2017-12-05 TOEFL: word roots, reading organization

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 3) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
ego = self
endo = in/inside
epi = on
equi = same (in quantity)
erg = work
esth/aesth = feeling (many words that begin with aesth have to do with beauty)
eu = good (the opposite prefix is “dys”)
ex/ect = out/outside
extra = beyond
fac/fact = make
fer = carry
flect/flex = bend
fore = front/before (this is related to “first”, “pre”, “prime”, “proto”, “former”) (the opposite can be “hind” or “aft”)
fract/frag = break
fug = escape/flee
funct = perform
gen = create/birth (from the sense of “birth”, we get senses related to family and more generally to kind)
geo = earth
graph = write/draw
grat = to please
helio = sun
hemo = blood
hetero = different
homo = same (quality or type)
hydro = water (or more generally fluid)
hyper = over
hypo = under
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hyper/over/super/ultra
hypo/under/sub/infra
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Skim the text and listen to the lecture about professors appearing on television (which was one of the writing tasks last Friday). Then read the sample responses and decide what score they should get (from 0 to 5). You can use the scoring rubric on p. 386 of the DELTA textbook to help you.
A - 3 - It contains some relevant information from the lecture, the organization and transitions are fairly clear. There are grammar and vocabulary mistakes that interfere with clarity. It’s also missing some of the information from the lecture, so the first point is a bit vague and the third point is completely unclear.
B - 1 - This is an attempt to summarize the ideas (instead of directly copying), but the only mention of the lecture misrepresents the entire point of the speaker.
C - 5 - This is well organized and mostly clear. However, the writer still made some mistakes.
D - 2 - This does go into some detail about one point from the lecture, so it gets more than 1 point. However, it doesn’t address the other two points and language errors make some of the points very unclear.
E - 4 - This addressses all the points and is generally fairly clear and well organized. However, there are some mistakes that interfere with meaning and clarity, and some of the points are a little incomplete. “This stands in opposit(ion) to the reading” looks like it will refer back to the previous idea, not start a new point.
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BREAK
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The TOEFL has four sections, each worth 30 points (for a total of 120).
1 Reading - 60-80 minutes total, 3 or 4 reading passages, 20 minutes to read and answer questions for each one
2 Listening - 60-90 minutes total, 2 or 3 sets of three listenings (6 or 9 listenings)
	(10-minute break)
3 Speaking - 20 minutes total, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of total speaking time
4 Writing - 60 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20 & 30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose (Why does the author say this?)
- vocabulary
- inference
- paraphrase
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 222 exercise R24 - On the real TOEFL, you’ll have 7 or 9 answer choices, and you’ll have to put 5 or 7 of them into the correct categories. (There are always two unused answer choices, which are about multiple categories or are about something different, or they state something inaccurate.)
- Like a fact question, you can scan the text for key words from each answer choice to decide which category (if any) it goes with.
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p. 223 passage 1 - take 2 minutes to skim the passage for information and decide which answer choices go with underground homes and which go with conventional (aboveground) homes.
underground: A D
conventional: B E
	C is not chosen because the text describes stable soil temperatures, not unstable ones
2 - take 2 minutes again
early dueling: D E
later dueling: A C
3 - 2.5 minutes
ringtaw: A D
fortification: C E
4 - 3 minutes
artificial: A D
traditional: C E
“Unlike some traditional vacation spots, such as beach resorts that have destroyed the beauty (C) of the area and have put heavy burdens on the infrastructure (E) of coastal villages not designed for a large influx of people, these all-purpose resorts were carefully planned to accommodate large numbers of tourists (A).”
“these all-purpose resorts” = artificial, all-purpose holiday resorts like the ones in the first sentence
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Homework (to start in class): finish the handout (5 and 6 from Cambridge and passages 1-5)