOR  or anINCOHERENT INFRARED SENSOR . Contrast with PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR . [4:6 ]
ACTIVE LOADING - A STEALTH TECHNIQUE  in which the protected platform generates a false ECHO  whose amplitude and phase can be used to cancel real radar echoes  from several directions simultaneously to avoid detection by a network of radars. []
ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING (AMB) -- An alternative to conventional bearings, AMB consists of a journal mounted on a rotating shaft surrounded by a stator (electromagnetic coils) that exerts magnetic forces to keep the shaft suspended.  [10:2652]
ACTIVE MATRIX LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (AMLCD) - A type of LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) .   The elements are controlled by a matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs).  An active semiconductor element -- a transistor or diode -- is located at each pixel location.  AMLCDs provide full color, active motion video and readability in sunlight.  They are thin compared to CATHODE RAY TUBEs (CRTs), have very low power requirements, good environmental characteristics, no convergence or distortion problems, are light-weight, rugged, and offer color purity and brilliance.  AMLCDs are gradually replacing cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in most weapons systems.  [10:2518]   See also REFRACTIVE LIQUIDS.
ACTIVE MAWS - A MISSILE APPROACH WARNING SYSTEM (MAWS) which generally employs PULSED DOPPLER RADAR as its sensor.  This radar is able to discern a moving target in stationary or slow-moving background clutter.  Further, it permits determination of range information and more precise ANGLE-OF-ARRIVAL(AOA) data.   Since use of a radar precludes stealthy operation, and because missile detection distance is generally limited due to low RADAR CROSS SECTIONs (RCSs), the use of active MAWS has some disadvantages over that of PASSIVE MAWS.  [10:2558]
ACTIVE NETWORK GUIDANCE IN EMERGENCY LOGIC (ANGEL) - A Navy system originally intended to be an accident, or mishap, avoidance program, but could result in removing man from the cockpit.  [10:2695 ]
ACTIVE NETWORK INTRUSION DEFENSE (ANID) - The capability to respond in REAL TIME  to NETWORK  INTRUSIONS  by making changes to network devices such as ROUTERS , FIREWALLS , INTRUSION DETECTORS , etc.  NOTE:  The ANID system will automatically disable routes used by a HACKER .   ANID will also employ a distributed ARCHITECTURE  with intrusion-detection capabilities installed at very low levels, as well as a collection of smart AGENTS to correlate sensor information and distribute summary-level alert information to neighboring nodes.  [10:2881 ]  See also NETWORK-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION .
ACTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEM (APS) - A system composed of a FREQUENCY-AGILE, MILLIMETER-WAVE radar able to detect and track incoming antitank guided missiles, and an active countermeasure suite.  [10:2585]  See also SLID  NOTE:  APS is essentially a "bullet-on-bullet" technology which involves very high velocity rounds and a very short reaction time, with virtually no room for error.  [10:2905 ]
ACTIVEX (ActiveX) - A computer scripting language, developed by Microsoft Corp., by which small programs, called "controls" can be downloaded from the Internet and executed.  [10:2619]  See also JAVA.   NOTE:  Once a user's browser downloads an ActiveX control from a site, the control remains on the user's computer.  So when the user visits another site (or another page on the site) using the same control, it need not download the control again.
ADAPTIVE BATTLESPACE AWARENESS (ABA) - The ability to provide a common operating picture to provide relevant information to commander-in-chief (CINC), joint task force (JTF), and component-level SITUATIONAL AWARENESS  (SA), decision-making, execution, and planning for future military operations by providing user-customized templates and filters; providing links to relevant amplifying information such as TARGETING , intelligence products, status, etc.; introducing new force-level track types; and facilitating information aggregation at the CINC and JTF levels.  [10:2881 ]
ADAPTIVE CONTROL - A control system that adjusts the response from conditions detected during the operation.  [12 ]
ADAPTIVE FILTER - An electronic FILTER  that automatically adjusts to changing signal conditions. [10:58 ] NOTE: Adaptive filters are used in receivers to reject interfering signals such as those caused by JAMMING  or unintentional interference.
ADAPTIVE OPTICS SYSTEMS - Optical systems that compensate for the effects of the atmosphere and other phase distortion sources. []
ADAPTIVE SCHEDULER - An ADAPTIVE CONTROL feature of a sensor that can automatically change DWELL  and REVISIT  times, depending upon the threat environment, e.g., more visits to identify targets, and minimal visits to threat sectors containing hostile countermeasures such as anti-radiation missiles.  [10:2812 ]
ADDRESS HYGIENE - The computerized process of analyzing postal address lists and modifying data in order to increase the accuracy of the data.  For example, a set of duplicate addresses may exist because the street address on one record is abbreviated, e.g., "Av.", and the other spelled out, e.g., "Avenue"; one task of address hygiene might be to spell out all abbreviations (e.g., "Dr" and "Dr." changed to "Drive", "Av", "Av." and "Ave" changed to "Avenue", "Rd" and "Rd." changed to "Road", etc...).  More sophisticated techniques might include Zip Code correction, telephone area code corrections, name standardization, automatic checking of public records to check for irregularities and errors, as well as other cleansing tasks to improve data quality and create a more consistent and reliable database free of duplicate records.  []
ADVANCED BATTLESPACE INFORMATION SYSTEM (ABIS) - A federation of systems that forms an underlying grid of flexible, shared and assured information services and provides advanced capabilities in support of new command and control and force employment concepts.  It blends rapidly emerging commercial technologies with advanced military research to deliver comprehensive knowledge to war fighters at all levels.  ABIS comprises a collection of distributed data and applications integrated through a grid of supporting services.  [10:2593] NOTE: Development of ABIS would entail an orderly progression from existing STOVEPIPE systems to overarching technology capabilities in less than 15 years (1997).
ADVANCED ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEM (AEOS) - A 3.67 meter telescope located on the island of Maui.  AEOS will have seven coude rooms for various experiments, as well as conventional Cassegrain positions located on the mount itself. Le coude is French for "elbow" - meaning the light is "bent" from the telescope through a coude path to the basement of the facility. From the basement, the light is redirected to the appropriate laboratory for data collection, analysis, or experiments.  [10:2804 ]
ADVANCED ENCLOSED MAST/SENSORS (AEM/S) -- A large composite structure (approx. 90 feet high by 35 feet in diameter) designed to reduce the RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) of structure.  The upper half of the hexagonal mast, intended to pass own-ship sensor frequencies, is covered with a FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE (FSS); the lower half can be reflective or covered with RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL (RAM).  The mast encloses a variety of antennas.  The mast serves the dual purpose of protecting its contents from the elements and reducing the overall RCS of the vessel.  [10:2658]   NOTE:  An AEM/S was installed on the USS Arthur W. Radford (DD-968) in May of 1999.  [10:2672]
ADVANCED GUN SYSTEM (AGS) -- A 155 mm gun mount designed with low radar and infrared signatures.  The gun will be capable of firing ballistic and precision-guided munitions to ranges up to 100 nautical miles.  [10:2659]
ADVANCED INTELLIGENT NETWORK (AIN) - A National Communications System (NCS) network which can provide access control, priority treatment, user authentication, and other survivability features supporting National Security and Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) telecommunications.  It is a service-independent architecture introduced into the Public Switched Network (PSN) that will provide technical and cost advantages and end-user control over service definition, service customization, and choice of equipment suppliers, as well as the ability to modify and manage their services without telecommunications service provider intervention.   View the 1999 AIN architecture .  [10:2806 ]
ADVANCED JOINT EFFECTIVENESS MODEL (AJEM) -- A tri-service developed computer simulation model designed to be the DoD standard computer simulation for evaluating the lethality and terminal effectiveness of munitions and the vulnerability of aircraft, missiles, and ground-mobile systems.
[ http://ajem.survice.com/globals/ajem_home.html  ]
ADVANCED LIGHTWEIGHT INFLUENCE SWEEP SYSTEM (ALISS) - A system which uses new magnetic and acoustic technology to defeat "smart" multisensor sea mines designed to discern real targets from spoofs .  Its magnetic technology feature uses closed-cycle, conductively cooled, superconducting magnets arranged in a 5-ft diameter circle that emulates the dipole magnetic moment of assault craft.  The acoustic technology feature uses plasma-discharge, pulse-power techniques in three "spark-gap" electrodes to discharge electrical pulses that simulate the sound of the Landing Craft, Air Cushioned (LCAC).  [10:2691 ]
ADVANCED MULTI-FUNCTION RADIO FREQUENCY SYSTEM (AMRFS) - A system which consolidates, in a single aperture, the antennas required for shipboard radar, ELECTRONIC WARFARE  (EW), IDENTIFICATION, FRIEND OR FOE  (IFF) and communications.  [10:2678 ]
ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY (ARPA) LINCOLN C-BAND OBSERVABLE RADAR (ALCOR) - See ARPA LINCON C-BAND OBSERVABLE RADAR.
ADVANCED SWIMMER DELIVERY SYSTEM (ASDS) - A dry mini-submarine with a two-man crew, capable of clandestine and covert insertion and recovery of a Navy SEa-Air-Land (SEAL) squad or  Special Operations Forces (SOF) troops.  The ASDS can be launched from a submarine or from the well-deck of an amphibious ship.  []
ADVANCED TERMINAL EMULATION - See SCREEN SCRAPING .
ADVANCED TETHERED VEHICLE (ATV) - A tethered, unmanned vehicle system designed for operation at great sea depths.  It employs multiple television cameras to provide three-dimensional views of its work area.   []
ADVANCED THREAT INFRARED COUNTERMEASURES (ATIRCM) - An aircraft survivability system which performs the functions of missile warning, INFRAREDjamming and expendable dispensing.  The system features a coordinated, multispectral response from its directable jammer and dispenser that is CUED by either an electro-optical or infrared missile warning subsystem.  The missile warning sensors detect all types of missile threats (not just infrared), thus can provide data to other aircraft survivability equipment (ASE).  [10:2547]
ADVANCED UNITARY PENETRATOR (AUP) - A sub-caliber (i.e., smaller diameter) high density penetrator employing ultra-high density tungsten explosives to achieve increased target penetration.  The penetrator is carried in a larger-caliber light-weight round which provides the aerodynamic characteristics needed for accuracy.  []
AERIAL DIVERSIONARY DEVICE - A NONLETHAL WEAPON  consisting of a multi-shot capability to distract individuals or crowds.  In crowd control, it can be used to provide a warning shot by delivering a flash-bang projectile over the heads of a violent or potentially violent crowd to allow other troop formations to maneuver to more advantageous positions.  [10:2857 ]
AEROSOL - (1) (laser-maser) A suspension of small solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium. Typically, the particle sizes may range from 100 micrometers to 0.01 micrometers or less. [3 ] (2) Solid, resonant-size particles dispersed in the atmosphere, and having a high index of refraction. The particles both scatter and absorb visual and laser energy so as to reduce the effectiveness of weapon systems directed by these techniques. [4:1 ] NOTE: The particle size and type are chosen to scatter or absorb radiation from electro-optical system targets. Some forms of aerosols can partially absorb microwave signals. [8 ]
AEROSTAT - A tethered airship, generally carrying a sensor. []
AFFORDABLE MOVING SURFACE TARGET ENGAGEMENT (AMSTE) - The ability to employ airborne sensor resources to fix, track and engage with precision, moving surface threats from long ranges and in all weather conditions.  [10:2849 ]
AGENT - (1)  In VIRTUAL REALITY, a software program that can carry out fairly sophisticated tasks in unknown networked environments without human intervention; in other words a "smart" BOT.  [10:2595]  (2) A software component that performs one or more common tasks by acting in a preset manner.  Agents may be classified as to characteristics (mobility - stationary or mobile); response method (deliberative or reactive); autonomy; learning; and specific task to be performed (e.g., interface).   [10:2624]  Also called SOFTWARE AGENT.
AIRBEAM TECHNOLOGY - A textile manufacturing technology which employs continuous braiding or weaving of a high-strength, three-dimensional fabric sleeve over an air-retention bladder, thus providing a seamless high-strength structure.  [10:2739 ]   NOTE:  A few applications for airbeam technology includes rapid deployable space structures, deployable wings, pollution containment, inflatable antennas, and beamless supports for temporary field hangars and other field shelters.
AIRBORNE COMMUNICATIONS NODE (ACN) - An UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE  (UAV) designed and equipped to provide hierarchical communications services and crosslinking over a broad theater of operations.  []
AIRBORNE DATA RELAY (ADR) - A communications system used to extend data link ranges of UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES  (AUV) or to bend a line-of-sight data link around obstacles, such as mountains.  []
AIRBORNE ELECTRONIC ATTACK (AEA) - A MISSION  area consisting of three activities: (1) the nonlethal SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSES  (SEAD),i.e., electronic jamming of radars and related communications; (2) the lethal suppression, or destruction of enemy air defenses (DEAD), i.e., use of missiles or other munitions to physically destroy enemy radars and related infrastructure; and (3) self-protection, or use of JAMMING  and DECOYS  to render missiles harmless to the attacking aircraft.  [10:2879 ]  See also ELECTRONIC ATTACK .
AIRBORNE LASER (ABL) - A DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON (DEW) designed to deliver a lethal LASER beam onto a ballistic missile during the highly vulnerable boost phase of flight.  The system autonomously will detect and locate a missile seconds after launch using a series of INFRARED sensors that work in tandem to target the missiles.  [10:2589]  The ABL consists of three critical laser systems linked by mirrors.  The primary mirror both gathers in light beams and focuses them outward; other mirrors reflect the laser beams, split them, sometimes into two separate beams of different wavelengths (diachronic mirrors), steer them, and, for the killing beam, shape its wavefront.  A megawatt  CHEMICAL OXYGEN IODINE LASER (COIL) is the primary killing beam. [10:2607]  See also BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE (BMD).
AIRBORNE LASER MINE-DETECTION SYSTEM (ALMDS) - An ELECTRO-OPTIC  mine detection system that uses an aircraft-mounted LASER  to detect floating and shallow-tethered mines.  []  Formerly called MAGIC LANTERN .
