2018-10-09 TOEFL: word roots, reading inference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 5) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each word root.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis) = shape/form
multi (multicolored, multilayers, multilingual) = many (This is the Latin root.)
nat (native, innate, natal) = birth
neo (neoclassical, neocolonialism) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym) = name
nov (innovate, novelty) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob/op (obstruct, object) = in front / opposite
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (This is the Latin root.)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = light/vision
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic) = old (The opposite prefix is “neo”.)
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (This is the Greek root.)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = feeling/suffering (Many words that start with “patho” have to do with disease or sickness.)
ped (pedestrian, pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (This is the Greek root.)
port (transport, portable) = carry (especially through something) / entry/exit
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first (“pro”, “pre”, “prim”, “fore”, “front” - all come from the same root)
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = fake
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology, psychiatrist) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = think/reckon (thinking logically to reach a conclusion)
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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TOEFL Test: 4 hours, 4 sections, 120 points total, 30 per section, $200
1 reading: 60 or 80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, about 14 questions about each passage
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets, each set has 3 listenings, 17 questions, 10 minutes to answer
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 60 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes writing time
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- inference
- purpose
- vocabulary
- reference
- fact
- negative fact
- paraphrase
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Readers infer things. (“What can be inferred about ___?”)
Authors imply things. (“What does the author imply about ___?”)
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 200-201 exercise R15 - Take 8 minutes to select the correct inferences that can be made from each sentence (sometimes more than one inference is correct).
Compare your answers with your partner. If you disagree, convince your partner that you’re correct.
1 C
2 B D
3 B D
4 A B
5 B C
6 B D
7 A C
8 B (We don’t know C, because we don’t know that that’s why they used it 5000 years ago.)
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exercise R17 - Decide if each inference is correct. Then compare with your partners.
1 Yes
2 Yes
3 No - Things happening at the same time doesn’t mean one caused the other.
4 Yes
5 No
6 Yes
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Two common types of incorrect inference:
Post hoc ergo propter hoc = it happened after, therefore it happened because of
	After seatbelts became mandatory, the number of car accident injuries in hospitals increased.
	Can it be inferred that seatbelts caused these injuries?
	No. Seatbelts saved lives, so now those people had injuries instead of dying in accidents.
Cum hoc ergo propter hoc = They happened together, therefore one caused the other.
	There are far more sick people where there are doctors.
	Can we infer that doctors make people sick?
	No. Doctors go to sick people and sick people go to doctors, so of course they’re found together.
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p. 205-207 exercise R18 - Take 10 minutes to identify each statement as an Inference, a Restatement, or Neither.
1 I I R
2 I R I
3 R I R
4 R R R
5 I I N
6 R I N
7 I R R
8 R I I
9 R I R
10 I I N
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Homework: Cengage handout exercise 3.2 - All 42 questions.