2016-10-12 TOEFL: word roots, listening inference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: complete the questions after the reading “Causes of Ice Ages” that I gave you at the beginning of class (make a note of how far you get in 20 minutes)
	optional: complete the exercises we did not do on the handout, and you can check the answers tomorrow
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1 B - vocabulary
2 D - inference (“the three most prominent factors” means there are others)
3 C - reference
4 B - fact
5 A - purpose
6 D - reference
7 D - fact (kind of inference)
8 A - fact (“In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments”, and before, “the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor”)
9 A - vocabulary
10 C - fact
11 D - sentence insertion (D comes after the explanation about Earth’s distance from the Sun in its orbit)
12 A, B, D, H / E, G, I - categorization
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Word Root List 5 - With your partner, try to figure out the meaning of each root
1 morph = form/shape (“meta” = change, so “metamorphosis” means a change of form)
  (a morpheme is a part of a word, such as all of these word roots)
2 multi = many
3 nat = birth
4 neo = new
5 nom = name
* nym = name (most common in types of words: synonym, antonym, homonym)
6 nov = new
* nov = nine (November was originally the ninth month, a novelty is something new)
7 ob = against
8 opt = choice/preference
9 paleo = ancient (“lith” = stone, so the paleolithic period is the “old” stone age, contrasted with neolithic, the “new” stone age)
10 pan = all
11 path = feeling (pathology is the study of diseases, not feelings in general)
12 ped = foot
*  ped/paed = child (as in “pediatrician”, from ped+iatro, with “iatro” = doctor)
13 peri = around/near (“perinatal” = around the time of birth, just before and just after; “pericardium” = around the heart, the tissue that surrounds the heart)
14 phil = love (a philanthropist loves humanity, a bibliophile loves books, a philosopher loves wisdom)
*  phob = fear
15 phon = sound (remember, “homo” = same, so homophones are words with the same sound)
16 photo = light
17 pod = foot (podiatrist = foot doctor)
18 poly = many (this is the Greek root, while “multi” is the Latin root)
19 port = carry
20 post = after
*  pre = before
21 proto = first
22 pseudo = false/fake
23 psych = mind
24 put = think
   (“input” is *not* an example of this root)
25 pyro = fire
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Grimm’s Law (in Germanic languages)
gh -> g -> k -> h
dh -> d -> t -> th/s
bh -> b -> p -> f

quod (“what” in Latin) -> “hwot” -> what
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BREAK
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Listening Question Types:
- main idea
- detail
- inference
- prediction
- attitude
- purpose (why is the conversation happening?)
- function (what is the function of saying ___?)
- organization
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Inference questions in listening require the same kind of thinking, but might not always be clearly “What can be inferred by…” questions as in the reading.
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Handout (Cambridge, Oxford) p. 289 - Listen to the passage and decide if the statement can be inferred.
1 Yes (recent research suggests she wasn’t a spy, so old research all looked like she was, and she probably was sentenced for it)
2 No (she thought it was strange to build mud houses)
3 No (not mentioned, but we know that the albatross is alive today so there probably aren’t that many fossils of it)
4 Yes
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p. 290 exercise L19 - Choose the correct answer for each question.
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 B
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p. 290 exercise L20 - Answer the questions in your own words. (with a partner)
1 Because she is (or wants to be) an art major.
2 To compare the short-term limited enjoyment of new, high-tech toys, with the long-term and more varied enjoyment of simple and common toys. (this is sort of a function question)
3 To experience Spanish language and culture outside of class, and specifically to hear different regional accents.
4 Because an assault (probably targeted at a woman) just happened on campus. (this is sort of a purpose question, except the purpose has to be inferred)
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Handout p. 231 (Oxford)
exercise 4L5 - Write abbreviations you could use for these words when you take notes.
1 app / apt / appt
2 beh.
3 cog. neuro. / cog neu sci
4 bio sci
5 spec. deg.
6 req.
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Listen and take notes. Use abbreviations and symbols if they’re helpful. Have a way to distinguish between main points and supporting details.
Example:
main point
	supporting detail
	supporting detail
main point
	supporting detail
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p. 231-232 exercise 4L6 - Answer the questions about the listening
	(remember: on the real TOEFL you will hear each question out loud before answering it)
1 c
2 a
3 a, d
4 b, c, d
5 c, d
6 c