AIRBORNE MINE-NEUTRALIZATION SYSTEM (AMNS) - A remotely operated expendable neutralization device that will be employed by helicopters to neutralize - with explosives - proud moored and volume sea mines that are impractical or unsafe to counter using existing mine-disposal techniques.  [10:2792 ]   See also DISTRIBUTIVE EXPLOSIVE TECHNOLOGY  (DET), RAPID AIRBORNE MINE-CLEARANCE SYSTEM  (RAMICS), SHALLOW-WATER ASSAULT BREACHING (SABRE) SYSTEM , SHALLOW WATER INFLUENCE MINE SWEEP (SWIMS) SYSTEM .  NOTE:   AMNS is a 3-foot long torpedo-like device equipped with an onboard reacquisition SONAR , a powerful headlight, and a video camera.  Launched from a helicopter, it is guided to the target by a crewman using a fiber-obtic cable tethered to the AMNS.  When in position, the AMNS fires a shaped charge through the mine.  It is effective against mines at any depth.  [10:2829 ]
AIRBORNE OPTICAL ADJUNCT (AOA) - A hump-backed Boeing 767 which carries a large long-wave-length infrared sensor. Used to collect data on reentry vehicles. [10:66 ]
AIRBORNE REMOTE OPTICAL SPOTLIGHTING SYSTEM (AROSS) - A digital camera mounted in a stabilized turret located on the underside of an aircraft that flies over a beach area.  The camera collects time series data about a beach surf in the area.  Analysts then examine the behavior of breaking waves to determine the location of mines in the surf.  [10:2896 ]  NOTE:  This is not yet (2001) a REAL TIME  system.
AIRBORNE STANDOFF MINEFIELD DETECTION SYSTEM (ATAMIDS) - (Army)  A dual-mode high-resolution INFRARED system using LASER sensors.  Very high resolution radars are used to locate mines lying on the surface of the ground, while infrared sensors, able to distinguish slight temperature differences, will be used to detect shallowly buried ordnance.  The sensor is designed to be carried in a short-range UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE (UAV). [10:2529]
AIRBORNE TARGETING AND CROSS-CUEING SYSTEM (ATACCS) - A system designed to task multiple sensors automatically on individual targets, thereby decreasing the target-search and data-analysis time requirements of present (1999) reconnaissance systems.  [10:2692 ]
AIR-CHISEL MINE CLEARING - A mechanized method that employs high-pressure air to rapidly uncover soil, leaves, and other debris down to and around a suspected mine without causing mine detonation.  [12.1 ]  See also WATER-JET MINE CLEARING .
AIR COMBAT MANEUVERING INSTRUMENTATION (ACMI) - A system of aircraft-mounted pods designed to capture all the moves and countermoves in airborne training exercises for monitoring, real-time kill notification, and post-mission debriefing.  [10:2644]
AIRCRAFT/SHIP SECURE AND TRAVERSE (ASIST) SYSTEM - A system of LASER  beacons used to guide a helicopter to the landing deck of a ship.  []
AIR DEFENSE - All defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles in the earth's envelope of atmosphere, or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack. See also ACTIVE AIR DEFENSE, PASSIVE AIR DEFENSE . [1 ]
AIR DEFENSE ALERTING DEVICE (ADAD) - A stand-alone guide for a soldier carrying a stinger missile.  It can be fully integrated with a multiple gun or surface-to-air missile vehicle.  A control panel assigns priorities for targets based on speed and direction.  Several missile batteries can be tied into the unit.  The system detects aircraft coming head-on from INFRARED emissions from wing edges or helicopter rotor blades.  It is designed to reject false signals from sources such as birds.  It is claimed that the infrared detector's passive nature renders it immune to ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES.   Similarly, it cannot be detected or targeted by anti-radar missiles.  [10:2543]
AIR-DIRECTED SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE (ADSAM) ENGAGEMENT - The use of an airborne (e.g., from AEROSTATS) fire control radar to provide long-range tracking and in-flight control of interceptor missiles launched from surface and aircraft platforms in order to achieve the longest-range engagements of cruise missile threats that friendly interceptor missiles can support.  [10:2837 ]  See also JOINT LAND-ATTACK CRUISE MISSILE DEFENSE ELEVATED NETTED SENSOR  (JLENS).
AIR SURVEILLANCE - The systematic observation of air space by electronic, visual, or other means primarily for the purpose of identifying and determining the movements of aircraft and missiles, friendly and enemy, in the air space under observations. See also COMBAT SURVEILLANCE , SEA SURVEILLANCE ,SURVEILLANCE . []
ALIASING ERRORS - Errors arising in sampled-data systems when the input signal is sampled too slowly (at under twice the frequency of the highest- frequency component of the input signal). []
ALL-GAS CHEMICAL LASER - A CHEMICAL LASER  which creates its light by combining two specific gases: nitrogen chloride and atomic iodine.   The device is expected to be relatively light in weight, operate in zero-gravity environments and possess a built-in heat rejection exhaust.  [10:2854 ]
AMIABILITY AGENT - A NONLETHAL WEAPON  consisting of an agent which causes those with whom it comes in contact to become very easily persuadable.  [10:2751 ]
AMPLIFIED RETURN SIGNAL - A FUZE JAMMING  technique employing a REPEATER JAMMER  that increases the amplitude of the returned signal to the fuze. [4:1 ]
AMPLITUDE -  The amplitude of a sinusoidally varying quantity (WAVE ) is the maximum, or peak, value of this quantity.  [3 ]  NOTE: Sometimes the rms (root-mean-square) value of the wave is used to characterize the amplitude of a sinusoidal oscillation.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) - The process by which a CARRIER  wave (CW) is caused to vary in amplitude by the action of another wave containing information.  [3 ]  See also ANGLE MODULATION, FREQUENCY MODULATION  (FM), PHASE MODULATION  (PM).
AMPLITUDE MODULATION EQUIVALENT (AME) - A method of independent sideband transmission in which the carrier is reinserted at a lower level after its normal suppression to permit reception by conventional AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) receivers. []
ANALYZER JAMMING - A SELF-SCREENING  or SUPPORT ECM  technique that analyzes the received radar signal and then transmits back to the radar a false ECM-oriented signal that has the appearance of a legitimate signal, but which is actually offset in range and/or azimuth from the actual target return. [8 ]
ANALOG RADAR - A radar (e.g., earlier radar system) that employs analog means, such as timing circuits, for system control and signal processing. Contrast withDIGITAL RADAR . [10:2389 ] NOTE: Analog radars are susceptible to drift, internal and external radio frequency interference, and to temperature and humidity variations.
ANECHOIC TILE - SONAR  reflectors/sound absorbers designed to provide confusing echoes. [10:41 *] NOTE: Anechoic tiles are analogous to CHAFF .
ANESTHETICS - As used in NONLETHAL WEAPONs  - tranquilizers, dispensed with gas or darts, that could put people to sleep.  [10:2857 ]
ANGELS - [In EW] (1) Radar interference from natural sources. [8 ] (2) Radar interference caused by confusion reflectors, such as CHAFF  and ROPE  ... [8 ] (3)CORNER REFLECTORS  [10:61 ] (4) Aircraft altitude (in kilofeet). [1 ]
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL (AOA) - The angle between the negative of the propagation vector and a reference direction. [1 ] NOTE: If the reference direction is the course vector of a target, then the angle of arrival is the same as the TARGET ANGLE  with respect to the radiating source.
ANGLE MODULATION - The process of causing the angle of  the CARRIER  wave (CW) to vary in accordance with the signal wave.  PHASE MODULATION  (PM) and FREQUENCY MODULATION  (FM) are two particular types of angle modulation.  [3]
ANODE - (1) An electrode through which current enters any conductor of a non-metallic class. Specifically, an electrolytic anode is an electrode at which negative ions are discharged, or positive ions are formed, or at which other oxidizing reactions occur. [3 ] (2) (ELECTRON (VACUUM) TUBE  or valve) An electrode through which a principal stream of electrons leaves the inter-electrode space. [3 ]
ANOMALY DETECTION - A type of INTRUSION DETECTION  that infers a HACKER  attack is taking place by recognizing deviations from the normal behavior of a computer or network.  [10:2853 ]   Contrast with SIGNATURE DETECTION .  See also HOST-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION , NETWORK-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION , PORT SCAN .
ANONYMOUS REMAILER - An INTERNET  computer service that launders the true identity of an e-mail sender by stripping away the message header before forwarding the message to the recipient, by padding the message to disguise its true length, or by encryption.  [10:2815 ]    Compare with PSEUDONYMOUS REMAILER .
ANTENNA - That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves.  [3 ]  NOTE:   Antennas are characterized by coverage (non-directional or directional), Gain (generally in decibels), Frequency Range, POLARIZATION  (linear or circular), BANDWIDTH  (narrow or wide), and type.  There are many types of antennas.  The table below lists some antenna types.  [10:2688 ]
ANTENNA TYPES
Type	Typical Polarization
Biconical	Vertical
Blade	Vertical or Linear
Cavity Backed Spiral	R & L Horizontal
Conical Spiral	Circular
Conical Spiral, 4-arm	Circular
Diffraction Plate	Linear
Dipole	Vertical
Horn	Linear
Horn with Polarizer	Circular
Helix, Axial Mode	Circular
Helix, Normal Mode	Horizontal
Linderblad	Circular
Log Periodic	Vertical or Horizontal
Loop	Horizontal
Parabolic Dish	Depends on feed
Periscope
Depends on feed
Phased Array	Depends on elements
Reflector	Depends on elements
Swastika	Horizontal
Whip	Vertical
Yagi	Horizontal
Antennas may also be classified into four types of fundamental operation as follows [10:2706 ]:
TYPES OF ANTENNA ELEMENTS
Antenna Type	Properties	Examples
Electrically Small	Very low directivity
Low input resistance
High input reactance
Low radiation efficiency	Short dipole
Small Loop
Resonant	Low to moderate gain
Real input impedance
Narrow bandwidth
Half-wave dipole
Microstrip  patch

Broadband	Low to moderate gain
Constant gain with frequency
Real input impedance
Wide bandwidth
Spiral
Aperture	High gain
Gain increases with frequency
Moderate bandwidth
Horns
Reflectors
    For a technical discussion about antennas, click  .  [11.2 ]  See also SPRAY-ON ANTENNA .
ANTENNA AUXILIARY SCAN-ON-RECEIVE-ONLY - An ECCM  technique that uses an auxiliary non-scanning antenna and associated receiver that is boresighted with the transmit-and- receive antenna of a conical scan SORO  (scan-on-receive-only) tracking system, to detect the ECM amplitude modulations on the receive signal and to use this to cancel the ECM modulation from the radar's received signal prior to angle processing within the radar. [8 ]
ANTENNA POLARIZATION MISMATCH - The condition that exists when a PLANE WAVE , incident upon an antenna from a given direction, has a POLARIZATION which is different from the receiving polarization of the antenna in that same direction. Contrast with POLARIZATION MATCH . []
ANTI-AIR LASER - A NONLETHAL WARFARE  weapon consisting of a vehicle, ship or aircraft-based laser cannon to ground pilots or force them to veer off or risk damage to pilot vision or to the aircraft windscreen, optics or targeting sensors.  [10:2648 ]  See also BLINDING LASER .
ANTI-AIR WARFARE (AAW) - A US Navy/US Marine Corps term used to indicate that action required to destroy or reduce to an acceptable level the enemy air and missile threat. It includes such measures as the use of interceptors, bombers, antiaircraft guns, surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles, ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES , and destruction of the air or missile threat both before and after it has launched. Other measures which are taken to minimize the effects of hostile air action are COVER , concealment, dispersion, DECEPTION  (including electronic) and mobility. [1 ] NOTE: "Bombers" in this definition implies their air-to-air capabilities and not air-to-ground destruction of enemy aircraft, which is a strike function.
ANTI-ARMOR MATERIALS - That category of MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY   which addresses materials materials for projectiles used to defeat enemy armor, including various types of penetrators, sabots, shaped charge liners, and their launchers.  Anti-armor materials include steel, titanium, ceramics, forged or explosively formed or rolled molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and depleted uranium (DU).  [12 ]
ANTI-COMMUNICATIONS WARFARE - Military action to reduce the effectiveness of enemy communications. []
ANTIJAM DATA LINKING - The establishing of data links which have the capability to counter jamming. []
ANTI-MATERIEL CHEMICALS/BIOLOGICALS - A NONLETHAL WARFARE  weapon involving materials to block access to bridges, roads, sea lanes and other means of passage; and to contaminate fuel and render high-explosives ineffective.  [10:2648 ]
ANTI-PERSONNEL ENTANGLEMENTS - See ENTANGLEMENTS .
ANTI-RADIATION MISSILE (ARM) - A missile which homes passively on a radiation source. [1 ] See also HIGH SPEED ANTI-RADIATION MISSILE .
ANTI-RADIATION MISSILE (ARM) DECOY - A miniature radar transmitter designed to protect radars in the field. The DECOY  provides protection by emulating the transmission characteristics of the protected radar, thereby deceiving the incoming missile. [10:94 ]
ANTIREFLECTION OVERCOAT - A coating of material, such as poly-tetrafluoroethylene, which reduces the reflectance of a material at infrared wavelengths. [10:4] See also RADAR CAMOUFLAGE .
ANTISUBMARINE ROCKET (ASROC) - See ASROC.
ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE (ASW) - (1) Operations conducted with the intention of denying the enemy the effective use of his submarines. [1 ] (2) The destruction or neutralization of enemy submarines. [2 ]
ANTI-SURFACE SHIP WARFARE - See ANTISURFACE WARFARE.
ANTISURFACE WARFARE (ASUW) - The destruction or neutralization of enemy surface combatants and merchant ships. Its aim is to deny the enemy the effective use of his surface warships and cargo carrying capacity. Synonymous with ANTI-SURFACE SHIP WARFARE. [2 ]
ANTI-SURVEILLANCE WARFARE - Military action intended to reduce the effectiveness of enemy surveillance operations. []
ANTI-TARGETING WARFARE - See COUNTER-TARGETING .
ANTI-TORPEDO TORPEDO (ATT) - A specialized small-diameter torpedo that tracks and destroys incoming underwater projectiles.  The ATT uses digital signal processing and FUZZY LOGIC  to identify, track and intercept incoming torpedoes running in a variety of attack patterns.  [10:2875 ]
ANTI-TRACTION LUBRICANT  A NONLETHAL WEAPON  consisting of a lubricant applied to roadways which reduces friction of the surface and adversely affects the traction of vehicle wheels and tracks on the treated surfaces such as roads, runways, and tracks.   [10:2754 ]  A teflon-type environmentally neutral lubricant that make footholds or traction exceedingly difficult.   In this application, the product can be used to deny access to areas or cover a unit's flank.  [10:2857 ]
APPLIQUE - The Army's "Force XXI Battle Command Brigade-and-Below (FBCB2)" initiative to digitize the battlefield.  [10:2740 ]
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN - The process of defining a collection of hardware and software components and their interfaces to establish a framework for the development of a system. [10:33 ] NOTE: The architectural design process begins with the identification of functions which must be performed by the system in order to meet specified requirements. These functions are then allocated to software, hardware, or humans comprising the system. Differing allocation schemes become "architectural alternatives", and the chosen alternative results from consideration of various criteria and constraints, such as cost and manning. System inputs, outputs, internal and external interfaces, data sources and destinations, data stores, and transformation processes are all identified, diagrammed, and described in the architectural documentation.
