2014-10-22 Structure: modals for certainty

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Homework: p. 56-59, exercises 1 and 2
exercise 1
2 b
3 b
4 a
5 a
6 a
7 b
8 b
9 b
10 b
exercise 2
2 had to worry
3 supposed to do
4 were supposed to leave
5 Should we have left
6 don't have to leave
7 should you tip
8 you're supposed to do
9 Should you leave
10 ought to have given
11 could have left
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p. 69
"Columbian Exchange"

You could have wrapped the CD.
 = It was an option, but you didn't do it.
What might we have done differently?
 = What other options were possible, that we didn't do?
(these are used for unreal past situations)

A curragh could have made the journey.
 = They had the ability, but we don't know if it happened.
The "sea monsters" might have been whales.
 = It is possible, but we don't know.
(these are used for speculation/certainty about real things)


I didn't buy a lottery ticket. If I had, I could have won.
 = Unreal situation. (It's impossible that I won, because I don't have a ticket.)

I can't find my lottery ticket. I need to find it, because I could have won.
 = Real possibility. (It's possible that I won, because I have a ticket. I'm just not sure, because I can't find it.)
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"could" and "might" can be used for real and unreal situations
(in both the present and the past with "have")
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You must be 4 feet tall to ride this ride.
 = obligation
You must be tired after running that marathon.
 = speculation (I conclude that you're tired)

She must have been 4 feet tall.
 = I saw her, and she was very short. I guess maybe 4 feet.
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You must be 4 feet tall. = This is the only option.
You must be tired. = This is the only explanation I believe.

You might bring chocolates next time.
You could take the train to New York.
 = This is one of several options.
It might be raining.
A curragh could have made the journey.
 = This is one of several explanations.

He could not have been the first.
 = I think it's impossible.
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p. 74 exercise 1
2 a
3 b (I think it's impossible.)
4 b
5 a
6 a
7 a
8 (b) - between a and b
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She should have called.
1) I expected her to call sooner but she hasn't yet.
2) It was a good idea to call but she didn't.

2 He shouldn't have left. / He should have paid.
3 She should have accepted one of them.
4 He should have called her earlier.
5 She shouldn't have married him.
  She should have thought about it earlier.
("left at the altar")
6 They should have gone to couple's therapy.
  They shouldn't have had a kid.
7 She should have let him open the door.
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Homework: 305-306 from the paper handout