ARCHITECTURE - See SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ; SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE .
ARCNET - See ATTACHED RESOURCE COMPUTER NETWORK
AREA DENIAL SYSTEM (ADS) - Self-contained, semi-autonomous, long standoff munitions that can defend an area by defeating, disrupting, and delaying vehicles that enter its battlespace.  [10:2724 ]
AREA JAMMING SUPPORT - An ECM tactic in which the aircraft jams long-range systems over a wide area to mask incoming attack aircraft.  [10:2521]  See alsoCORRIDOR JAMMING SUPPORT, DIRECT JAMMING SUPPORT, STAND-OFF JAMMING SUPPORT, TARGET AREA JAMMING SUPPORT.
ARMED DECOY - A DECOY  able to inflict damage, thereby forcing the enemy to engage it even if it is recognized as a decoy. [4:23 ] See also REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLE , ANTI-RADIATION MISSILE, CRUISE MISSILE , AUTONOMOUS DECOY.
ARMOR MATERIALS - That category of MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY   which addresses materials specifically designed to protect equipment and personnel from enemy threats.  Armor materials include metals and related composites (e.g., titanium diboride), ceramics and related composites (e.g., crystal whiskers in a bonded matrix), organic fibers and composites (e.g., arrays of woven cloth), and layered combinations of these.  [12 ]
ARPA LINCOLN C-BAND OBSERVABLE RADAR (ALCOR) - An Army-operated radar located on the Kwajalein Atoll in the western Pacific. It has two missions, Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) testing in support of the Western Space and Missile Center (WSMC) and space surveillance.  ALCOR is a Near-Earth (NE) tracking radar.  [10:2804 ]  NOTE: ALCOR is unique because it is the only radar besides Haystack that can provide wideband Space Object Identification.  [10:2804 ]  ALCOR is one of the 25 sites worldwide of U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force operated ground-based radars and optical sensors composing the Space Surveillance Network. Two other radars are the ARPA Long-range Tracking and Identification Radar (ALTAIR) and the TRADEX  (Target Resolution and Discrimination Experiment).
ARPA LONG-RANGE TRACKING AND IDENTIFICATION RADAR (ALTAIR) - A high-resolution radar located at Kwajalein Atoll in the western Pacific that provides precision metric, signature, and imaging for deep-space operations, satellite observations, strategic reentry missions, and multiple-intercept engagement tracking. ALTAIR is a Near-Earth (NE) and Deep Space (DS) tracking radar. ALTAIR has two missions: Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) testing in support of the Western Space and Missile Center (WSMC) and space surveillance.  [10:2804 ]  NOTE: ALTAIR is unique because it is the only radar in the Space Surveillance Network with an equatorial location. ALTAIR can track one third of the objects in the geosynchronous belt, more than 42,000 tracks per year.  [10:2804 ]  ALTAIR is one of the 25 sites worldwide of U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force operated ground-based radars and optical sensors composing the Space Surveillance Network. Two other radars are the ARPA Lincoln C-Band Observable Radar (ALCOR) and the TRADEX  (Target Resolution and Discrimination Experiment).
ARRAY ANTENNA - An antenna comprised of a number of identical radiating elements in a regular arrangement and excited to obtain a prescribed radiation pattern.  [3 ] See also PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA .
ARTIFICIAL EYELID - A MICROELECTROMECHANICAL  device consisting of a surface covered by tiny shutters, ranging in size from about a millimeter to 50 micrometers.  In the transparent state, the shutters are open, lik an open venetian blind.  When a sensor detects light, the shutters quickly (about 100 microseconds) snap closed, presenting an opaque surface to the light.  [10:2813 ] NOTE:  The primary application of the artificial eyelid is to protect military pilots and equipment from disabling laser attacks.  The artificial eyelid also has potential consumer applications, such as programmable sunglasses, or advanced camera lenses.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) - Computerized reasoning. Branches of AI include EXPERT SYSTEMS , robotics, and knowledge representation. []
ARTILLERY DELIVERED ANTIPERSONNEL MINE (ADAM) - One of a number (e.g., 36) of mines contained in an artillery shell.  When the mines fall from the disintegrating shell they release a tripwire-fired, pop-up fragmenting warhead.  Each mine ejects several tripwires that, when disturbed, trigger the mine to jump four to eight feet in the air and spray shrapnel across a forty-foot area.    [10:2735 ]  NOTE: ADAM is in the class of SMART MINEs .  ADAM has been adapted for hand-emplacement and has evolved into the Pursuit Deterrent Munition (PDM)
ASPHALT ABLATION - A ballistic missile countermeasure involving deployment of an asphalt cloud in the exoatmosphere in front of an incoming missile. The asphalt particles cling to the warhead, and during re-entry the asphalt ignites and ablates unevenly, degrading the missile's accuracy. [8 *]
ASROC - Acronym for Anti-Submarine Rocket.  ASROC is a weapon consisting of a rocket booster used to deliver a payload torpedo or depth-charge over an extended distance, providing long-distance ASW capability.  When launched, the ASROC proceeds to the area of the target, releases the weapon which deploys a parachute to slow the weapon before entering the water.  After entering the water, the weapon begins its programmed target acquisition maneuvers. []  NOTE:  The ASROC launcher is usually trainable in azimuth and elevation.  If the launcher is fixed in the vertical plane, then the weapon is a VERTICAL-LAUNCH ASROC  (VLA).
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE - A programming language that corresponds closely to the instruction set of a given computer, allows symbolic naming of operations and addresses, and usually results in a one-to-one translation of program instructions into MACHINE LANGUAGE . [3 ]
ASYMMETRICAL MILITARY FORCE - A military force that does not attempt to match the size of that of an adversary, but is designed to exploit the weakness of the larger force.  The assymetrical military force would be small, mobile, elusive, efficient, inventive and high-tech.  []
ASYMMETRIC WARFARE - (1) Warfare between dissimilar forces.  (2) War between two sides with dissimilar goals.   (3)  Warfare in which new technology is used to defeat the superior with the inferior.  (4) Warfare which encompasses anything - strategy, tactics, weapons, personnel - that alters the battlefield to negate one side or the other's advantage.   []  NOTE:  Asymmetric warfare has been described as "not fighting fair".  There are many "definitions" of asymmetric warfare, as the forgoing suggests.  These descriptions come from the web site: http://www.amsc.belvoir.army.mil/asymmetric_warfare.htm.
ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS - A communications PROTOCOL  in which data are transferred serially. Each transmitted character is preceded by a start bit and followed by a stop bit. [10:45 ] Contrast with SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS .
ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED SOUNDER (AIRS) - A sensor (to be launched in late 2000) that can measure Earth's air temperatures from space with great precision, allowing accurate weather predictions.  The AIRS will read atmospheric temperatures to within one degree Celsius in 1-kilometer layers of altitude in the Earth's lower atmosphere.  AIR's high-resolution spectrometer will sample precisely the Earth's atmosphere from the ground up to 30 miles.  [10:2805 ]
ATOMIC-LEVEL MANUFACTURING - The construction of materials that do not occur naturally by depositing atoms in layers which are spaced to achieve the desired effect.  [10:2834 ]  NOTE: An example of this approach is the VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASER  (VCSEL).
ATTACHED RESOURCE COMPUTER NETWORK (ARCNET) - A LOCAL AREA NETWORK  (LAN) employing a token-passing PROTOCOL .   []  NOTE:  In an ARCNET, all nodes have equal access to the network, eliminating transmission collisions on busy networks.
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (AGC) - A process or means by which gain is automatically adjusted in a specified manner as a function of input or other specified parameters. [3 ]
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DECEPTION - A SELF-SCREENING ECM  technique that produces angle errors in a conical scan and some MONOPULSE  tracking radars that use AGC. [8 ]
AUTOMATIC LOCAL OSCILLATOR TUNING - An ECCM  technique wherein the radar's local oscillator is tuned either side of its normal setting to see if the target signal ECHO  can be more easily detected in a JAMMING  environment. [8 ]
AUTOMATIC SPOT NOISE (ASN) JAMMING -- Automatic transmission of a jamming response when a programmed victim signal has been detected.  The jammer automatically adjusts its jamming frequency to that of the victim signal.  Also called RESPONSIVE SPOT NOISE (RSN) JAMMING.   []
AUTOMATIC VIDEO NOISE LIMITING - An ECCM  technique where the NOISE  level out of the radar receiver is maintained constant by a closed-loop feedback system that varies the gain of the video amplifier.  [8 ]
AUTOMATIC VOICE NETWORK (AUTOVON) - Formerly, the principal long-haul, unsecure voice communications network within the Defense Communications System, superseded by the DEFENSE SWITCHED NETWORK  (DSN).  []  See also COMBAT CIDERS .
AUOVON SWITCHING CENTERS

Thanks to Albert LaFrance - Cold War Communications Afficionado

AUTONOMIC HEALING - The automatic dispersing of a series of microspheres that contain a healing agent and a catalyst in a polymeric composite.  When a crack propagates in the treated material, stress causes the closest spheres to break open and release the healing agent and catalyst which generate a chemical reaction to polymerize and heal the crack through capillary action, bonding the crack faces to each other.  [10:2904 ]  Also called MICROENCAPSULATED HEALING AGENT, HEALING AGENT.
AUTONOMOUS DECOY - A self- propelled platform which emulates a protected unit, for example, a self-propelled surface acoustic DECOY  playing a tape recording of ship sounds.  [4:23 ]
AUTONOMOUS TARGET RECOGNITION (ATR) - The ability of a weapon to locate and engage a target without data updates or guidance from external sources.  ATR involves automated high speed signal or imaging processing, rapid data base management and high fidelity classification and correlation.   Contrast with MAN-IN-THE-LOOP SYSTEMS .  See also BRILLIANT AMMUNITION , SMART WEAPON .  [10:31 ] NOTE: There are three primary components of ATR: algorithms, processors, and sensor technology.
AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE (AUV) - A sub-group of UNMANNED UNDERWATER VEHICLE s consisting of autonomous, untethered craft that can execute a variety of missions, generally of the type too dangerous for manned submersibles or divers.  Contrast with REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE .  [10:46 ]
AUTONOMOUS UNTETHERED VEHICLE (AUV) - An AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE (also AUV) designed to operate at ocean depths as great as 13,000 feet.  Also called INNER SPACE SATELLITE.  []
AUTOVON - See AUTOMATIC VOICE NETWORK.
AUTOVON WIDEBAND - See COMBAT CIDERS .
AVATAR - In a VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT, a three-dimensional image (which may also include live video) that serves as a stand-in for the person who controls it.  Its motions, gestures, and speech may be derived from the user's voice, keyboard, or other input device.  More generally, an avatar is a representation of any object functioning in a virtual world, and so its meaning may cover graphical representations of BOTs and AGENTs.   [10:2595]
AVIONICS - All of the electronics systems contained in an aircraft.  []
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September 28, 2001 06:47 AM -0700



B
BABBLE JAMMING - A communications jamming technique that superimposes previously recorded signals with existing signals. []
BACKBONE - The top level in a hierarchical network.  STUB NETWORKS and TRANSIT NETWORKS which connect to the same backbone are guaranteed to be interconnected.  [10:2736]
BACK-DOOR COUPLING - Any technique used to access the target system by media other than the one for which the system was designed. [10:46] Contrast withFRONT-DOOR COUPLING. See also BACK-DOOR SYSTEM PENETRATION.
BACK-DOOR SYSTEM PENETRATION - A DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON term to indicate energy entering a target system through its apertures and enclosure seams. Back door penetration is most effective at the resonant frequency of the enclosure opening. [10:16] Contrast with FRONT-DOOR SYSTEM PENETRATION. See also BACK- DOOR COUPLING.
BACKGROUND MATCHING - Blending an object into its background. [10:89] See also ELECTRO-OPTIC PAINTING, RADAR CAMOUFLAGE, YEHUDI.
BACKLIGHT - In LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYs (LCDs), a lamp positioned behind a transmissive liquid LCD designed for direct viewing, as is the case for virtually all laptop-computer displays.  The PIXELs of the LCD have varying degrees of opacity, which controls how much light from the backlight reaches the viewer from each point on the screen.  [10:2600]  Contrast with FRONTLIGHT.
BACK LOBE - A radiation SIDE LOBE whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180 degrees with respect to the axis of the MAJOR LOBE of an antenna. [3]
BACKSCATTER - Energy reflected in a direction opposite to that of the INCIDENT WAVE. Compare with RETROREFLECTION. Contrast with FORWARD SCATTERING. See also SCATTERING, RADAR SCATTERING. [3]
BACKSCATTERING - Radio wave propagation in which the direction of the incident and scattered WAVES, resolved along a referenced direction (usually horizontal), are oppositely directed. A signal received by backscattering is often referred to as BACKSCATTER. [1] See also SCATTERING, RADAR SCATTERING.
BACKSCATTER RADAR (BSR) - A RADAR that detects BACKSCATTER.
BACKSCATTER SOUNDER (BSS) - A RADAR that measures the characteristics of the ionosphere at the point where refraction of the radar waves occurs.   [10:2778]
BACKTRACKING - See WEAPON BACKTRACKING.
BACK TELLING - Transferring information from a higher to a lower echelon of command. [1] See also CROSS TELLING, FORWARD TELLING, OVERLAP TELLING, RELATERAL TELLING, TRACK TELLING.
BAGPIPES - A communications jamming technique consisting of repeated multiple tones. [] HEAR the sound of bagpipes
BALANCED TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE (BTI) - A program created by Congress to accelerate focused research into innovative ways to maintain conventional defensive capabilities. [10:67]
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE (BMD) - A missile defense program shared among the nation's military services and some allies, mainly the United Kingdom and Israel.  The concept is a layered approach: Boost-phase defenses, e.g., AIRBORNE LASER; Upper-tier (area) defenses, e.g., THEATER HIGH-ALTITUDE AERIAL DEFENSE(Thaad); and Lower-tier (point) defenses,  e.g.,  Patriot.  [10:2606]
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE COUNTERMEASURES (BMDCM) - Actions taken to alter ballistic missile characteristics with tactics or devices intended to hinder or prevent ballistic missile  defense systems from identifying or hitting the incoming missiles.  These include  EVASIVE MANEUVERS BMD COUNTERMEASURES,FALSE-TARGET BMD COUNTERMEASURES,  SHROUDING BMD COUNTERMEASURES,  SUBMUNITION BMD COUNTERMEASURES,  TRAJECTORY BMD COUNTERMEASURES.  [10:2609]
BALLOON REFLECTOR - A balloon supported CONFUSION REFLECTOR to produce fraudulent ECHOES. [1]
BALLUTE - Acronym for Balloon + Parachute.  Ballutes are deployed from the tail section of certain bombs to permit the launching aircraft to achieve a safe separation before the bomb (e.g., cluster bomb) detonates.  []
BALUN - (BALanced to UNbalanced transformer) A passive device having distributed electrical constants used to couple a balance system or device to an unbalanced system or device. []
BAND PASS (BANDPASS) - The number of cycles per second [Hertz] expressing the difference between the limiting frequencies at which the desired fraction (usually half-power) of the maximal output is obtained. [1] See also BANDWIDTH.
BANDPASS FILTER (BAND PASS FILTER) - (1) A WAVE FILTER with a single transmission band, neither of the cutoff frequencies being zero or infinity. [3] (2) AFILTER that allows a select range of frequencies to pass while attenuating all frequencies outside the range. [10:45]
BAND STOP FILTER - See FILTER.
BANDWIDTH - The range of frequencies within which performance, with respect to some characteristic, falls within specific limits. [3]
BANDWIDTH EXPANSION - An ECCM technique that enhances a DOPPLER RADAR's ability to quickly reacquire a signal after it is lost through VELOCITY GATE WALK OFF jamming. []
BAR CODE - A printed code consisting of a series of dark and light bars organized, according to specific rules, into various patterns which represent letters, numerals, and other symbols.  []  NOTE:   Information conveyed by a bar code is due to the numbers of bars, their spacing, and relative widths of both the bars and spacing between bars.
BARRAGE JAMMING - (1) Simultaneous electronic jamming over a broad band of frequencies. [1] (2) Noise jamming spread in frequency to deny the use of multiple radar frequencies to effectively deny range information. [4:1] See also BROADBAND CHAFF, CLICK JAMMING, ELECTRONIC JAMMING.
BARREL-LAUNCHED ADAPTIVE MUNITION (BLAM) - A self-correcting bullet containing a PIEZOELECTRIC ceramic actuator that tilts the round's nose to correct for wind drift and provide sufficient lift to compensate for gravity's pull.  [10:2614]   Also called SMART BULLET. NOTE: A BLAM round can provide a doubling of range and a 15-fold increase in accuracy.
BASILAGE - The marking of a route by a system of dim beacon lights enabling vehicles to be driven at near day-time speed, under blackout conditions. [1]
BATCH FILE - A computer program consisting of an ASCII text file containing several DOS commands. When the file is run, each line (DOS command) is executed serially. [10:45] See also DOS.
BATTLECUBE - A COPERNICUS term.   The battlecube is a conceptual, multi-dimensional area [sic] that includes subsurface, surface, air and space as the environment for conducting warfare. [10:2698]
BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (BDA) - A determination, using both active and passive sensors, as to whether a target was destroyed. [] See also ELECTRONIC WARFARE EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT.
BATTLEFIELD COMBAT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (BCIS) - An all-weather, digitally encrypted question/answer system used as a "friend or foe" system.  BCIS includes an interrogator mode and a transponder mode.   In the interrogator mode, the device sends and encrypted signal to a targeted vehicle to verify is "friend or foe" status.  If the targeted vehicle is equipped with BCIS, the transponder will automatically reply with a coded signal identifying it as a "friend."  [10:2549]   (View BCIS Logo)  See also IDENTIFICATION FRIEND OR FOE.
BATTLE SPACE - (AAW) Airspace in which enemy aircraft and airborne weapons can be detected, targeted, engaged and destroyed. [10:5]
BAUD - A unit of measure for data transmission speed. It represents the number of signal elements (typically bits) transmitted per second. [10:45]   Named after the French engineer and telegrapher, Maurice-Emile Baudot, a baud is unit of signaling speed equal to the number of discrete conditions or signal events per second.  [10:2580]   NOTE: "baud" and "bits per second (bps)" are not synonymous.  Typical earlier baud rates are 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, and 19200.
BAYESIAN NETWORK CLASSIFIER (BNC) - An ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE submarine ID/classification system which uses FUZZY LOGIC to identify and classify various threat families of submarines.  []
BEACH-ZONE ARRAY (BZA) - An explosive neutralization system used to clear a beach of mines.  [10:2691]  See also LINE CHARGE (LC), SURF-ZONE ARRAY(SZA)
BEACONING EFFECT - The extending of the surveillance range of a radar due to a target's premature employment of JAMMING. [10:2]
BEAM-AWAY SHOT -- A missile launch at a target from the side opposite to that toward which the target is turning.  []   Contrast With BEAM-TOWARDS SHOT, HEAD SHOT, TAIL SHOT.
BEAM DIAMETER - The distance between two diametrically opposed points at which the irradiance is a specified fraction of the beam's peak irradiance; most commonly applied to beams that are circular or nearly circular in cross section. [3] Synonymous with BEAMWIDTH.
BEAM-PLASMA DEVICE - A broadband high-powered microwave generator that employs the interaction of relativistic electrons and plasma. See also FREE-ELECTRON LASER; GYROTRON; VIRTUAL-CATHODE OSCILLATOR. [10:16] NOTE: Beam-plasma devices have potential for use as DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONs.
BEAM SQUINT - A phenomenon where the MAIN LOBE of a radiation pattern moves away from the desired angle with changes in operating frequency.  [10:2556]  NOTE: BEAM SQUINT limits the array's instantaneous bandwidth and (in 1994) precludes the use of phased arrays in wide band applications such as target-ID radar and spread-spectrum communication systems.
BEAM-TO-BEAM CORRELATION - An ECCM technique used with phase or frequency scan radars employing multiple overlapping beams. Signals that do not correlate with those on adjacent beams are rejected by the radar. []
BEAM-TOWARDS SHOT -- A missile launch at a target from the side toward which the target is turning.  []  Contrast with BEAM-AWAY SHOT, HEAD SHOT, TAIL SHOT.
BEAMWIDTH (BEAM WIDTH) - The angle between the directions, on either side of the axis, at which the intensity of the radio frequency field drops to one-half the value it has on the axis. [1] Synonymous with half-power beamwidth. See also BEAM DIAMETER.
BEAN BAG BATON - A NONLETHAL WEAPON consisting of an aluminum baton which utilizes an air cartridge to fire a bean bag filled with lead shot at 300 ft/sec.  [10:2745]
BEARING RESOLUTION - (1) The ability of the radar equipment to separate two reflecting objects at identical ranges, but at different bearings (azimuths) from the antenna. (2) The ability to distinguish between two targets solely by the measurement of their bearings (azimuths from the radar); usually expressed in terms of the minimum angle by which two targets of equal strength at the same range and elevation angles must be spaced to be separately indistinguishable. [] See also RANGE RESOLUTION,RESOLUTION, TARGET DISCRIMINATION.
BEEPS AND SQUEAKS - A tongue-in- cheek reference to ELECTRONIC WARFARE. []
BEHAVIORAL BIOMETRICS - BIOMETRICS which include voiceprints, handwritten signatures and key stroke/signature dynamics.  [10:2622]
BENT-PIPE COMMUNICATIONS - Communications via earth-to-space-to-earth relay. []
BICONICAL ANTENNA - An antenna consisting of two cones, positioned tip to tip, and fed at the apex. [10:2571]
BIFRINGENT FILTER - An optical filter, used in TUNABLE LASERs, that consists of several plates of optical material that exhibits double refraction, or bifringence. The frequency of the outgoing laser beam is determined by the angle of the incoming beam with respect to the optical axis of the filter. [10:83]
BIG BEE PROJECT - An Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) project (ca 2000) examining the feasibility of employing bees to detect explosives, nerve gas, pesticides and land mines.  One concept entails the marking of bees with TNT detecting bacteria.  If the marked bee flies in the vicinity of TNT, the bacteria will react by assuming a glow which is detectable when the bee returns to its hive.  Other especially-trained bees, marked with RF tags, can then be used to fly and remain at the site, thus marking the location of the TNT and allowing for its disposal.  [10:2877]
BINARY-PHASE-CODED CONTINUOUS-WAVE RADAR - A LOW PROBABILITY-OF-INTERCEPT (LPI) RADAR which has a PSEUDORANDOM phase-codedMODULATION on a transmitted CONTINUOUS-WAVE (CW) SIGNAL.  [10:2859]
BIOMATERIALS - That category of MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY  which addresses materials that function in biological application (e.g., medical implants) or are derived through biological types of processes (e.g., spider silk).  [12]
BIOMETRIC DEVICE - A device which identifies people through unique body characteristics. [] NOTE: Biometric devices include those which can identify hand-geometry, fingerprints, retinal patterns, signatures, and voice-prints.
BIOMETRICS - The automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics.  Refer to the table below for a list of biometric technologies . Biometrics fall into two categories: PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMETRICS and BEHAVIORAL BIOMETRICS.  [10:2622]  NOTE: (1) The person to be identified is required to be physically present at the point-of-identification.
BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES
Dynamic Signature Verification (DSV)
Face Geometry
Finger Scan
Hand Geometry
Iris Scan
Keystroke Dynamics
Speaker Verification
Retina Scan
BIOMIMETICS - Techniques to develop novel synthetic materials, processes and sensors through advanced understanding and exploitation of design principles found in nature.  [10:2592] NOTE: An example includes genetically engineered high-strength silk fibers.  These fibers, which are about 5 microns in diameter, are 100-percent tougher than Kevlar aramid fibers.  See also NANOSCIENCE
BIORADAR - A RADAR device which helps in searches for buried persons.  It can measure heart frequency and breathing up to 3 meters under snow and rubble.  It can also detect persons in buildings from the outside, even through stone walls up to 6 meters thick.  []
BIRDNESTING - A term describing poor chaff dispersal caused by adhesion between DIPOLEs and entanglement due to lack of stiffness. [10:68] Contrast withJACKSTRAWING.
BISTATIC CLUTTER JAMMING - A jamming technique that exploits GROUND CLUTTER in the vicinity of the victim radar. High power, generally CONTINUOUS WAVE, generated by the jammer is reflected from multiple points and enters the radar receiver through its antenna SIDE LOBEs and BACK LOBE. [10:22]
BISTATIC INTERCEPT - An intercept technique by which electromagnetic radiation is unintentionally reflected by objects such as missiles in flight, or even the moon, and received by an ELINT receiver.  [10:2718]
BISTATIC RADAR - A radar using antennas at different locations for transmission and reception. [3] Contrast with MONOSTATIC RADAR.
BISTATIC RADAR ESM - A technique involving the use of an ESM receiver to exploit transmitters of opportunity - both friendly and hostile - for detecting targets. []
BISTATIC RADAR INTELLIGENCE GENERATION AND ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT (BRIGAND) - Forerunner of an ECM technique involving the "stealing" of a victim radar's picture, so that the ECM operator is able to replicate the victim radar's display in REAL TIME. []
BIT - A contraction of the term binary digit; a unit of information represented by either "0" or "1".  [3]  See also BYTE, DIBIT.
BLACK CHAFF - See ABSORPTIVE CHAFF.
BLACK-HAT HACKER - A HACKER who, for illegal purposes, exploits publicly-exposed (i.e., on the  Internet) software security flaws posted by GRAY-HAT HACKERS.   []
BLACK LAYER TECHNOLOGY - The use of optical interference using a thin-film structure in display devices to provide contrast in sunlight and a night vision capability, resulting in usability from full sunlight to total darkness.  [10:2709]
BLACK NETWORK - A PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORK that carries both the data secured by BLACKER FRONT ENDS (BFEs) and any other unsecured data. [Nortel Networks Technical Documentation Web Site: http://support.baynetworks.com/library/tpubs/docsrt.htm 11/2000]  Contrast with RED VIRTUAL NETWORK.
BLACK PROGRAM - A highly classified weapon system acquisition program, generally requiring special security clearances and facilities for contractors and others involved with the program. []
BLACKBOARD - A component of an EXPERT SYSTEM. The blackboard records intermediate hypotheses and decisions (i.e., plans, agenda, and solution elements) that the expert system manipulates. [] NOTE: An expert system containing a blackboard is sometimes called a BLACKBOARD SYSTEM.
BLACKER FRONT END - A classified encryption device used to communicate across unsecured wide area networks (WANs).  [Nortel Networks Technical Documentation Web Site: http://support.baynetworks.com/library/tpubs/docsrt.htm 11/2000]  See also RED VIRTUAL NETWORK.
BLANKET SHIELD - A set of DECOY devices designed to deny all detailed information about an incoming force. [4:23] See also CHAFF CORRIDOR,ELECTROMAGNETIC OBSCURANT.
BLANKING - A generic ECCM technique that blanks out part of a jammed radar's received signal on the basis of time, phase, frequency, or direction in order to decrease jammer effectiveness. [8]
BLINDING LASER - A NONLETHAL WARFARE weapon consisting of a laser intended to overload, destroy or degrade optics or target-acquisition electronics from the air, sea or land.  [10:2648]  See also ANTI-AIR LASER.
BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION (BSS) - An algorithmic method of singling out useful signals from a mix of incoming Internet traffic.  [10:2758]
BLINKING - NARROWBAND JAMMING by two sources in the same angular cell of the victim radar. The jamming is alternated between sources causing the radar system to oscillate (between targets). Too high a blinking frequency can allow the tracker to average the data while too low a frequency will cause the missile to home in on one of the jammers. [4:1]
BLIP - The display of a received pulse on a CATHODE RAY TUBE. [1]
BLIP ENHANCEMENT - The augmentation of a radar signal. (1) An ECM technique to make a small target appear much larger to the victim radar. [] (2) An ECCMtechnique to enhance real targets in the presence of JAMMING or CLUTTER. []
BLUE - A term used to indicate friendly. For example, BLUE FORCES, blue systems, BLUE-ON-BLUE. [] Contrast with GRAY, ORANGE FORCES, PURPLE FORCES, RED FORCES.
BLUE FORCES - Those forces used in a friendly role during NATO exercises. [1]
BLUE-ON-BLUE - Friendly forces engaging other friendly forces. []
BLUE SCREEN OF DEATH - On a computer display, a blue screen, sometimes displaying computer code, which appears when the operating system crashes and must be rebooted.  []
BLUETOOTHTM - A standard for wireless connections among Personal Computers (PCs), mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and Personal Area Network(PAN) devices at relatively low data rates over short distances using very little power.   [10:2793]  NOTE:  BluetoothTM, named after a 10th century Viking king., deals with devices using Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) in the 2.4 GHz band.  It's range is limited to about 10 meters.  The standard is
BLUNT IMPACT MUNITIONS - NONLETHAL WEAPON munitions consisting of rubber balls, rubber pellets, finned rubber projectiles, bean bags, shot bags (e.g.,SOFT RAGS, STINGBAGS), etc. which are fired at low velocity, with a range of 10-50 meters.  [10:2745]
BOGEY WHEEL - One of a number of modern tank-tread double-wheels; bogey wheels put traction weight on the tank's tracks.  []   NOTE: On a modern tank, beginning from the rear, the drive wheel is connected to the cross-drive transmission.  The next five (double) wheels put traction weight on the tank's track -- these are called Bogey Wheels.   The front-most wheel is the idler wheel, which maintains the tank track's tension, going in and out as the tank goes over objects.  [Thanks to former tank-battalion commander, COL Dick Meyer, USA (Ret) for this insight]
BOL - A Swedish CHAFF countermeasures dispenser for aircraft self-protection.  An electromechanical drive mechanism feeds the payload packs towards the rear of the dispenser, where one pack at a time is released into the airstream, creating a large chaff cloud in a very short time.  BOL can carry IR (e.g., HOT CHAFF) or RF chaff, and a boasts a high capacity payload (e.g., 160 packs per dispenser), giving pilots a sustained defensive capability. []
BOLO - A NONLETHAL WEAPON consisting of a shotgun round holding three rubber projectiles connected by 5.5 foot high-strength cords.  The bolo is designed for use against fleeing target individuals, where a target hit by any of the balls will cause the other balls to wrap the cord around the legs of the individual. []
BONDING - In electrical engineering, the process of connecting together metal parts so that they make low resistance electrical contact for direct current and lower frequency alternating currents. [1] See also EARTHING, GROUNDING.
BOOST GLIDE VEHICLE (BGV) - A hypersonic maneuverable aircraft-type weapon delivery system. Launched from an aircraft, the boost glide vehicle rapidly boosts ballistically through rocket assistance to the exoatmosphere, where it porpoises along the top of the atmosphere, gliding to the target area. Upon reaching the target area, it dives, maneuvering as needed to home on the target. [10:17] NOTE: The boost glide vehicle is guided by a combination of remote control and terminal homing. Consequently, it is effective against maneuvering targets.
BORESIGHT - The direction of the main lobe of an antenna array.  []
BOT - A word derived from "robot", signifying a software program designed to independently carry out tasks in unknown networked environments; a more limitedAGENT.  [10:2595]  See also SPIDER.
BOUNCE JAMMING - The use of large flat objects or smooth earth features, such as ice, to act as reflectors for reradiating jamming signals into victim radars. [10:37] Synonymous with TERRAIN BOUNCE.
BOUNDING NON-LETHAL MUNITION (BNLM) - A NONLETHAL WEAPON tactical area denial munition for site security and perimeter defense.  The payloads produce an audible alert signal to friendly forces within a range of 200 meters.  [10:2857]
BOUQUET MINE - One of several in a "bouquet" of mines attached to a common sunken mooring site.  When one mine is activated or released from its tether, then it is replaced by another liberated (and tethered) from the anchored site.  []
BOW-TIE ANTENNA - A type of BICONICAL ANTENNA in which the cones are collapsed into two-dimensional triangular dipoles.  [10:2571]
BRAGG CELL - A thin slab of transparent crystal (such as tellurium oxide) with one or more piezoelectric transducers attached. A microwave signal excites the transducer to create a sound wave in the crystal at the microwave's frequency. The PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT generated by the sound wave changes the crystal's optical index of refraction, also at the microwave frequency. These changes in the optical index diffract a portion of the incident light beam so that two beams emerge from the crystal - an un-diffracted beam exiting at the angle of entry, and a diffracted beam exiting at an angle proportional the frequency of the sound wave. [10:29*] See also ACOUSTO-OPTICS.
BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE (BCI) - A system which allows the user to interact with a VIRTUAL-REALITY environment using brain waves.  []
BREAK LOCK - In a TERMINAL DEFENSE situation: The condition where a homing sensor or fuze loses the target which it has had a lock-on. If so configured, the sensor will revert to a search mode to regain a lock-on its target. [] Contrast with BREAK TRACK.
BREAK TRACK - In a situation other than TERMINAL DEFENSE: The condition where a tracking or acquisition sensor loses the target which it has been tracking. If so configured, the sensor will revert to a search mode to re-locate its target. [] Contrast with BREAK LOCK.
BREATHABLE BANDWIDTH - The dynamic allocation of bandwidth to accommodate voice, video, local, and wide area network traffic streams.  [10:2626]
BRIGADE SUBSCRIBER NODE (BSN) - A ground communications system intended to complement the Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE).   It consists of two high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles and a towed generator.  One vehicle houses switches and routers in a shelter on its back, while the second transports the antenna array.  [10:2846]
BRILLIANT AMMUNITION - A generic classification of munitions. Brilliant ammunition is autonomous; it is able to recognize (distinguish target type - tank, truck,...) and classify (target class - M-60, T-1,...) its own target. [10:19] Contrast with DUMB AMMUNITION, SMART AMMUNITION.  See also BRILLIANT MUNITION.
BRILLIANT MUNITION - A many-on-many munition that operates autonomously to search for, detect, identify, acquire, and attack specific classes of targets.  The sensor on each munition acquires and attacks one among the class of targets, so that in a battlefield situation two munitions may attack the same target leaving others inviolate.  [12]  Contrast with GUIDED MUNITION and SMART MUNITION.
BRILLIANT PEBBLES - Space-based interceptors with built-in sensors and navigation systems for intercepting ballistic missiles before they can deploy warheads andDECOYs. [10:35]
BROADBAND CHAFF - CHAFF consisting of DIPOLEs cut to various wavelengths. [] See also BARRAGE JAMMING.
BROADBAND JAMMING - See BARRAGE JAMMING
BROADBAND METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (BMAN) - A NETWORK consisting of a high-BANDWIDTH fiber-optic ring encircling a city.  [10:2821]
BROADBAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNA - A MICROSTRIP ANTENNA that combines the broadband performance typical of spiral and sinuous antennas with the surface mount capabilities, efficiency and low cost of microstrip antennas. [10:114]
BROADBAND MICROWAVE ABSORPTION - A decrease in reflection of microwaves, caused by coatings of material whose electrical and magnetic properties have been altered to allow ABSORPTION of microwave energy at multiple frequencies. [4:17] Contrast with RESONANT MICROWAVE ABSORPTION.
BROADBAND NOISE - In acoustics, the noise generally produced by a ship's motion through the water and the cavitation of its propeller across a wide BANDWIDTHusually in the lower- frequency spectrum. [10:126*] Contrast with NARROWBAND NOISE. NOTE: Generally, broadband noise provides longer-range detection opportunities than narrowband noise, but is less useful for identification.
BROWSER - A short term for WEB BROWSER.
BRUTE FORCE JAMMING - A collective term which applies to three following types of noise jamming: BARRAGE JAMMING, NARROWBAND JAMMING, andSWEPT NOISE JAMMING. [10:2]
BUBBLE MEMORY - A solid-state NON-VOLATILE RAM device. Bubble memories store data in the form of cylindrical magnetic domains, or bubbles, in a thin film of magnetic material on base, such as a garnet wafer. Bubbles are created from electrical signals by a bubble generator within the memory and reconverted to electrical signals by an internal detector. Unlike other non-volatile magnetic media forms, the memory domain does not wear out. [10:8] NOTE: Bubble memories possess the following desirable characteristics: (1) Wide operating temperatures; (2) resistance to mechanical shock and vibration; (3) data retention and reliability; (4) immunity to strong magnetic fields and electrostatic discharge; (5) inherent radiation hardness; (6) immunity to dust and chemical pollutants; and (7) secure instant erasure with a single write-over operation. [10:82]
BUCKMINSTERFULLERENES - A class of materials that stems from the production of substantial quantities of Carbon 60, and used in the design of devices at the molecular level (nanostructures that bring engineering towards the atomic level). [10:2386]
BUCKY TUBE - A carbon "wire" of molecular diameter designed to connect molecular components, such as ROTAXANES.  Bucky tubes possess structural rigidity and demonstrate remarkably consistent electrical behavior.  In fact, they exhibit essentially metallic behavior and conduct via well-separated electronic states, remaining coherent over the distances needed to interconnect various molecular computer components.  [10:2700]  Also called QUANTUM WIRE or CARBON NANOTUBE.  See alsoMOLECULAR ELECTRONICS.   NOTE:  Bucky tubes have 10 to 100 times the strength of steel at a fraction of the weight.
BUOY CAMERA SYSTEM (BCS) - A submarine-launchable device to allow submerged submarines the capability to remotely view the surface while remaining at depth or located some distance from the device. The BCS uses a remotely controlled optical sensor that operates just above the sea surface to acquire optical image data available at the surface. These data are then transmitted through a secure link to a moving submarine not necessarily in the same vicinity. [10:69]
BURN-IN - The operation of equipment or components prior to their ultimate application; intended to stabilize their characteristics and to identify early failures. []
BURN-OUT - Destruction of the junctions of a transistor due to extremely large currents caused by LATCH-UP.   [10:2620]
BURN-THROUGH - The point at which the target SKIN ECHO becomes stronger than the received jamming/interference signal. See also BURN-THROUGH RANGE,CROSSOVER, JAM-TO-SIGNAL RATIO. []
BURN-THROUGH RANGE - (1) The distance at which a specific radar can discern targets through the external interference being received. See also BURN-THROUGH. [1] (2) The range where the energy received from a noise jammer is no longer great enough to hide the SKIN ECHO. [4:7]
BURN TIME - For a FLARE: The length of time that the radiative emission maintains or exceeds a defined level (e.g., 50% of peak).   For a ROCKET MOTOR: The length of time that the thrust of the motor is above a defined level.  []
BURSTING OBSCURANT SMOKE GRENADE - A NONLETHAL WEAPON consisting of a grenade that quickly produces a smoke cloud that can rise to 2-3 stories.  [10:2745]
BUS - (1) A signal line or a set of lines used by an interface system to connect a number of devices and to transfer information. [3] (2) A communication network consisting of a parallel data path within the computer system that is shared by many system components. [10:45]   (3) A set of conductors connecting various sections in a computer, or connecting the computer to a peripheral device.  []  NOTE: A bus is usually described by the "width" of the parallel data lines (conductors) available. Typical micro-computer busses are 8-, 16-, or 32-bits wide.
BUTLER MATRIX - (1) A complex microwave beam-forming network used in antennas.  (2) Couplers connected together for the purpose of providing multiple inputs and outputs in an antenna feed array.  (3) A phasing system for steering beams in a PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA.   []
BYTE - A group of eight adjacent bits operated on as a unit. [3]
________________________________________
October 13, 2001 04:29 PM -0400

C
C2-PROTECTION - See COMMAND AND CONTROL PROTECTION.
C2W - See COMMAND AND CONTROL WARFARE.
C3 - See COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS.
C3CM - See COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS COUNTERMEASURES.
C3I - See COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND INTELLIGENCE.
C3I ERASING - See COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND INTELLIGENCE ERASING.
C3-PROTECTION - See COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS PROTECTION.
C4I - See COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, AND INTELLIGENCE.
CALMATIVE AGENT - A NONLETHAL WEAPON consisting of a chemical agent, sometimes called a SLEEP AGENT, that is transmitted through the skin and into the bloodstream. [10:2754]
CAMOUFLAGE - The use of natural or artificial material on personnel, objects or tactical positions with the aim of confusing, misleading or evading the enemy. [1] NOTES:  (1)  An interesting historical aspect of camouflage -- artists and camouflage -- is addressed in the MIT Press Web site: Art and Camouflage: An Annotated Bibliography  [10:2704]  (2) An online database of camouflage used by USN warships during World War II, along with descriptions of various ship camouflage schemes, are provided in detail by Snyder & Short Enterprises at their web site:www.shipcamouflage.com/warship_camouflage.htm.  See also CHAMELEON CAMOUFLAGE.
CAPTOR - (acronym for "encapsulated torpedo.")  CAPTOR is a deep-water mine designed to be laid by aircraft or submarine.  When deployed, it is anchored to the ocean floor; upon detection of a hostile submarine, the CAPTOR lauches a torpedo at the target. [Navy CHINFO press release:www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/factfile/weapons/wep-mine.html]   See also QUICKSTRIKE and SUBMARINE LAUNCHED MOBILE MINE (SLMM).
CARABAS - See COHERENT ALL-RADIO BAND SENSOR
CARBON BOMB - See CARBON FILAMENT BOMB
CARBON FILAMENT BOMB - A NONLETHAL WEAPON (NLW) in the form of a LASER GUIDED WEAPON consisting of a bomb that disperses numerous (100 - 200) canisters, each retarded in descent by a small parachute, and which eject spools of carbon which unravel and overlap to form carbon webs that are intended to drape over target power lines to cause a surge of current which will shut down the plant without damaging toxin-filled transformers.  []  Also called CARBON BOMB.
CARBON NANOTUBE - See BUCKY TUBE.
CAREFREE MANEUVERING - A flight-control mode using dynamic coupling of an aircraft's stick-control computer and flight-control computer to provide maximum performance without risking out-of-control situations.  []
CARRIER WAVE (CW) - A WAVE having at least one characteristic that may be verified from a known reference value by MODULATION.  Also called CARRIER. [3]
CARNIVORE - A Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) e-mail wiretapping system consisting of a PACKET SNIFFER used to locate records (and only those records) in e-mail messages and INTERNET based telephony for which the FBI has received a court order.  [10:2856]  NOTE: (1) The origin of the codename "carnivore" is explained as "Carnivorechews all the data on the network, but it actually eats the information athorized by a court order." (2) There is (2000) some controversy about the privacy implications of carnivore.
CASED TELESCOPED AMMUNITION - Ammunition in which the individual rounds contain the projectile inside the cartridge case rather than protruding from the case as with most ammunition.  []   Also called TELESCOPED AMMUNITION.
CATHODE - In a VACUUM TUBE, the electrode through which a primary stream of electrons is generated, usually through THERMIONIC EMISSION. [3]
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) - A display device in which controlled electron beams are used to present alphanumeric or graphical data on an electroluminescent screen. [3]  Contrast with FIELD EMISSION DISPLAY (FED).
CC2  See CYBERSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL
CD DESTRUCTION SYSTEM - See THIN FILM PYROTECHNICS.
CENTROID HOMING - When applied to ANTI-RADIATION MISSILEs: the effect on a missile that has two or more radiation sources in its field of view causing it to home on the centroid of the power from the radiating sources. [4:5] See also POWER CENTROID.
CENTROID TRACKING - Tracking systems which discern dimensional extremities of the target and produce guidance information to cause the missile to impact in the center between two extremities. [10:95]
CEP - See CIRCULAR ERROR PROBABLE
CERES - See CLOUDS and EARTH'S RADIANT ENERGY SYSTEM
CHAD - The confetti-like residue from punched cards and paper tape.  To reduce the problems associated with the dust-like chad, some tape systems employed "chadless" tape on which the rectangular holes were punched on only three sides, thus allowing the sensing pins to function while the chads remained fixed to the tape.  []
CHAFF - (1) (DOD) Radar CONFUSION REFLECTORS, which consist of thin, narrow metallic strips of various lengths and frequency responses, used to reflectECHOES for confusion purposes. [1] Synonymous with WINDOW. See also ROPE. (2) (NATO) Strips of frequency- cut metal foil, wire, or metallized glass fiber used to reflect electromagnetic energy, usually dropped from aircraft or expelled from shells or rockets as a radar countermeasure. [1] (3) An airborne cloud of lightweight reflecting objects typically consisting of strips of aluminum foil or metal-coated fibers which produce CLUTTER echoes in a region of space. [3]
CHAFF CONFUSION MISSION - A mission intended to overload the radar operator with chaff targets and interference so that he cannot accomplish timely recognition of, or provide reliable target data for, valid targets within those regions subjected to chaff induced CLUTTER. [4:3]
CHAFF CORRIDOR - A continuous three-dimensional stratum of CHAFF, laid by aircraft, and from 15 to 50 miles in length. One use is to prevent radar tracking or acquisition of aircraft within the corridor. [4:3]
CHAFF CORRIDOR MISSION - A mission intended to deny information to hostile systems regarding presence or absence of strike aircraft within the corridor and prevent tracking of air-craft entering the corridor. Synonymous with CHAFF SATURATION MISSION. [4:3]
CHAFF DECEPTION MISSION - A mission intended to generate an appearance of targets and air activity on radars to induce commitment of forces against non-existent strikes. [4:3]
CHAFF SATURATION MISSION - See CHAFF CORRIDOR MISSION.
CHAMELEON CAMOUFLAGE - Paint or uniforms that can change color to blend with the surrounding terrain.  Tiny sensors and NANOELECTRONIC devices provide the color-change capability.  Although intended to help minimize visibility, chameleon camouflage could also be adapted for application in the near-visual SPECTRUM, masking INFRARED SIGNATURES or other emissions.  [10:2751]
CHANNELIZED RECEIVER - A SIGINT receiver which uses multiple parallel channels to filter, amplify, and detect incoming emitter signals. [4:22] NOTE: Channelized receivers allow a wide band of the spectrum to be simultaneously monitored for signal activity with excellent probability of intercept of multiple emitters.
CHECKMATE - The USAF Operational Process Improvement Office, a high-level general planning group involved in computer-assisted air battle planning.  []
CHEMICAL LASER - A GAS-LASER DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON which provided early lethality demonstrations, but is being supplanted by other laser devices.  [5:1]  See also CHEMICAL OXYGENIODINE (COIL) LASER, DEUTERIUM FLUORIDE (DF) LASER, EXCIMER LASER, FREE-ELECTRON LASER  HIGH ENERGY LASER, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (HF) LASER, X-RAY LASER.
CHEMICAL OXYGEN IODINE (COIL) LASER - The COIL laser differs from the HF LASER and DF LASER in that the excited iodine atom responsible for the lasing radiates only a single line at 1.325µm.  This short wavelength reduces diffraction effects that limit the utility of other CHEMICAL LASERs.  The COIL laser has been chosen for the AIRBORNE LASER (ABL) missile defense system.  [10:2607]
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD) DIAMOND - An agglomeration of small single crystals of diamond.  The material is often deposited on silicon or molybdenum in the shape of a wafer about 1 mm thick.  The diamond wafers then can be laser cut unto final shape.  The physical properties of diamond -- very high thermal conductivity and very high surface wave velocity of propagation -- make it a useful material for thermal and microwave applications.  [10:2615]
CHIRALITY - The property of a material that enables it to polarize, FILTER, or shield ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. Chiral materials may have use in stealth applications because they are broadband, and are effectively invisible over a wide range of frequencies. [10:70]
CHIRP - A technique for pulse compression which uses frequency modulation (usually linear) during the pulse. [3]
CHRISTI - An acronym for Coverage Height Reckoning Integrating Scabrous Terrain Information.  CHRISTI is a computer model which calculates the upper and lower bounds of a radar's line-of-sight coverage -- radar coverage volume.  It also blends target detection range as a function of cross section, altitude and the probability of detection into a geographical representation of overall radar performance.  One application of CHRISTI is to assess U.S. and foreign surveillance system effectiveness.   [10:2554]
CIRCULAR ERROR PROBABLE (CEP) - A measure of accuracy at a specific range, expressed in terms of the radius of the circle, centered on the target, in which 50% of the payloads impact.  [12]  Also called CIRCULAR ERROR PROBABILITY and CIRCLE OF EQUAL PROBABILITY.
CIRCUMVENTION - (1) In electronics, a system protection technique in which detection of the onset of nuclear radiation or an ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) puts a critical portion of the system in a protected condition.  (2) A system-level technique using special hardware and software for recovering from a transient upset.  [12]
CLASSIFICATION - See TARGET CLASSIFICATION.
CLAUSEN POWER BLADE (CPB) - A device used to clear land mines.  It is basically a conveyor belt made form the track of a bulldozer and is used to clear an 11-foot swath of land mines buried up to 10 inches, removing obstacles of up to 4,000 pounds.  Mines, obstacles, and the excavated material are stacked in the berm to one side of the vertical conveyor belt.  [10:2791]  See also WATTENBERG PLOW.
CLICK JAMMING - A type of BARRAGE JAMMING, in which the RF is shifted at a periodic rate called the "click rate". It derives its name from the "click" sound that is heard by the operator of the intercept receiver.  []
CLOSED-LOOP INFRARED COUNTERMEASURES (CLIRCM) - An INFRARED COUNTERMEASURES system which employs a bright LASER to effectively blind incoming infrared (IR) missiles.  The CLIRCM observes the MISSILE APPROACH WARNING SYSTEM (MAWS) and countermeasures-techniques generator, identifies those emitted jamming signals which cause the incoming missile to momentarily break lock on the aircraft, and then calculates the optimal jamming code to continue using so that subsequent missile locks can be broken more quickly and effectively.  [10:2827]
CLOSED-LOOP SIMULATION - Simulation in which there is a two-way path between the simulator and the system being tested. Closed-loop simulation allows effectiveness evaluation. [10:2503] Contrast with OPEN-LOOP SIMULATION.
CLOSE-IN JAMMING SUPPORT - An element of TARGET AREA JAMMING SUPPORT in which the aircraft moves closer to enemy air defenses to provide more powerful jamming.   [10:2521]  Contrast with STAND-OFF JAMMING SUPPORT.  See also AREA JAMMING SUPPORT, CLOSE SUPPORT JAMMING,CORRIDOR JAMMING SUPPORT,  DIRECT JAMMING SUPPORT.
CLOSE-RANGE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (CRUAV) - Designed for lower level tactical units that those employing the SHORT-RANGE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (SRUAV), the CRUAV is relatively inexpensive with a range of 50 km and a minimum endurance of three hours.   Its sensor payload would include day/night imaging, EW, meteorology and NBC.  [10:2517]  See also IMAGERY, IMAGERY INTELLIGENCE, UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE (UAV).
CLOSE SUPPORT JAMMING - An ECM tactic, most commonly associated with Strike Warfare, in which a dedicated ECM platform maintains COLINEARITY with primary mission platforms to minimum practical range, usually outside threat weapon envelopes. []  See also STANDOFF JAMMING.
CLOTH KEYBOARD - A 'keyboard' made fabric with indentations in place of keys, which has embedded circuitry so that it can serve as a flexible keyboard.  It is lightweight and can be folded for easy storage, as in a pocket or purse.  [] NOTE: The cloth keyboard can be connected to small hand-held devices, such as palm computers and cellular telephones, and used to enter alpha-numerical data.
CLOUDS and EARTH'S RADIANT ENERGY SYSTEM (CERES) - A satellite-based system which measures the Earth's radiation budget and atmospheric radiation from the top of the atmosphere using a broadband scanning RADIOMETER.  [NASA]   See also MISR and MOPITT.
CLUSTER - (Computers)  See PROCESSOR FARM.
CLUSTER BOMB UNIT (CBU) - A weapon released from an aircraft that falls for a specified time or distance before a dispenser opens, allow submunitions to cover a wide target area.  Each submunition contains its own fuze that can be made to detonate above ground, on impact, or after a given delay.  The submunitions include antipersonnel, anti soft-skinned vehicle, dart-shaped bomblets for soft targets and armor, random delay fuzing to deny an area, FUEL AIR EXPLOSIVE (FAE), andCOMBINED EFFECTS MUNITIONS (CEM).  [10:2908]
CLUTTER - Extraneous signals that tend to obscure the reception of desired signals. [] See also GROUND CLUTTER, RADAR CLUTTER, WAVE CLUTTER.
CNN EFFECT - A term which denotes the leading of public opinion due to quick publicity around the world of a given military action, especially by U.S. forces.  [10:2722*]
COAMPS - See COUPLED OCEAN/ATMOSPHERE MESOSCALE PREDICTIONS SYSTEM.
COASTAL BATTLEFIELD RECONNAISSANCE AND ANALYSIS (COBRA) - A system carried aboard an UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE (UAV), COBRA consists of three video cameras to acquire imagery of the beach zone and the craft-landing zone before assault operations.  The camera group includes one forward-looking unit to deliver terrain video, and two down-looking, spinning-filter wheel, multispectral units, which overlap their imagery to create a wide field-of-view picture.  The multispectral units and an ATR system detect mine-sized spectral anomalies.  [10:2691]  NOTE: In demonstrations, COBRA detected minefields, as well as camouflaged positions and vehicles.
COHERENT ALL-RADIO BAND SENSOR (CARABAS) - A SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR)  in the VHF band (30 - 300 MHz) that possesses good ground-penetrating capability and is able to detect objects under foliage and camouflage.  [10:2847]
COHERENT DIRECTED INFRARED COUNTERMEASURES (CDIRCM) - DIRECTED INFRARED COUNTERMEASURES (DIRCM) in which the emitted light is all of the same color/wavelength (i.e., monochromatic) for which all of the photons are in wave phase coherence.  Consequently, the light can be easily directed and focused with little beam spreading, resulting in intense illumination of a distant target.  [10:2559]
COHERENT INFRARED SENSOR - An INFRARED sensor which uses spatial or temporal coherence properties of the amplitude of incident radiation for detection. Contrast with INCOHERENT INFRARED SENSOR. [4:6]
COHERENT JAMMING - ELECTRONIC JAMMING which employs a SIGNAL with a fixed-RF phase relationship to the victim signal, or so nearly fixed that aCOHERENT RADAR cannot use RF phase to discriminate between the jamming signal and a legitimate signal.  []  See also COHERENT REPEATING
COHERENT RADAR - A LOW PROBABILITY-OF-INTERCEPT (LPI) RADAR in which the transmitted signals have a constant phase relationship to an oscillator in the transmitter.  [10:2859]
COHERENT REPEATING - An ECM technique involving the receiving and subsequent transmitting of a signal that is acceptable to the receiver processor of a victim coherent radar. []
COLD CATHODE - A CATHODE that functions without the application of heat.
COLINEARITY - A condition which exists when protected assets are positioned between a dedicated jamming asset and targeted threat radars within the jamming beamwidth of the dedicated jammer. [] Contrast with STANDFORWARD JAMMING.
COLINEAR JAMMING - See COLINEARITY.
COMB JAMMING -- A jamming technique that produces spectral lines or spots of repeater noise at pre-selected frequencies over a bandwidth up to several hundred megahertz.  []
COMBAT CIDERS - A full-duplex frequency division multiplexing (FDM) multi-channel Air Force One communications link, via nuclear-hardened antennas at many of theAUTOVON switching centers.  Synonymous with AUTOVON WIDEBAND.  [10:2723]  NOTE: As a post-nuclear attack communications system, it was sometimes referred to as COMBAT CINDERS.
COMBAT IDENTIFICATION FOR DISMOUNTED SOLDIERS (CIDDS) - The CIDDS consists of two parts: a weapon-mounted laser emitter and a helmet-mounted radio receiver/transmitter system.  The laser emitter, which fits on the end of the soldier's weapon, sends out an encrypted signal that can be decoded only by other CIDDS-interoperable equipment.  The helmet system receives incoming CIDDS queries and checks their validity.  If valid, the CIDDS sends back an encrypted response via the omni-directional antenna mounted on the helmet.  CIDDS can identify standing targets at a range of over 110 meters, and prone targets from 900 in daylight and 700 meters at night.  [10:2694]   See also IDENTIFICATION, FRIEND OR FOE (IFF),and LAND WARRIOR (LS) SYSTEM.
COMBAT SURVEILLANCE - A continuous, all-weather, day-and-night, systematic watch over the battle area to provide timely information for tactical combat operations. See also AIR SURVEILLANCE, SEA SURVEILLANCE, SURVEILLANCE. [1]
COMBATANT CRAFT RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (CCRS) - A shipboard ramp for stowage, launching, and retrieval of fast rigid-inflatable combat assault boats such as the Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB).   []
COMBINED EFFECTS MUNITION (CEM) - An aerial denial weapon for attacking "soft" targets,  The CEM consists of more than 200 bomblets, each of which blasts into several hundred fragments.  [10:2908]  NOTE:  The CEM can be a component of the CLUSTER BOMB UNIT.
COMBUSTION ALTERATION TECHNOLOGY (CAT) - A NONLETHAL WEAPON technology which develops agents that can change the viscosity or combustion characteristics of fuel to degrade engine performance or effect near instantaneous engine failure.  [10:2754]  See also COMBUSTION INTERFERENT.
COMBUSTION INTERFERENT - A NONLETHAL WEAPON employing COMBUSTION ALTERATION TECHNOLOGY (CAT) which exposes a diesel engine to a concentration (3% or more) of acetylene, causing severe pre-ignition quickly followed by engine self-destruction.  []
COMMAND AND CONTROL PROTECTION (C2-PROTECTION) - To maintain effective command and control of own forces by turning to friendly advantage or negating adversary efforts to deny information to, influence, degrade or destroy the friendly C2 system.  [10:2530]
COMMAND AND CONTROL WARFARE (C2W) - The integrated use of OPERATIONS SECURITY (OPSEC), MILITARY DECEPTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS (PSYOP), ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) and physical destruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control capabilities, while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions. C2W applied across the operational continuum and all levels of conflict. Also called C2W. C2W is both offensive and defensive: a. Counter-C2. To prevent effective C2 of adversary forces by denying information to, influencing, degrading or destroying the adversary C2 system. b. C2-Protection. To maintain effective command and control of own forces by turning to friendly advantage or negating adversary efforts to deny information to, influence, degrade or destroy the friendly C2 system. [4: CJCS MOP 6 -Appendix B] NOTE: C2W is the military strategy that implements INFORMATION WARFARE, i.e., C2W is the way we apply Information Warfare to the fight. [10:2562]
COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3) - The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission. C3 includes the communications employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordination, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. [] NOTE: This definition is adapted from that for "Command and Control" in JCS Pub 1-02.
COMMAND, CONTROL, & COMMUNICATIONS COUNTERMEASURES (C3CM) - The integrated use of OPERATIONS SECURITY, MILITARY DECEPTION,JAMMING, and physical destruction, supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3) capabilities and to protect friendly C3 against such actions. C3CM consists of COUNTER- C3 and C3-PROTECTION. [1]
COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND INTELLIGENCE (C3I) - The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission. C3I includes the communications employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. C3I also includes timely information from intelligence sources and various sensors from which is derived a coherent understanding of the tactical, operational or strategic situation. []
COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, AND INTELLIGENCE (C4I) - A SPACE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE (SEW) warfare support discipline consisting of a technological, organizational, and doctrinal system that provides three functions: the doctrinal delegation of forces (i.e., command and control); information management (i.e., communications and computers); and intelligence dissemination. [10:2505]
COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS ERASING (C3I ERASING) - Detecting, exploiting and/or neutralizing C3I transmissions. []
COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS PROTECTION (C3-PROTECTION) - Synonymous with C3-PROTECT. (1) That division of C3CM comprising measures taken to maintain the effectiveness of friendly C3 despite both adversary and friendly COUNTER-C3 actions. [1] (2) Measures taken to deny adversary decision makers the ability to effectively command and control their forces. [7: NWP 10-1-40]
COMMAND JAMMING - JAMMING which is controlled remotely from a command center rather than the jamming platform. []
COMMAND-TO-LINE-OF-SIGHT (CLOS) - A guided munition system in which an operator looks through a sight, searches, detects, and acquires a target, then aims and fires a missile.  [12]
COMMONALITY - A quality which applies to materiel or systems: (a) possessing like and interchangeable characteristics enabling each to be utilized, or operated and maintained, by personnel trained on the others without additional specialized training; (b) having interchangeable repair parts and/or components; or (c) applying to consumable items interchangeably equivalent without adjustment. [1]
COMMON INTRUSION SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE (CISL) - A computer language which allows information about events and attacks from various security intrusion devices to be expressed in a platform-independent manner.  [10:2726]
COMMON TACTICAL PICTURE (CTP) - A means for providing enhanced SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (SA) to tactical decision-makers from a common tactical data (CTD) set and other sources and the current depiction of the battlespace for a single operation within a CINC's area of responsibility (AOR).  The CTP includes force location, real time and non-real time sensor information and amplifying information.  [10:2774]
COMMUNICATION BLOCKING - Denying the enemy the ability to isolate meaningful communications from intercepts by JAMMING his SIGINT/ESM collectors. [7: NWP 34F]
COMMUNICATION DECEPTION - (1) Use of devices, operations, and techniques with the intent of confusing or misleading the user of a communications link or a navigation system. [1] (2) The radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to mislead, confuse, or harass communications. [10:14] See also MEACONING.
COMMUNICATIONS GRID - A SPACE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE (SEW) concept in which communications form a grid overlaying the tactical area. See alsoSURVEILLANCE GRID, TACTICAL GRID. [10:2505]
COMMUNICATIONS HIDING - Preventing enemy from locating friendly forces through communications direction finding while maintaining communications capability. [7: NWP 34F]
COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE (COMINT) - Technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients. [1]
COMMUNICATIONS JAMMING - JAMMING that interrupts the flow of communications from one point to another by radiating ECM power that is on the communication link's frequency into the receiver at either end of the link. [8]
COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY (COMSEC) - The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study. [1]NOTE: Communications security includes (a) cryptosecurity; (b) transmission security; (c) emission security; and (d) physical security of communications security materials and information.
COMMUNICATIONS SIGNATURE CHANGE - Hindering enemy attempts at hull-to-emitter correlation of friendly units through intercept and analysis of radio frequency emissions. An example is rotating voice operators on radio circuits. [7: NWP 34F]
COMPANDING - The process of compressing (limiting the dynamic range of) a transmitted signal and then restoring (expanding) it at the receiving end so as to improve overall SIGNAL-TO-NOISE performance.  [10:2816]   NOTE:  COMPANDING is an acronym for COMPressing and expANDING.
COMPETENT MUNITIONS (CM) -- Projectiles containing GPS/INS circuitry controlling nose-mounted canards which enable them to be guided to or inertially navigated to the target.   Competent munitions projectiles may also possess antijam capabilities.  [10:2660]  Contrast with DUMB AMMUNITION.  See Also BRILLIANT AMMUNITION, SMART AMMUNITION.
COMPILER - A computer program that converts a high level language, such as Ada, into MACHINE CODE. [10:45]
COMPOSITE EXHAUST STACK - See LOW OBSERVABLE MULTIFUNCTION STACK
COMPRESSED VIDEO - See VIDEO COMPRESSION.
COMPRESSIVE RECEIVER - See MICROSCAN RECEIVER.
COMPUTER-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION - See HOST-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION.
COMPUTER GENERATED FORCE (CGF) - A computer system that generates AGENTs in a military simulation; it can be used with trainees in simulators fighting virtual battles, or can be run autonomously for planning of tactics.  [10:2595]   See also AVATAR.
COMPUTER NETWORK ATTACK (CNA) - Operations to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy information resident in computers and computer networks, or the computers and networks themselves. [10:2764]  See also OFFENSIVE INFORMATION OPERATIONS.
COMPUTER VIRUS - A computer program that can, like biological viruses, both infect another program and, acting through an infected program, reproduce itself and spread within a host computer system. [10:47]
COMPUTER VIRUS COUNTERMEASURES (CVCM) - An ELECTRONIC WARFARE technique that electronically inserts COMPUTER VIRUS code into a victim electronic system.. [10:47] See also DIRECT COUPLING
CONCENTRIC CANISTER LAUNCHER (CCL) - A generic and universal lightweight shipboard-missile launching system consisting of an array of concentric cylinders surrounding an inner cylinder.  The inner cylinder supports the weapon and guides its initial flight, while the annular space between the inner and outer cylinders provides for gas management during the launch sequence.  []  NOTE: CCL is capable of handling a variety of shipboard missiles, including Tomahawk and the Standard Missile.
CONFORMAL ANTENNA - An antenna which conforms to a surface whose shape is determined by considerations other than electromagnetic, for example, aerodynamic or hydrodynamic. [3] See also CONFORMAL ANTENNA ARRAY , DOUBLY-CONFORMAL ANTENNA, MICROSTRIP ANTENNA, SMART SKIN.
CONFORMAL ANTENNA ARRAY (CAA) - A CONFORMAL ANTENNA incorporating a phased array as its radiating structure. [10:54]
CONFORMAL ARRAY RADAR TECHNOLOGY (CART) - A technology specific follow-on to SMART SKINs.  It applies sensors directly to the fuselage of an aircraft to enhance performance of both the aircraft and its sensors.   CART involves technology which allows for the tracking and detection of low observable air-breathing targets while reducing the size and power requirements for the next generation of airborne surveillance radar sets.  The conformal array radar could be equipped withELECTRONIC COUNTER-COUNTERMEASURES mainbeam nulling.  In addition to more sensitivity, its larger antenna has a narrower beam leading to more accurate tracking and the ability to distinguish single from multiple targets at a greater distance.  Such a system could potentially "see" through the beams of STANDOFF JAMMERs.  [10:2542].  See also CONFORMAL ANTENNA ARRAY, DOUBLY-CONFORMAL ANTENNA, MICROSTRIP ANTENNA.
CONFORMAL AVIONICS - Avionic elements attached external (but not integral) to the aircraft's skin. See also EMBEDDED AVIONICS, SMART SKIN. [10:96]
CONFUSION REFLECTION - Reflection of ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION used to create ECHOES for confusion purposes. Radar confusion reflectors include such devices as CHAFF, ROPE and CORNER REFLECTOR. [1]
CONFUSION WEAPON A NONLETHAL WEAPON which modifies the behavior pattern of the targeted individual (TI).  []
CONSOL - A long-range radio aid to navigation, the emissions of which, by means of their radio frequency modulation characteristics, enable bearings to be determined. See also CONSOLAN. [1] NOTE: Consol uses three radiators (radio transmitters).
CONSOLAN - A form of CONSOL using two radiators instead of three. [3]
CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE (CFAR) - A property of threshold or gain control devices specially designed to suppress FALSE ALARMs caused by NOISE,CLUTTER, or ECM of varying levels. [3]
CONSTANT GAIN MODE - An ECM operating mode which allocates constant jamming power to each victim radar signal (within the power limitation of the jammer). Contrast with CONSTANT POWER MODE. [10:71]
CONSTANT POWER MODE - An ECM operating mode which shares a fixed amount of jamming power among all victim radar signals passing through the system. A result is that jamming power becomes diluted as the number of signals increase. Contrast with CONSTANT GAIN MODE. [10:71]
CONSTRUCTIVE KEY MANAGEMENT (CKM) - A cryptographic key management and distribution process that provides role-based access control credentials and an authentication process based on standard public-key techniques.  [GovCon Newsletter 7/19/2001]
CONTINGENCY AND LIMITED OBJECTIVE OPERATIONS (CALO) - See CONTINGENCY AND LIMITED OBJECTIVE WARFARE (CALOW).
CONTINGENCY AND LIMITED OBJECTIVE WARFARE (CALOW) - A limited struggle to achieve political, military, social, economic and psychological objectives. It often is protracted and ranges from diplomatic, economic and psychological pressures through terrorism to insurgent war. CALOW generally is characterized by the unacceptability of friendly casualties, loss, or damage, and by constraints on the geographic area, weaponry, tactics, violence level, and rules of engagement (ROE). Synonymous with Low Intensity Conflict (LIC). [10:48*] NOTE: CALOW ranges from CRISIS RESPONSE (CR) to LIMITED WAR (LW). Mission categories in CALOW include FOREIGN INTERNAL DEFENSE (FID), TERRORISM COUNTERACTION, PEACEKEEPING, and SPECIAL MISSIONS. Examples of CALOW threats include political and economic conflict; illegal cartel/alliance operations; propaganda activities; overt/covert guerilla operations; border incidents and reprisals; terrorism; rebellion/resistance; drug smuggling; insurgency; and weapons smuggling.
CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW) - Waves, the successive oscillations of which are identical under steady state conditions. [3]
CONTINUOUS WAVE RADAR - A radar which transmits continuously (therefor requiring two antennas) and uses frequency shift to resolve moving targets. An example is the DOPPLER RADAR. [10:2]
CONTROLLED VARIABLE TIME (CVT) - A fuze counter-countermeasure technique universally employed with proximity fuzes. The fuze is not armed until the missile reaches the target vicinity. Electronic fuze countermeasures applied before the fuze is armed have no effect on the fuze. [4:2]
CONTROL MOMENT GYRO (CMG) - A flywheel device used to control the attitude of spacecraft.  [10:2876]
CONTROL OF SPACE - The ability to assure access to space, freedom of operations within the space medium, and the ability to deny others the use of space, if required.  [10:2796]  NOTE:  CONTROL OF SPACE implies an ability to do the following: (1) Operate in the space environment; (2) Monitor a given region of space to achieve and maintain SITUATIONAL AWARENESS; (3) Protect friendly space systems from hostile action, including unauthorized access to and exploitation of friendly space data or products; and (4) Inflict EFFECTIVE DAMAGE to hostile space systems.
COOKIE - A text file placed on a computer by a visited web site.  []    Also called INTERNET COOKIE or MAGIC COOKIE.  See also SESSION COOKIE, PERSISTENT COOKIE.   NOTE:  Because cookies contain only text, they (supposedly) cannot transmit viruses of otherwise damage a system.
COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC) - A time scale tied to the rotation of the earth.  It has the same rate as INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC TIME (TAI), from which it differs by an integral number of seconds, called leap seconds.  [10:2623]
COOPERATIVE ANGLE JAMMING (CAJ) - A jamming technique requiring the cooperative use of two or more aircraft to deceive hostile radar-guided missiles.  The received signal triggers an appropriate cover pulse which is retransmitted.  [10:2679]  See also COVER-PULSE JAMMING.
COOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT - The sharing among combatants of target data, weapons, and post-launch weapon control. See also FORWARD PASS. [10:128] NOTE: Cooperative engagement involves integration and coordination of combat data and action systems at the Battle Force Level across all warfare areas.
COOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT PROCESSOR (CEP) - That component of the COOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT SYSTEM (CES) which collects raw information (individual radar dwell returns) from shipboard sensors and weapon systems, reformats it, and sends it to the DATA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DDS).  Simultaneously, the CES receives data generated by other cooperative units (CUs) which has been processed by the DDS and combines these data with the unprocessed raw sensor data into an air picture consisting of composite tracks that can be displayed and used by the sensor and engagement systems of each individual platform.  [10:2666]   See alsoCOOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT.
COOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT SYSTEM (CES) - A system which coordinates air-defense sensors and integrates data in such a way that the network of individual systems forms a dispersed but fully interoperable air-defense system.  The CES consists of two major components: the COOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT PROCESSOR(CEP), which processes raw sensor data, and the DATA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DDS), which provides the CEP with data from other cooperating units (CUs).   [10:2666]  See also COOPERATIVE ENGAGEMENT.
COOPERATIVE TARGET IDENTIFICATION - Target identification which depends upon the collaboration of the target, such as an IFF response to a transponder signal. []
COPERNICUS ARCHITECTURE - (1) A SPACE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE (SEW) concept within SONATA that describes an architecture that provides a strategy for the Navy to build a command and control, communications and computers, and intelligence (C4I) system. It consists of four "Copernican Pillars": the Global Information Exchange Systems (GLOBIXS), the Commander-in-Chief (CINC) Command Complex (CCC), the Tactical Data Information Exchange Systems (TADIXS), and the Tactical Command Center (TCC), to be constructed as an interactive framework that ties together the command and control process of afloat tactical commanders with the CINCs and supporting shore establishment. [10:2505] See also WELTANSCHAUUNG, and CROESUS STRATEGIES. (2) Originally conceived as an architecture which structures C3I around four pillars: (1) Global Digital Exchange Sub-system (GLOBIXS), (2) a consolidated Fleet Command Center (FCC), (3) Tactical Digital Exchange Subsystem (TADIXS), and (4) Tactical Flag Command Center (TFCC) afloat. Also referred to as GLOBIXS/TADIXS ARCHITECTURE. [10:115] See alsoCOPERNICUS EFFECT .
COPERNICUS EFFECT - A term referring to the shift in thinking from "technology" per se to "operations". [10:115]
COPOLARIZED REFLECTION - Identical transmitting and receiving polarizations. See also POLARIZATION SIGNATURE. [10:97]
CORNER CUBE RETROREFLECTOR (CCR) - An example of SMART DUST, consisting of three gold-coated polysilicon mirrors positioned at right angles.  When a laser shines on the mirrors, the light is reflected back to the source.  [10:2907]  See also MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS)
CORNER REFLECTOR - (1) A device normally consisting of three metallic surfaces or screens perpendicular to one another, designed to act as a radar target or marker. [1] (2) Two (dihedral) or three (trihedral) conducting surfaces, mutually intersecting at right angles, designed to return electromagnetic radiation towards its source and used to render a target more conspicuous to radar observations. [3]
CORONA - The first U.S. satellite intelligence photographic reconaissance system.  CORONA operated from August 1960 through May 1972.  [National Reconnaissance Office]
CORRELATED HOPPING ENHANCES SPREAD SPECTRUM (CHESS) - A high-speed radio system that can support a LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT (LPI) and antijamming capabilities.  The transmitter changes frequency 5,000 times per second.   CHESS provides redundancy into the radio's frequency pattern so that it is possible to recover lost information without having to add redundant data bits.  Correlated hopping refers to the fact that the pattern itself, in frequency and time, has redundancy built into it.  Using a FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (FFT) chip, the receiver instantaneously monitors 2 megahertz of BANDWIDTH in the high frequency (HF) spectrum.  [10:2569]
CORRIDOR JAMMING SUPPORT - An ECM tactic whereby the jamming aircraft flies closer to the enemy's defense system to jam acquisition radars in a specific sector, creating an electronic hole through which an attack group can pass.  [10:2521]  Contrast with AREA JAMMING SUPPORT.  See also TARGET AREA SUPPORT,CLOSE-IN JAMMING SUPPORT, STAND-OFF JAMMING SUPPORT, DIRECT JAMMING SUPPORT.
COUNTER-C2 - The prevention of effective C2 of adversary forces by denying information to, influencing, degrading or destroying the adversary C2 system.  [10:2530]
COUNTER-C3 - That division of C3CM comprising measures taken to deny adversary commanders and other decision makers the ability to command and control their forces effectively. [1]
COUNTER COMMUNICATIONS/DECISION - All efforts to deceive, delay, degrade, and destroy elements of enemy C3 as sensory data leaves the surveillance platforms and prior to the initial arrival of enemy weapons-carrying platforms at a point where the friendly force is detectable by the on-board sensors of the weapons-carriers; similarly, actions against tactical C3 links and nodes, other than those directly involved in a surveillance or targeting activity, are included. [7: NWP 10-1-40]
COUNTERDECEPTION - Efforts to negate, neutralize, diminish the effects of, or gain advantage from, a foreign deception operation. Counterdeception does not include the intelligence function of identifying foreign deception operations. See also DECEPTION. [1]
COUNTERDETECTION RANGE -- The range from a radar (or missile site) at which a target has a 90% probability of detecting its illumination by the radar (or launch of a missile against it).  []
COUNTER-FUZING - Measures taken to deceive or degrade fuzing devices. []
COUNTER-HOMING - Measures to deceive, degrade, evade, and attack homing devices, especially in missiles. [Patterned after the definition of COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE in NWP 10-1-40]
COUNTERMEASURES - That form of military science that by the employment of devices and/or techniques, has as its objective the impairment of the operational effectiveness of enemy activity. [1]
COUNTERMEASURES DETECTABILITY -- The probability that a radar system subject to a given countermeasure can detect, but not necessarily identify, the countermeasure.  []  Compare with COUNTERMEASURES RECOGNITION.[]
COUNTERMEASURES RECOGNITION -- The probability that a radar system that is being subjected to a countermeasure can correctly identify the kind of countermeasure being directed against it.  Compare with COUNTERMEASURES DETECTABILITY.
COUNTERPOISE SYSTEM - (1) {Lightning protection for overhead power lines} A conductor or system of conductors, arranged beneath the transmission line, located on, above, or most frequently below the surface of the earth, and connected to the footings of the towers or poles supporting the line.  (2) {Antennas} A system of conductors elevated above and insulated from the ground, forming a lower system of conductors of an antenna. [3] NOTE: The purpose of a counterpoise system is to provide a relatively high capacitance and thus a relatively low impedance path to earth. (3) {Automatic weapons} A buffer assembly, drive spring and a counterweight which fits inside the bolt carrier of a rifle or carbine to eliminate muzzle rise and enhance accuracy in automatic and semiautomatic fire.  []  NOTE: The automatic weapon counterpoise system stretches the recoil impulse over the full cycle time.
COUNTER SNIPER SYSTEM - A system that provides real time data, such as azimuth, elevation, range, class (caliber), miss distance and GPS coordinates of the origin of fire.  The sniper can be detected by the muzzle blast (infrared flash or acoustic blast), the acoustic shock wave caused by the moving bullet, detection of the muzzle blast vibration, or detection of the bullet by radar or other bullet-tracking systems.  Counter sniper systems also include measures for the pre-firing location of the sniper through optical means which can detect the presence of binoculars, night-vision goggles and riflescopes in any conditions at ranges exceeding 1 km.  []  NOTE:  Examples (1999) of counter sniper systems include AAI Corporation's PDCUE™ Counter Sniper System, and the "PILAR" mobile and portable acoustic gunfire localisation system. [10:2734]
COUNTER-STEALTH - Measures to reduce the effectiveness of STEALTH technology applications. []
COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE - (1) Misdirect enemy surveillance so that the observed location of credible targets is different from the actual location. [4:16] (2) Efforts to deceive, degrade, evade, and attack active and passive sensors and sensor platforms used in detection and surveillance of friendly forces. [7: NWP 10-1-40] (3) A SPACE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE (SEW) warfare discipline that targets enemy surveillance systems. It is the sum of all active and passive measures to prevent enemy surveillance of a selected area. [10:2505] NOTE: COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE includes EMISSION CONTROL (EMCON), COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY (COMSEC), and someDECEPTION and JAMMING.
COUNTER-TARGETING - (1) Efforts taken to confuse, delay, degrade, or deceive prelaunch weapons discrimination, designation, and targeting efforts. [7: NWP 10-1-40] (2) Actions taken to prevent the enemy from obtaining an accurate fire control solution by degrading, denying, delaying, or otherwise disrupting adversary weapons targeting. Counter-targeting actions are directed against weapon carrying platforms, third party targeting systems and missiles themselves prior to valid lock-on. [10:42]
COUNTER-WARM - Actions taken to reduce the enemy's effectiveness when using WARTIME RESERVE MODE (WARM) techniques. []
COUPLED OCEAN/ATMOSPHERE MESOSCALE PREDICTIONS SYSTEM (COAMPS) - A system used to predict changes in ocean and weather conditions in complex coastal areas world-wide. [10:2900]
COVARC VEHICLE DEFENSE - A NONLETHAL WEAPON consisting of a concealed gas dispersal system that emits gas from beneath the vehicle with control from within the vehicle.  [10:2745]
COVER - Those measures necessary to give protection to a person, plan, operation, formation or installation from the enemy intelligence effort and leakage of information. Contrast with DECEPTION. See also ELECTRONIC COVER; OPERATIONAL COVER. [1] NOTE: A notion of COVER is to "hide the real".
COVER AND DECEPTION (C&D) - Actions taken to confuse the opposition, dilute his force, delay decisions or generate misinformation. [5:5] See also OPERATIONAL DECEPTION AND COVER.
COVER-PULSE JAMMING - A jamming technique wherein the jamming pulse is transmitted at the instant the victim-radar pulse is received. []
CRACKER - An individual who attempts to access computer systems without authorization.  Crackers are often malicious, as opposed to HACKERS, and have many means at their disposal for breaking into a system.  [10:2736]  See also GRAY-HAT HACKER.
CRAWLER - See SPIDER.
CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY - A technology considered by the Department of Defense to be critical to ensuring the long-term qualitative superiority of U.S. weapon systems. []  See also MILITARILY CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY.
CROESUS STRATEGIES - A SPACE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE (SEW) concept within SONATA that proposes a new process for fielding information-systems technology molded from three steps, intended to be implemented sequentially. The first is the notion of "Pyramidal Programming." The second is the idea of "Cyclical Production." The third, called the "Fleet Assembly Line," brings industrial techniques to bear for Government use. See also WELTANSCHAUUNG, COPERNICUS ARCHITECTURE. [10:2505]
CROSS-EYE ECCM - An ECCM technique used by tracking radars to degrade the effectiveness of Cross-Eye ECM. [8] See also CROSS-EYE JAMMING.
CROSS-EYE JAMMING (X-EYE)- A self-screening ECM technique that produces angular errors in victim radars by phase and amplitude control repeated pulses or other on-frequency signals from multiple spatially-separated antennas on the platform to be protected. [8]
CROSSOVER - The distance from a radar to a target at which the target return power in the receiver equals the received jamming power. []
CROSSOVER POINT - That range in the air warfare area at which a target ceases to be an air intercept target and becomes a surface-to-air missile target. [1]
CROSS-POLARIZATION ECCM - A generic ECCM technique for use on search or track radars that will degrade the effectiveness of CROSS-POLARIZATION JAMMING. [8]
CROSS-POLARIZATION JAMMING (X-POL) - (1) A SELF-SCREENING or SUPPORT ECM technique that causes angle errors in tracking radars and sensing errors in jamming suppression ECCM systems of surveillance radars by radiating a signal that is orthogonally polarized to the principal POLARIZATION of the victim radar. [8] (2) A technique used against MONOPULSE and other passive lobe tracking radars. ... Requires a strong JAM-TO-SIGNAL RATIO or the SKIN ECHO will show up in the pattern nulls. [4:1]
CROSS-POLARIZED OPERATION - With respect to waveguides or antennas, transmit/receive operation in vertical POLARIZATION (POL) simultaneously with transmit/receive operational in horizontal polarization.  []
CROSSTALK - (Data transmission) Undesired energy appearing in one signal path as a result of coupling from other signal paths.   [3*]
CROSS TELLING - Transferring information between facilities at the same operational level. Synonymous with LATERAL TELLING. [1] See also BACK TELLING,FORWARD TELLING, OVERLAP TELLING, RELATERAL TELLING, TRACK TELLING.
CROWD-CONTROL SUIT - Specialized clothing which offers protection to individuals, such as riot police, without presenting an aggressive appearance.  []
CROWD DISPERSAL ROUNDS - A NONLETHAL WEAPON consisting of a munition that can stun two to three individuals simultaneously without penetrating the body by delivering a strong blow to the body.  [10:2857]
CRUISE MISSILE - Guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to its target is conducted at approximately constant velocity; depends on the dynamic reaction of air for lift and upon propulsion forces to balance drag. [1] NOTE: The cruise missile always strives to complete its preprogrammed mission, but may alter its course based upon on-board sensor information. [10:25]
CRYOGENICS - The study and use of devices utilizing properties of materials near absolute-zero temperature. See also MAGNETIC COOLING. [3]
CRYPTOLOGIC ELECTRONIC WARFARE SUPPORT MEASURES (CESM) - Electronic support measures intended to exploit other than radar systems. []
CRYSTAL LASER - A solid-state LASER which employs crystals as a light-emitting source.   The  neodymium YTTRIUM-ALUMINUM GARNET (Nd:YAG) laser is a single-wavelength laser operating at 1.06 microns, at the edge of the range in which some NIGHT VISION Goggles (NVGs) operate.  Other crystal lasers include the titanium sapphire (Ti:SAF) and the chromium-doped lithium strontium aluminum fluoride (Cr:LiSrAlF) laser which emit in a broad spectral range.  Through use of other optical elements in the laser system, such as a grating for wavelength selection, these can be made to lase in a narrow band.  This allows near-IR color selection (tunability).  Such lasers also can be made to scan through a range of output of colors, or even frequency hop, using a piezo-driven grating.   [10:2559]  See also DIODE LASER, DYE LASER, GAS LASER.
CRYSTAL VIDEO RECEIVER - A simple and inexpensive SIGINT receiver offering a high probability of intercept (POI) within its frequency range.  Receivers based solely upon crystal video detectors have low sensitivity, poor frequency resolution and inferior simultaneous signal performance.  [10:2561] NOTE: Improved frequency selectivity can be achieved, at the cost of decreased POI, with the addition of narrow bandpass filters in the front end. This variation is know as the Tunable RF Receiver.
CUEING - See CUING.
CUING - The process of passing data from one system to another to prepare it for action. []
CUING RECEIVER - An ESM receiver consisting of a coarse parameter measurement receiver and one or more fine parameter measurement receivers. The coarse parameter measurement receiver provides high probability of intercept due to its wide frequency and angle coverage, and passes the received signal to the fine parameter measurement receivers to obtain detail information about the input signal. [10:55*]
CURRENT PROGRAM - (system acquisition) An existing program having an initial operational capability (IOC) date that falls within the period covered by the Five Year Defense Program (FYDP). []
CUTOFF FREQUENCY - The lowest (or highest) reference frequency of a BANDWIDTH. [] See also BANDPASS FILTER.
CW - See CONTINUOUS WAVE.
CW INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT (IFM) RECEIVER SUPPRESSION - An ECCM technique used to prevent strong CW or NARROWBAND JAMMING signals appearing in the IFM receiver from interfering or jamming the entire IFM receiver bandwidth. [8]
CW JAMMING CARRIER CANCELING - An ECCM technique used by CW semi-active homing missile receivers to cancel slightly off-frequency CW jamming signals. []
CYBERSPACE - (1) The notional environment within which electronic communications occurs.  (2) The space of VIRTUAL REALITY.  [10:2570] (3) The global information environment.  []
CYBERSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL (CC2) - The employment of sensors such as distributed packet sniffers, system log files, protocol traps and queries, signature-based intrusion detection systems, user profile databases, system messages, threat databases and operator commands, to observe information flowing in networks and to determine the identity, rate of attacks, threats and targets of both friendly and hostile information objects in CYBERSPACE.  [10:2789]
CYBERWAR - Conducting, or preparing to conduct, military operations according to information-related principles.  It means disrupting, if not destroying, information and communications systems, broadly defined to include even military culture, on which an adversary relies in order to know itself: who it is; what it can do; when it can do it; why it is fighting; and which threats to counter first.  It means trying to know everything about the adversary while keeping the adversary from knowing much about oneself...turning the balance of information and knowledge in one's favor, especially if the balance of forces is not...using knowledge so that less capital and labor may have to be expended.  [10:2570]   See also INFORMATION WARFARE.
CYCLOSTATIONARITY - A statistical property exhibited by essentially all digital signals and some naturally occurring waveforms.  A stationary signal is one whose statistics do not vary with time.   Therefore, a stationary signal can be sampled at periodic intervals free from concerns that the signal may be changing over time.  A cyclostationary signal is periodically stationary.  That is, by delaying the signal by some amount, the statistics do not vary with respect to the signal before the delay.  [10:2572]
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October 13, 2001 05:15 PM -0400